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PL
Although the legislator in the applicable legal regulations did not call the pastoral activity “penitentiary activity” and did not include this activity in the catalogue of means of penitentiary influence, practical experience shows that the tasks of the prison chaplain and other people involved in the work of penitentiary priesthood are analogous to penitentiary work, having a specific social rehabilitation dimension. They are also an important element of postpenitentiary interactions aimed at social reintegration of prisoners. Significant words fell from the then director of the Central Board of Criminal Offices, Paweł Moczydłowski, during the ceremony of dedicating the prison chapel in Chełm in June 1990: “Here the Church today is permanently entering the prison system. We cannot imagine a new prison without the presence of the Church and its moral teachings. Repression is to replace – justice, hatred – humanism and a good word, including evangelical” (Harasiuk 1990: 5).
PL
This article traces the history of penitentiary and post-penitentiary practices by churches (primarily Catholic) and social aid organizations in Poland. The involvement of churches and social organizations in prisoner assistance began, partly underground, during the period of the Polish partitions, and took on formal roles and structures during the Second Republic of Poland (1918–39). However, beginning with the Second World War and until the year 1980 the earlier practice of ministry in prisons was significantly limited. The Nazi and Soviet hostile attitude towards religion was continued and in some ways exacerbated during the period of communist governments in Poland, when the function of prison chaplain as well as prison chapels themselves were liquidated, and all that officially remained of the conduct of religious services in prisons was the administration of last sacraments to prisoners about to be executed or terminally ill. During this period the church’s support for prisoners was mostly limited to that offered by clergymen who were themselves inmates. The role of prison ministry and social aid organisations in both penitentiary and post-penitentiary work was revived following the strikes, and consequent mass arrests, which took place in August 1980. The new scope and dimension of prison ministry began with the re-instatement of the function of prison chaplain and has evolved in recent decades to the point where today prison chaplains and church ministries, working alongside non-governmental aid organizations, have become an indispensable part of both the administration of prisons as well as post-penitentiary supervision and assistance.
PL
Współczesny polski system penitencjarny opiera się na zasadzie humanitaryzmu, indywidualizacji, odpowiedzialności, wolnej progresji. System ten został poszerzony o społeczną samorządność, która ma wpływ na instytucje izolacji, a wykonywanie orzeczeń jest jawne i gwarantuje humanitarne traktowanie skazanych jako podmiotów określonych praw i obowiązków. W systemie penitencjarnym obowiązuje ochrona społeczeństwa i przestrzeganie bezpieczeństwa skazanych w zakładach karnych. Zważywszy na fakt, że u większości skazanych dominują deficyty psychologiczne, współczesna psychologia, także penitencjarna, stara się je zredukować lub wyeliminować poprzez programy resocjalizacyjne i readaptacyjne. Reformy więziennictwa zapoczątkowane po 1989 r. miały chronić społeczeństwo przed przestępczością, a jednocześnie zapewnić skazanym humanitarne i praworządne warunki odbywania kar. Na przemiany przemożny wpływ miał m.in. Kościół katolicki. 1 września 1987 r. Episkopat Polski ustanowił Urząd Naczelnego Kapelana Więziennictwa, a osadzonym zapewniono prawo do wykonywania praktyk religijnych. W zakładach karnych obok psychologów i pedagogów pojawili się kapelani. Duszpasterstwo więzienne realizuje ideę ewangelicznego dobra, a dojrzałość religijna współwystępuje z dojrzałą osobowością i konstruktywnymi kontaktami interpersonalnymi.
XX
The contemporary Polish penitentiary system is based on the principle of humanity, individualization, responsibility, and slow progression. This system has been extended to include social self-governance, which affects the institutions of isolation, while the enforcement of judgments is public and guarantees the humanitarian treatment of convicts as people with specific rights and obligations. In the penitentiary system, protection of the public and care for the safety of convicts in penitentiaries is obligatory. Abuse of prisoners’ rights or failure of the prison officers to perform their duties is punished. Criminal liability is imposed on an officer who physically or mentally abuses a person deprived of liberty. Recognising the fact that most convicts suffer from psychological inadequacies, modern psychology, including penitentiary psychology, strives to reduce or eliminate these through resocialisation and re-adaptation programs. The prison reforms initiated after 1989 were intended to protect society against crime, as well as to provide convicts with humanitarian and legally acceptable conditions. The Catholic Church was a powerful influence in bringing about these changes. On September 1st, 1987, the Polish Episcopate established the office of the Chief Chaplain of Prisons, and prisoners were guaranteed the right to perform religious practices. Chaplains appeared in prisons, alongside psychologists and educationists. Pastoral ministry in prisons implements the idea of the good that the Gospel brings, while religious maturity advances in co-operation with maturity of personality and constructive interpersonal contacts. Since 1989, the Polish prison service has carried out a most spectacular, thorough and exemplary reform of the Polish penitentiary system, which is still an example for many young democracies. The everyday dimension of this service is marked by the endeavour to bring spiritual and moral renewal to the individual, giving hope and a chance for him or her to redeem wrongs done and repair,faults, in accordance with the purpose and mission of the Prison Service.
EN
The author of the article has a longstanding experience as a prison chaplain. He carried out extensive studies among a huge group of prisoners. Those studies were conducted for prison chaplain’s tasks, aimed at rehabilitation of prisoners and strongly connected with stigmatization and destigmatization of people from penitentiary. The problem’s analisys is based also on the studies on the literature and source materials, which contains also formal and legal documents, but primarily on the own observa tion caused by own participation in the whole process. Likewise, it were used some experiences of people who were related to penitentiary system. That if jailed people come back to criminal world, start to live honestly with social rules practically depends on the rehabilitation and penitentiary help. Feedback and beliefs of those people let us to know if chaplains fulfill assumed functions.
EN
The right to freedom of conscience and religion is one of the fundamental rights of every individual. It is not only a law, but also a specific human freedom that regulates life in society. Access to these rights and freedoms is granted to every person, regardless of sex, nationality, faith or even social status. The law of religious freedom must be respected in all areas of life. Penitentiary isolation is a reality guided by different principles. Persons convicted by final court judgments face certain limitations, but under Polish law they are guaranteed freedom of conscience and religion. This is mainly mentioned in the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The author, considering the subject of penitentiary isolation in theory and practice, focused primarily on the relationship between reality and legal regulations. The author conducted an interview in the Gniezno Metropolitan Curia with bp. Radosław Orchowicz, who for many years served as a prison chaplain.
PL
Prawo do wolności sumienia i wyznania to jedno z podstawowych praw każdej jednostki. To nie tylko prawo, ale także swoista wolność ludzka, która reguluje życie w społeczeństwie. Dostęp do tych praw i wolności ma każdy człowiek bez względu na płeć, narodowość, wiarę czy chociażby status społeczny. Prawa do wolności religijnej należy przestrzegać we wszystkich dziedzinach życia. Izolacja penitencjarna to kierująca się innymi zasadami rzeczywistość. Osoby skazane prawomocnymi wyrokami sądów doznają pewnych ograniczeń, ale zgodnie z polskim prawem mają zapewnioną wolność sumienia i religii. Stanowi o tym przede wszystkim Konstytucja RP. Autor, poddając rozważaniom tematykę izolacji penitencjarnej w teorii i praktyce, pochylił się przede wszystkim nad odniesieniem rzeczywistości do regulacji prawnych, co możliwe było dzięki wywiadowi przeprowadzonemu w Gnieźnieńskiej Kurii Metropolitalnej z biskupem Radosławem Orchowiczem, który wiele lat pełnił funkcję kapelana więziennego.
PL
Biblijne źródła duszpasterstwa więziennego jako podstawa do pracy z człowiekiem izolowanym w więzieniu przynoszą potrzebę właściwej pracy penitencjarnej. Artykuł prezentuje krótkie omówienie pracy duszpasterstwa więziennego w ostatnich stu latach oraz po 1990 r. głównie analizując to, jak ono rozwija się obecnie poprzez różne formy naprawiania i budowania relacji interpersonalnych. Przytoczone świadectwa więźniów świadczą o tym, że duszpasterstwo więzienne przyniosło pomoc w przemianie ich życia.
EN
Biblical sources of prison chaplaincy work with prisoners help prisoners to start own work to change life in proper way. A short history of prison chaplaincy after 1990 and how it is developing now. Personal testimony of prisoners whom prison chaplaincy had helped to start to run a new and proper life.
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