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Biotic interactions, energy pathways and trigger factors of ecosystem dynamics in shallow saline lakes

100%

Golubkov S., Golubkov M., Balushkina E., Litvinchuk L.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

2014

vol. 12

issue 4

83-113

Environmental variables, food-web dynamics and energy pathways were investigated in ecosystems of six shallow lakes of the Crimea with salinity ranging from 24 to 340 ‰. There were considerable inter- and intra-annual fluctuations in the abiotic characteristics of the lakes. All the lakes had a very high concentration of total phosphorus in the water (up to 5.6 gP m-3) due to a great influence of the watershed on the lakes. A high level of primary production (up to 14.9 gC m-2 d-1) was found in the most of the lakes. The lowest primary production was found in the most saline lake with a dense population of the filtrator, Artemia urmiana. Grazing benthic energy pathways were dominant at salinities between 24 and 58 ‰. Greater levels of salinity led to a gradual reduction of benthic and increase of planktonic energy pathways. A fast shift from turbid to clear-water regime was observed in one of the lakes, caused by annual variations in weather conditions

Politiche europee e nazionali di contrasto allo spreco alimentare nella produzione primaria: analisi e prospettive future

94%

Costantino L.

Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

2018

issue 2(23)

141-148

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie regulacji rynku rolnego w Nikaragui oraz wskazanie rozwiązań prawnych, które mogą pomóc przezwyciężyć nierówny podział zasobów ekonomicznych pochodzących z krajowej działalności rolniczej w łańcuchu żywnościowym. W szczególności chodzi o zidentyfikowanie luk prawnych, które przyczyniają się do nierównego podziału zasobów w nikaraguańskim łańcuchu dostaw produktów rolno-spożywczych i zaproponowanie sposobów ich eliminacji w świetle nauki prawa rolnego. Według autora główną trudnością dla nikaraguańskiego producenta rolnego jest proces wprowadzania produktów na rynek produktów rolnych w Ameryce Środkowej i Nikaragui oraz brak regulacji w tym zakresie. System Integracji Ameryki Środkowej (SICA), który obowiązuje w większości krajów regionu, z jednej strony zawiera pełne regulacje prawne dotyczące rolnictwa, z drugiej nie do końca odpowiada nowoczesnej strukturze łańcucha rolno-spożywczego. W praktyce ustawodawstwo regionalne i krajowe podlega częstym zmianom i nie zapewnia wystarczającej ochrony producentom rolnym na każdym etapie produkcji. Alternatywą byłoby wprowadzenie zmian na poziomie regionalnym w postaci stref wolnego handlu i realizacji wspólnej polityki rolnej przez kraje Ameryki Środkowej.

The aim of the article is to present the regulation of the Nicaraguan agricultural market and to identify legal solutions that could contribute to overcoming the unequal distribution of economic resources resulting from domestic agricultural activity in the food supply chain. In particular, the aim is to identify the legal loopholes that contribute to the unequal distribution of resources in the Nicaraguan agri-food supply system and to propose alternative solutions that are available from the point of view of agricultural law science. In the author’s opinion, the main difficulty facing the Nicaraguan agricultural producer is the commercialisation of own goods on the agricultural products market of Central America and Nicaragua and the regulatory deficiencies in this respect. The System of Central American Integration (Sistema de la Integración Centroamericana – SICA) in force in most countries of the region, includes on the one hand comprehensive legal regulations concerning agriculture, but on the other hand it does not fully correspond to the modern structure of the agri-food chain. In practice, regional and national legislation is subject to frequent amendments and provides unsatisfactory protection for agricultural producers at every stage of production. The introduction of changes at the regional level in the form of free economic circulation zones and the implementation of the common agricultural policy by Central American countries offers a certain alternative to this situation.

Lo scopo dell’articolo è di presentare la regolamentazione del mercato agricolo in Nicaragua e di indicare soluzioni giuridiche che potrebbero contribuire a superare una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse economiche derivanti dall’attività agricola nazionale all’interno della filiera alimentare. In particolare, si tratta di individuare scappatoie giuridiche che contribuiscono ad una distribuzione iniqua delle risorse nel regime nicaraguense di approvvigionamento per i prodotti agroalimentari e di proporre soluzioni alternative per la loro eliminazione alla luce della scienza del diritto agrario. Secondo l’autore, la principale difficoltà per il produttore agricolo nicaraguense è il processo di commercializzazione dei prodotti sul mercato dei prodotti agricoli dell’America centrale e del Nicaragua nonché carenze normative in questo ambito. Il Sistema dell’integrazione centroamericana (SICA), vincolante nella maggior parte dei paesi della regione, da un lato contiene regolazioni giuridiche complete sull’agricoltura, dall’altro non corrisponde pienamente alla struttura moderna della filiera agroalimentare. In pratica, la legislazione regionale e nazionale è soggetta a frequenti cambiamenti e non protegge in modo sufficiente il produttore agricolo in ogni fase di produzione. Un’alternativa sarebbe quella di introdurre cambiamenti a livello regionale, sotto forma di aree di libero scambio e di attuare la politica agricola comune da parte dei Paesi dell’America centrale.

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1 Przegląd Prawa Rolnego

1 Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

1 2018

1 2014

1 Balushkina E.

1 Costantino L.

1 Golubkov M.

1 Golubkov S.

1 Litvinchuk L.

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Biotic interactions, energy pathways and trigger factors of ecosystem dynamics in shallow saline lakes

Politiche europee e nazionali di contrasto allo spreco alimentare nella produzione primaria: analisi e prospettive future