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EN
Aim. The aim of the study is to find out students’ perspectives on the necessity, readiness and disturbing factors of implementing musical activities in preschool. The theoretical part of the paper describes the particularity of preschool teachers’ work, the children’s interest in musical activities, and the benefits of implementing musical activities in preschool.  Method. The empirical study involved 168 students (N=168), of which 132 students (N=132) are already working as preschool teachers in parallel with their study at the university. The study identified three questions: why do preschool teachers use musical activities? What factors prevent a preschool teacher from using musical activities? Is there a relationship between the competence of a preschool teacher in the field of music and the implementation musical activities in preschool? In order to answer the study questions, a questionnaire consisting of twelve statements was created, which had to be assessed on a four-point Likert scale. Results and conclusion. As a result of the analyses of the data obtained in the study, it was ascertained that preschool teachers use musical activities to make children happy and improve their abilities. The use of musical activities is connected with preschool teacher’s willingness to do that. One of the key factors that hinder the implementation of musical activities is an insufficient material base in the preschool. The study also found that there is a correlation between the competence of a preschool teacher in the field of music and the implementation of musical activities.
EN
Undertaking the matter of entrepreneurship and education towards entrepreneurship comes across as essential due to contemporary objectives of education, namely, to equip with this crucial competence. Empirical activities in this regard should fill in the existing deficit, helping in clarification of these notions. It is significant particularly with reference to the preschool education as a stage when children deal with the set of crucial competences and, in consequence, with reference to current and future teachers of nursery schools. The aim of the research was to explore the ways of understanding the notions of „entrepreneurship”, „enterprising person”, and „education of entrepreneurship” and assessment of the experiences of the researched in this regard. The research embraced Internet questionnaire. The examined persons most often understand the entrepreneurship in a wider context, as the set of life-long competences, not only in a narrow, economic meaning. Moreover, majority of respondents consider themselves as enterprising persons, despite the fact that in their reception they were not given enough opportunities to do so during their formal education, particularly at the stage of their studies. The researched rather explicitly stress the need to educate future teachers of preschools and children within entrepreneurship, a competence useful in life, regardless of profession etc. Empirical analyses of this area has cognitive and utilitarian significance, as it predominantly exposes the issue of entrepreneurships from a rarely expressed perspective. In the future it can equally contribute to the improvement of the quality of educating future teachers of nursery schools and the level of educating pre-school children towards entrepreneurship.
EN
Contemporary curricula of preschool education are the result of the improvement of pedagogical and didactic theories. They imply a technical plan with which it is possible to achieve measurable objectives of preschool education. The curriculum is also defined as a tool for quality and equal education for all. It represents a reflection of the time, society and culture in which it exists, but also a model for future society and education. Thus an important research question arises as to what extent we recognize traditional ideas about learning and the development of a preschool child in contemporary preschool programs. Are traditional ideas about educating young children unjustly neglected or do we recognize them in contemporary pedagogical theory even today, at the same time forgetting about the past and declaring them innovations? This paper deals with the starting points for the development of a curriculum. The goal of the research was to determine to what extent can the starting points for the development of preschool children, which have existed in the first preschool programs in Serbia in the late 19th century, be recognized in contemporary preschool programs. A descriptive method was applied as well as a procedure for content analysis of program documents. Research results confirm that the elements of the first preschool programs, which remain relevant until today, can be recognized in contemporary preschool programs. They are related to target orientations, principles and functions of preschool education. However, these ideas are defined as contemporary tendencies, and the fact that they existed in preschool programs that were developed a long time ago is unjustly ignored.
EN
The paper reports on investigation of motives of choosing preschool teacher profession by young people. The sample consisted of 29 students of bachelor programme in preschool education at a university in Moravia who did thematic writing on motives of wanting to be a preschool teacher, on circumstances that influenced their decision as well as about their notion of the child and childhood and conception of performance of the preschool teacher. The thematic writing was conducted twice, in the first and the third semesters of the study. The texts were analysed to obtain concepts and themes that explained the research questions. The findings show that the decision of becoming a preschool teacher is the result of previous complex interactions between personal characteristics of the subject and external factors which, however, are not perceived passively but are filtered through previous attitudes and beliefs. The two most important personal factors are feminity and emotionality. As concerns the external determinants, a strong factor is the subject´s family which provides opportunities for participation in plays with children of family members and others, as well as role models. These pre-professional experiences resulted in the concept of preschool teaching as a prolonged childhood. The educational philosophy of the subjects rests on three teacher’s roles, i.e. protector of the childhood, usher of the child to life, and guide of the child to school life.
PL
Celem badań była ocena zasobu wiedzy nauczycieli wychowania przedszkolnego na temat dysleksji, ADHD i autyzmu w związku ze stawianymi przed nimi wymaganiami pracy z dziećmi ze specjalnymi potrzebami edukacyjnymi w inkluzywnym systemie kształcenia w Polsce. Na podstawie przeglądu literatury przedmiotu postawiono problemy badawcze, dotyczące: a) poziomu wiedzy nauczycieli z terenów wiejskich i miejskich o wybranych zaburzeniach rozwojowych, oraz b) porównania wiedzy deklarowanej i rzeczywistej na ten temat w obu badanych grupach. Zastosowano autorski kwestionariusz ankiety, składający się z części A, służącej do pomiaru wiedzy deklarowanej (WD) poprzez zaznaczenie stopnia zgodności z twierdzeniami dotyczącymi terminologii, przyczyn, objawów, terapii i dostępności informacji na 4-stopniowej skali typu Likerta, oraz części B, do pomiaru wiedzy rzeczywistej (WR) poprzez samodzielne generowania informacji w wymienionych obszarach. Osoby badane dobrano losowo z terenów miejskich (n=50) oraz wiejskich (n=50). Nauczyciele przedszkoli wypełniali kwestionariusz ankiety podczas indywidualnych sesji. Wyniki wskazują na zadowalający poziom WD badanych z obu grup na temat ocenianych zaburzeń. Statystycznie istotne różnice między grupami wystąpiły w zakresie WD o ADHD. WR była zadowalająca w obu grupach, choć nieznacznie niższa od WD. Większe różnice między WD i WR wystąpiły w grupie nauczycieli wiejskich. Prezentowali oni szczególnie niski poziom WR na temat autyzmu. Zadowalająca wiedza o zaburzeniach powinna być nieustannie uaktualniania w kontekście pracy z dziećmi ze SPE.
EN
The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge of the preschool teachers with regard to dyslexia, ADHD and autism in relation to the requirements of working with children with SEN in an inclusive education system in Poland. Based on the review of the literature, research problems were formulated related to a) the knowledge level of teachers from rural and urban areas on the selected developmental disorders, and b) a comparison of the declared and actual knowledge on this subject in both groups. An original questionnaire, consisting of two parts, was used. Part A measured the declared knowledge (DK) by checking the teacher’s degree of compliance with the claims concerning terminology, causes, symptoms, treatment and availability of information on the 4-point Likert scale. Part B measured actual knowledge (AK) through the self-generation of information in these areas. The subjects were selected randomly from urban (n = 50) and rural (n = 50) areas. Teachers filled in questionnaires during individual sessions. The results show a satisfactory level of DK of the respondents from both groups about the assessed disorders. Statistically significant differences between groups occurred in DK related to ADHD. AK was satisfactory in both groups, though slightly lower than DK. Larger differences between DK and AK have occurred in the group of rural teachers, with them presenting a lower level of AK on autism. Satisfactory knowledge on the developmental disorders should be constantly upgraded by teachers from urban and rural areas in the context of their work with children with SEN on a daily basis.
PL
Jednym z narzędzi reform oświatowych są zmiany dokonywane w dokumentach programowych, wynikające z ponownego (do)określania przez władze oświatowe obrazu podmiotów edukacji: dzieci/uczniów, rodziców, nauczycieli. Podjęte w artykule rozważania dotyczą formalnych oczekiwań wobec edukacji dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym, określanych w polskich aktach urzędowych w trakcie kolejnych reform oświaty. Zamierzeniem naszym jest głos w dyskusji, toczącej się obecnie w związku z wprowadzaną reformą w polskim systemie oświaty. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na wybrane, negatywne mechanizmy funkcjonowania edukacji w Polsce, co czynimy na przykładzie sposobu wprowadzania podstawy programowej wychowania przedszkolnego. Wybór pola problemowego podyktowany został kilkoma czynnikami. Przede wszystkim, jak wynika z przedstawionej analizy literaturowej, wychowanie przedszkolne jest najczęściej pomijanym etapem edukacji przy okazji dyskusji dotyczących kolejnych reform oświatowych w Polsce. Ponadto zauważamy, że permanentność zmian w polskim prawie oświatowym nasila koncentrację na dydaktycznej funkcji edukacji przedszkolnej, odwracając uwagę od znaczenia aktywności społecznej dziecka odnajdującego swoje miejsce w środowisku i w kulturze. Z tego względu w artykule poszukujemy odpowiedzi na pytanie o zasadność zmian wprowadzanych w programowych założeniach edukacji dzieci w wieku przedszkolnym.
EN
One of the tools of education reform are the modifications made to the curriculum–the related documents which arise from the image of the subjects of education, viz.: kids/schoolchildren, parents, teachers [re]defined by the education authorities. The considerations taken up in this article regard formal expectations towards the education of preschool children, determined in Polish official acts in the course of successive education reforms. We undertake discussions on the education reform now being introduced to the Polish system of education. The article is aimed at shedding some light on some selected, negative operating mechanisms of education in Poland, which we accomplish by taking as an example the way of introducing new core curricula of preschool education. The selection of the task field has been dictated by a few factors. First of all, the item of preschool education is the stage of education - most avoided in discussions on successive education reforms in Poland. Moreover, we should notice that the permanent nature of changes to the Polish law on education will intensify the focus on the didactic function of pre-school education by diverting attention from the importance of the social activity of a child searching for their place in their environment and culture. Therefore, we deem it justified to seek answers to the question of the legitimacy of the changes introduced to the syllabus assumptions for the education of pre-school children.
EN
The article presents divagations on the issue of modern approaches to training teachers of young learners, i.e. tutors working in nurseries and the first grades of primary schools. The main thesis advanced by the author is to present the position of theory and practice in the education system aimed at this group of teachers. According to the author, nowadays there is a great need for the revision of binding strategies and assumptions, which are the foundations of the teacher training process, and for the redefinition of their professional functions and roles. The author supports the concept of tight interaction between theory and practice, and between the place where practical training takes place and the educational institution. This is the only approach that renders it possible for students to correct their personal theories of operation and it also allows for a real alternative to the traditional technical and rational approach to teacher training to be developed. Practical training of future teachers should then be perceived as a source of hands-on professional knowledge and not as the application of remembered rules and principles. When developing her own concept of training teachers of early school education, the author mainly applies the conception of reflective practice by Donald A. Schön and the concept offered by J.E. Russell. The article concludes in the presentation of the project of a new major called Childhood Education, prepared by the Department of Nursery and Early-School Education at the University of Lodz.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia rozważania na temat współczesnych koncepcji kształcenia nauczycieli wczesnej edukacji, czyli nauczycieli przedszkoli oraz nauczycieli wczesnoszkolnych. Główną tezą autorki jest pokazanie miejsca teorii i praktyki w systemie kształcenia tej grupy nauczycieli. Według niej niezbędna jest dzisiaj rewizja obowią- zujących strategii oraz założeń leżących u podstaw edukacji współczesnych nauczycieli, redefinicja pełnionych przez nich funkcji i ról zawodowych. Autorka opowiada się za koncepcją ścisłej interakcji między teorią i praktyką oraz między miejscem odbywania praktyki i instytucją kształcącą. Tylko to może zapewnić studentom korygowanie ich osobistych teorii działania i stworzy realną alternatywę wobec tradycyjnego, techniczno-racjonalnego podejścia do kształcenia nauczycieli. Praktykowanie przyszłych nauczycieli powinno zatem być traktowane jako źródło wiedzy zawodowej, a nie stosowanie zapamiętanych reguł. W budowaniu własnej koncepcji kształcenia nauczycieli edukacji wczesnoszkolnej autorka wykorzystuje głównie koncepcję refleksyjnej praktyki D.A. Schona oraz koncepcję J.E. Russella. Konkluzją artykułu jest prezentacja podstawowych założeń nowego kierunku studiów, przygotowywanego w Katedrze Pedagogiki Wieku Dziecięcego Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, o nazwie Pedagogika wieku dziecięcego.
EN
RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between the well-being of pre-school teachers and their attitudes towards distance education during the COVID-19 outbreak.THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The results were submitted to statistical analysis using the Student T-test for dependent groups. A test was used to compare the mean score on the attitude scale and the mean scale of psychosocial well-being. Pre-school teachers, who were conducted remote classes (427 women and 2 men) were qualified for the research.THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The text presents the theoretical background of the research, methods, and research results with interpretations.RESEARCH RESULTS: The results showed that the higher the level of well-being, the better teachers assess elements of their reality during distance education time. High well-being is associated with the perception of the possibility of supporting the child’s physical, emotional, cognitive, and social development, it affects the perception of a smaller range of difficulties related to distance education (or overcoming them more effectively), allows noticing the development of one’s professional competences is related to the more frequent use of distance learning elements in the past and planning to use it in the future, as well as feeling positive emotions in relationships with people who, together with teachers, create the pre-school communities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The recommendations concern strengthening the profession of pre-school teachers by using their own’ resources to create a work environment.
PL
CEL NAUKOWY: Eksploracja zależności pomiędzy dobrostanem nauczycielek/li wychowania przedszkolnego a ich postawami wobec kształcenia na odległość w czasie pandemii COVID-19. PROBLEM I METODY BADAWCZE: Użyto testu t Studenta dla prób zależnych do porównywania dwóch średnich pochodzących z jednej grupy: średniej wyniku w skali postaw oraz średniej skali psychospołecznego prosperowania. Do badań kwalifikowane/ni były/li nauczycielki/le wychowania przedszkolnego prowadzący zajęcia zdalne (427 kobiet i 2 mężczyzn). PROCES WYWODU: W tekście zaprezentowano podstawy teoretyczne badań, metody, przebieg badań oraz wyniki z interpretacjami. WYNIKI ANALIZY NAUKOWEJ: Uzyskano wyniki świadczące o tym, że im wyższy poziom dobrostanu, tym lepiej nauczycielki i nauczyciele oceniają poszczególne elementy ich rzeczywistości w czasie edukacji zdalnej. Wysoki dobrostan jest związany z dostrzeganiem możliwości wspierania fizycznego, emocjonalnego, poznawczego i społecznego rozwoju dziecka, rzutuje na odczuwanie mniejszego zakresu trudności związanych z kształceniem zdalnym (lub skuteczniejszego ich pokonywania), pozwala dostrzec rozwój własnych kompetencji zawodowych, ma związek z częstszym wykorzystywaniem elementów kształcenia zdalnego w przeszłości i planowaniem wykorzystania go w przyszłości, a także odczuwaniem pozytywnych emocji w relacjach z ludźmi, którzy wraz z nauczycielkami tworzą społeczność danego przedszkola. WNIOSKI, INNOWACJE, REKOMENDACJE: Rekomendacje dotyczą wzmacniania zawodu nauczyciela wychowania przedszkolnego poprzez wykorzystywanie osobistych zasobów nauczycielek/li do kreowania środowiska pracy.
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