Search results

1

Skazani z Warszawy osadzeni w więzieniu karnym "Mokotów" w latach 1918-1939. Obraz statystyczny i próba charakterystyki (ustalenia wstępne)

100%

Rodak M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2012

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issue XXXIV

629-663

EN

Within twenty years of Second Polish Republic over 20,000 prisoners passed through the Criminal Prison "Mokotów". Nearly 13,000 prisoners of this group came from Warsaw. Thanks to the well-preserved original documentation, which consists of the personal records of prisoners of Mokotow prison, the chance to begin research on the functioning of that specific environment opens for historians. Especially that until now all the historical narratives describing the society of the Second Republic neglect the thread of crime and criminals in social history. This article is the result of search query that started in 2010 and includes qualitative and quantitative analysis of more than 20,000 archiving units from archive of Criminal Prison „Mo-kotów”. The research was conducted thanks to a scientific grant funded by the National Cen-tre for Science (Grant No. NN108268139). The final result of the query should be a study of the environment of the interwar prisoners detained in Mokotów, as well as other selected pris-ons of smaller prison districts like Płock, Łowicz, Sieradz, Łódź and Lublin. The subject of the analysis contained in the article is a community defined as "convicts from Warsaw", i.e. prisoners who lived within the limits of the then Warsaw, when placed in the institution. The selection of this group of prisoners, rather than the presentation of the whole environment, is a result of two factors. The first one is the volume of the article that prevents one from a presentation of a comprehensive picture of the whole criminal environment. On the other hand, the geographical restriction allows the query to cover a very actual social group, which was a part of the interwar capital’s reality. The archives of Mokotów prison in addition to the documents on the operation of the institution primarily consist of personal acts of the detained. They are the basis of the analysis presented in the article. A little more than 2,000 files from among more than 20,000 thousand personal sheets of prisoners detained between 1918 - 1939 were selected to complete the analysis. There was no any special key of selection established, every tenth folder was selected. The collected statistical material based on data which were contained in all the questionnaires and which can be analyzed over the entire twenty years. The appearance and the content of the questionnaire changed three times. There was a fixed set of data, which remained unchanged in every version, and certain positions occurring only in one of each versions. For example, in the first version of the questionnaire the information about the number of children and military service were given. Since the mid-20s the questions about these issues disappear from the personal sheet. The available data allowed to create a list of characteristics on which the analysis presented in the article was carried out.

2

Prospołeczność osób pozbawionych wolności

92%

Szymanowski A.

Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język

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2014

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vol. 2

211-227

EN

The purpose of the article was examining moral values of the prisoners. Prosociality was adopted as the conception of the moral order. It consists of three aspects: individual morality (personal norms), interpersonal morality (the motives of moral behaviour) and civil behaviour. The examination was carried out in the group of one hundred men imprisoned in Correctional Institution in Płock. The analysis of the examination results shows the differences of the moral values in the group of the convicts. The expectations expressed in the investigational hypotheses, that the level of the implementation of moral values is influenced by faith and religious observances, criminal record and the attitude to the rules of the criminal subculture, were partially confirmed. Having carried out the examinations, the assumption that the prisoners are rotten so turning down all or most moral values and norms is baseless. Among the convicts there are, of course, persons with high level of demoralization, the active representatives of the criminal subculture and antisocially disordered. However, it is not pertinent to scrutinize the whole population of the convicts.

3

Czterdzieści dni Kengiru w Archipelagu GUŁag Aleksandra Sołżenicyna. O tożsamości zbuntowanego więźnia

92%

Szybalski K.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2013

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issue 4(26)

543-562

EN

The present article describe a hard life peoples, who lived in a labour camp in USSR (Kengir). They must work almost all day in high temperature (camp was in Asia), they often were thirsty and hungry. In 1954, as a results of cases baseless, solder’s attacks on “political” prisoners, part of them started a mutiny. Interested, that in this spontaneously action, to participated a group of criminal prison’s too (400-th persons), although they don’t like a zheks. Unfortunately, detachment of soviet army to stamp a revolt.

4

Convict criminology: nový směr vězeňského výzkumu?

92%

Dirga L.

Česká kriminologie (Czech Criminology)

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2017

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vol. 2

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issue 1

1-10

EN

The aim of this paper is to introduce a relatively new and controversial perspective in the field of criminology to Czech readers; the Convict Criminology (or also called the New School of Convict Criminology). Convict Criminology represents especially the work of convicts or ex-convicts, in possession of a Ph.D. or on their way to completing it. After introducing the Convict Criminology, the author discusses methodological possibilities of Convict Criminology in relation to a general level of prison research. Paper is also focused on different kinds of prison researchers and on research collaboration between “inside” and “outside” observer.

5

Developing a Holistic Understanding of Health and Health Behavior in People Undergoing Resocialization in Prison under the “Active Today, Different Tomorrow”

92%

Łapiński P.

Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research

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2012

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vol. 55

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issue 1

63-76

EN

The main purpose of detention in a modern, humanitarian prison system is to bring the prisoners to live in a free society in a manner consistent with applicable laws and morals. The indicators of modernity are also ways and means by which attempts are made to achieve this goal. In many European and non-European prisons, physical culture achievements are commonly used in working with prisoners. They organize programmed resocialization activities for prisoners with a substantial share of physical education and recreational free time activities. Sometimes, prisoners are offered the chance to take their own initiatives to encourage healthy lifestyles. In addition to teaching, during which the prisoners participate in physical activity, they use interaction with sports authorities in the form of discussion meetings between prisoners and athletes. Such meetings are also organized at the House of Detention in Inowrocław, which operates a half-open unit for the convicts. These meetings are the part of the activities of “Paragraph”, the Olympian club (based at the Inowrocław prison) subject to the Polish Olympic Committee. The author participated in several such meetings as an invited guest or co-organizer and observed that they are primarily of a recollective character. But it was hard to find in them specific, praxeologically structured and conceptually implemented resocialization interactions. Teleological vagueness initiated the search for the real purpose of these meetings by means of observation. The meetings clearly appeared to have more of an ad hoc (referring to the conditions in prison) than a prospective character (undertaken with a view to the period after release). These findings were the inspiration for the development of the main objectives of a two-step strategy of a change in scenarios of the meetings between the convicts and athletes, the ultimate goal of which was to give them the characteristics of programmed rehabilitation. They defined the procedure for involving sportsmen to accomplish the objectives in the area of mental health and social development and made the selection and development of tools to measure the effects of these interactions. The article is a report on research designed to determine differences in perception of health, as well as on conducting health activities among those inmates who participated in the program “Active today, different tomorrow” and those who did not participate in it. The study involved 67 penitentiary recidivists. Two questionnaires by Siegfried Juczyński were used: the List of Health Criteria and Health Behaviour Inventory. The results gave the possibility to formulate important methodological implications for practitioners who involve prominent sportsmen in resocialization. They also proved useful in efforts to create another resocialization program that uses sports activity in resocialization.

6

Łączność skazanych ze światem zewnętrznym – kontakty poza murami zakładu karnego

92%

Świergała A. M.

Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe

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2019

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vol. 22

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issue 41

EN

The purpose of this article is to analyze some normative solutions included in currently applicable Executive Penal Code, which ensure that prisoners sustain contact with the outside world. From among the entire range of instruments, the ones that allow a convict to leave prison walls were discussed. The role of sustaining contact with outside world, with particular emphasis on family ties, was also analyzed. Potential threats resulting from granting of passes or permits to temporarily leave the prison were also indicated, which allowed to formulate de lege ferenda postulates.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza wybranych rozwiązań normatywnych, zawartych w aktualnie obowiązującym kodeksie karnym wykonawczym, które służyć mają podtrzymywaniu kontaktów osadzonych ze światem zewnętrznym. Spośród całej gamy instrumentów omówione zostały te, które umożliwiają skazanemu opuszczenie murów zakładu karnego. Omówiona została rola utrzymywania kontaktów z światem zewnętrznym, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem więzi rodzinnych. Wskazane zostały również ewentualne niebezpieczeństwa wynikające z udzielania przepustek bądź zezwoleń na czasowe opuszczenie zakładu karnego, co pozwoliło w konsekwencji na postawienie postulatów de lege ferenda.

7

Więźniowie z różowym trójkątem w KL Auschwitz

92%

Piętka B.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2014

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issue 2(351)

199-228

EN

The article discusses the issue of prisoners detained in KL Auschwitz for homosexuality under Paragraph 175 of the Criminal Code of the German Reich. The aim of the article is, however, not analysis of the problem of the occurrence of homosexuality among prisoners detained in the camp, which is a separate research topic. Prisoners incarcerated in KL Auschwitz under Paragraph 175 of the German Criminal Code were – in comparison to other German concentration camps – only a small percentage of prisoners. This is probably due to the fact that under Paragraph 175 Germans and persons with the citizenship of the Reich were imprisoned in concentration camps. The peripheral location of Auschwitz may also have impacted on the small number of prisoners with a pink triangle. Based on partly preserved archival documentation of the former KL Auschwitz, data of at least 77 prisoners of this category were established. The specificity of the source base (a scarcity of documents and the testimonies of other prisoners, including a complete lack of testimonies by prisoners of Paragraph 175) meant that in the existing literature on the subject in relation to KL Auschwitz, attention was paid mainly to the problem of homosexuality among criminal prisoners and not to the problem of the prisoners detained under Paragraph 175. Absence of more extensive sources accounts for merely an overall presentation of the issue of prisoners with a pink triangle in KL Auschwitz in the article. First of all, a comparative analysis with other German concentration camps was performed, but a social cross-section of this category of prisoners in KL Auschwitz and their fates in the camp, including mortality are also presented.

8

Wykonywanie pracy przez skazanego

92%

Bachmat P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2020

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issue 1(65)

177-180

EN

According to the author of the opinion, in the Polish criminal law system such a role is played by the penalty of restriction of liberty. In the catalogue of penalties it holds a second rank in terms of severity. The author emphasizes that the penalty of restriction of liberty may consist of performing unpaid, controlled work for social purposes. On the other hand, the penalty of restriction of liberty may consist of deducting a part of remuneration for ordinary work and transferring this amount to funding a social purpose indicated by a court.

9

Obraz rodziny dysfunkcyjnej w opiniach skazanych recydywistów penitencjarnych

92%

Prusik A.

Roczniki Pedagogiczne

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2019

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vol. 11(47)

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issue Numer specjalny

371-383

PL

W artykule podjęto próbę ukazania wybranych konsekwencji dorastania w dysfunkcyjnym środowisku rodzinnym. W wypowiedziach osadzonych recydywistów penitencjarnych na temat funkcjonowania ich rodzin macierzystych wybrzmiewa potwierdzenie poglądu, iż ludzkie zachowania determinowane są w znacznej mierze przez czynniki środowiskowe, wśród których szczególną rolę odgrywa środowisko rodzinne.

EN

The article attempts to show selected consequences of growing up in a dysfunctional family environment. In the statements of prisoners convicts about the functioning of their families, the view is confirmed that human behavior is determined to a large extent by environmental factors, among which the family environment plays a special role.

10

A Prisoner’s Right to be Released or Placed on Parole: A Comment onÖcalan v Turkey (No. 2)(18 March 2014)

81%

Mujuzi J. D.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2016

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vol. 9

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issue 1

69-92

EN

The European Convention on Human Rights does not provide for a prisoner’s right to parole and no international or regional human rights instrument provides for this right. However, recently, in the case of Öcalan v Turkey (No. 2), one of the judges of the European Court of Human Rights interpreted the European Convention on Human Rights as providing for a prisoner’s right to parole. This is the first time that a judge of this court, and to the author’s best knowledge, a judge of a regional or international court, has expressly held that a prisoner has the right to parole. The author assesses this holding in the light of the jurisprudence or practice on the right to parole from the Human Rights Committee, and the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights. In order to put the discussion in context, the author also highlights jurisprudence emanating from the European Court of Human Rights relevant to the relationship between parole and other human rights. The author recommends that the time has come for the right to parole to be recognised in human rights instruments.

11

Negative transgression in the context of empathy and anxiety in prisoners: A perpetrators of violence

81%

Ślaski S.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2021

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vol. 52

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issue 1

12

On Man-Made Pain

80%

Christie N.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2008

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issue XXIX-XXX

93-98

13

Systemowa pozorność resocjalizacji penitencjarnej w świetle badań empirycnych. Propozycje zmian

80%

Stępniak P.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2012

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issue XXXIV

91-133

EN

The article discusses studies on models of incarceration in Polish prisons. The object of the study was to determine if resocialisation model of this punishment dominates in practice, or other models, including official-formal of ostensible resocialisation, dominate and what are the factors determining this. Analysis of this problem was based on opinions by prison personnel and convicts from three prisons in the district of Greater Poland Voivodeship. Disscussion is opened by a critical reflection how much the resocialisation model suits modern penitentiary policy and to what degree it is reflected in current executory provisions of law. Discussion stars with a polemics with an opinion, quite common in Polish penitentiary literature, that incarceration should be based on this particular model as it is better than other ones. Resocialisation model does not take into account diversified needs of influence on prisoners. Some of them do not need improvement (e.g. unintentional, accidental perpetrators). Others, because of their already shaped negative personality traits will never be fit to come back to the society (e.g. perpetrators of most grave crimes of the highest degree of demorali-zation). In the end of theoretical discussion of various model of work with convicts during incarceration, the author draws one’s attention to the fact that provisions of executory criminal law can reflect resocialisation conceptions only to a limited degree. Practical model of penitentiary influence is hence not a uniform and clear pedagogical model but has an eclectic character. It is demonstrated that from such point of view, assessment of work of prisons based on the criterion if and how much they resocialise, is based on wrong premises. They are criticized in the article. In the second part of the article the author discusses the results of the empirical studies. It starts with the description of used research method and a general characteristic of the re-spondent group. The research was conducted in June and July 2010. It consisted in collecting opinions in questionnaires and in focus interviews with prisoners and prison staff. The groups were chosen in a random manner (132 prison officers and 350 prisoners) and they were representative for the population of the imprisoned in the regional authority of detention centres. Presentation of the most significant conclusions of the research starts with the fact that vast majority of convicts were imprisoned in a normal system had in practice a decisive influence on content and type of penitentiary influence. This system does not require corrective influence and thus penitentiary work concentrated on ensuring that the imprisoned are placed in conditions at least compliant with recommendations of European Prison Rules. In practice these conditions are included in prison rules. Most of all, they concern living space and prison regimen conditions without focus on education and correction work.

14

Sytuacja zdrowotna i ochrona zdrowia więźniów w zakładach karnych

80%

Stępniak P.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2013

|

issue XXXV

333-375

EN

The article discusses the problems of health service in prisons in relation to health of prisoners. It refers the results of conducted empirical studies which assumed that the ailments of the imprisoned, specific to their age, actual health service needs, expectations and needs related to health service of prisoners, are indicators of their health. A conception of prisoners’ social service by penitentiary administration without pressure on corrective influence formulated by Henryk Machel was the theoretical basis of the study. The study aimed to answer what was health of the prisoners examined, defined by their general health, needs and expectations concerning health service and to what degree they are answered by the health service in prison. The study was conducted in prisons under District Inspectorate of Prison Service in Poznań, i.e. remand institution in Poznań and prison institutions in Rawicz and in Wronki. All three institutions are of a closed type. The study was conducted between January 2011 and November 2012. It included analysis and explanation of acts of law concerning health service in prisons and questionnaires and interviews with prisoners and prison staff . 279 of them were suitable for further study. Structuralized interviews included 30 doctors and 30 prison carers. The results were analysed statistically. They show opinions of the respondents on the problem of health service in prisons. Young and middle age adults were the majority of the respondents (67,03%). There was a statistically significant relation between general health declared by the respondents and their age. The younger a prisoner was, the better his own general health declared, and vice versa p> 0,001, x2 = 23,245). The data show that half of prisoners declared that imprisonment contributed to deterioration of their health. This is in contrast with a relatively low number of diseases found by doctors after imprisonment. Among various ailments declared by prisoners, psoriasis and sleep deprivation were the most frequent ones. The most detrimental factor to health was prison stress. Its role was indicated by as much as 17 doctors (62,97% of all doctors in the study). Every fourth doctor indicated bad living and sanitary conditions in prison (25,93%). The same number concerned other factor, i.e. nicotinism among prisoners. This shows that many prisoners assume detrimental health habits in prison conditions. Results of the research show that, in practice, response to the need of health protection in penal institutions was very diverse. Health protection was a secondary issue and it was a part of various modules of prisoner treatment. They were characterized by various intensity of health service. It was established that the modules were as follows: control and security (63,36% indications in general). In practice, in penal institutions included in the study, this module occurred in two forms: social and health (providing security and order, prisoners’ control under prison rules, social service and above-standard health care), social (providing security and order, prisoners’ control under prison rules, social service and standard health care), security and rehabilitation (66,67% indications, providing security and order, providing a minimum level of social service and basic health care, rehabilitation). Only the first of the above forms allows to fit the problem of health care fully into penitentiary actions. The study allows for a conclusion that, in the face of the crisis of penitentiary rehabilitation, the role of health care of prisoners will increase – as a consequence of “non-rehabilitationˮ modules of prisoner treatment being more and more frequent. Health care, along with ensuring suitable living conditions and social service, may thus become a part of good penitentiary practice. Health care, and to be exact, medical cal care and medical services for the imprisoned must fit their actual needs. In general, the research has shown that the objective health condition of the imprisoned included in the study is better than their declarations. However, their health varied from a person to another, most of all related to age. The greatest health needs were declared by seniors and their expectations concerning health care and medical assistance ensured by the prison were greatest too. A practical model of prisoners' medical treatment must take this into account. I was established that penitentiary practice employs, most often, modules with basic medical treatment. This is due to the relatively modest prison infrastructure but also to limited budget. Thus, a security - control - pro-health treatment module seems to be a good penitentiary practice. It includes ensuring security to the prison and the imprisoned, order maintenance, above standard health care and social care according to European Prison Rules. Thus, a good practice must be of an eclectic character. Health care and health protection have an important place in such practice. From this point of view, the research shows a diversified picture of penitentiary reality. On the whole, it is relatively positive.

15

Zachowania korupcyjne osadzonych (wstępne wyniki badań)

70%

Pływaczewski E. W., Szczygieł G. B.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2006

|

issue XXVIII

299-311

EN

An analysis of the research questionnaires shows that most respondents (64%) think corruption is a significant problem of the Prison Service. Twenty-eight respondents (14%) quoted having received a corruption offer from a convict. If we consider the fact that one out of 7 respondents received a corruption offer and every second respondent thinks corruption is a significant issue, such an assessment does not reflect the experience of most people who deemed corruption a significant issue, but rather their feelings of threat or concern. Certainly, such feelings might be influenced by the multitude of such information in the media. In the newspapers, and inthe Penitentiary Forum which reaches every Prison Service member in particular, there are detailed accounts of specific cases of corrupt practices that were uncovered. As concerns corruption offers, we have to underline that they were twice more frequently addressed to warders than to counsellors. As stated in the survey, 19 warders and 9 counsellors admitted having received such offers. The fact that corruption offers were more often addressed at warders than counsellors might be explained to some extent by the fact that prisoners have more contact with the warders than the counsellors (prison yard, baths).

16

Społeczne inicjatywy na rzecz więźniów

70%

Porowski M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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1992

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issue XVIII

51-101

EN

Assistance to persons released from prison is considered an indispensable stage of the process of carrying out the penalty of imprisonment. The authors engaged in that subject agree as to the role of postpenitentiary assistance in reduction of relapse into crime and its connection with social readjustment of offenders. In my opinion, that approach is insufficient for a full justification of the actual sense of assistance rendered to persons on release from prison. Pragmatic researchers treat the slogan of helping prisoners as obvious and focus on the related legal and organizational problems. Lacking strict criteria of appraisal, the analysis of legal solutions resolves itself usually into approving comments and to attributing the indolent functioning of the assisting agencies to sluggishness of the actual care providers. The suggested conceptions of improvement of the after-care resolve themselves into improvement of the existing institutional and legal solutions and corrections of their model which remains the same all the time despite the fact that a succession of its versions have proved inefficient in practice. Taking the subject up, I adopted an entirely different approach and method of research. I assumed that all assistance can only be successful if those involved in it are genuinely motivated to that activity. Even if the norm „help the prisoners” is an element of the system of moral directives recognized in our culture, this fact alone by no means determines in advance the actual range and validity of that norm. Like all moral values, also this one is valid with different force, to a different extent and has a different range for different people. For some, it is a postulate that needs to be fulfilled which they experience as a moral obligation; for others, it is a criterion of axiological orientation. This implies the different ways of their functioning. As shown by analysis of empirical studies, the norm demanding that prisoners should be helped is not too deeply rooted in social consciousness. It has failed to win general acceptance even at the verbal level, and the readiness to fulfill it through a person’s own activity can be found but occasionally; in such cases, it is motivated situationally rather than by axi axiological experiences. The reason is probably that a moral appraisal of the object of assistance (an imprisoned offender) is transmitted to the appraisal of the duty to fulfill a norm. Instead of deciding whether help is at all necessary, we want to know if the person in need of help deserves to be helped. In so doing, we forget that all those objectively in need of help are worth being helped; we condition our decision as to rendering help upon the actualreason of a person’s helplessness, or more strictly speaking, upon the rank on the moral scale of the acts that made that person helpless. In this situation, what becomes a signicificent factor that has a beartng on the discussed norm is the perception of un offender as a dewiant of a definite type. An offender is usually perceived through a stereotype: a specific conglomerate of simplified and mainly unfounded beliefs. Yet that very stereotype functions as a standard basing on which the actual way of conduct is chosen. Therefore, I tried to define the stereotype of an impriosoned offender that functions in social consciousness and in consciousness of professionals involved in the work with prisoners. I also tried to diagnose the psychosocial mechanism that result in the formation and consolidation of that stereotype. Which social groups and individuals tend to consider the postulate of assistance to prisoners as a norm that they themselves should follow, or at least which such groups and individuals have the strongest motivation to respond to that call? Of the many hypotheses about the origin of prosocial behaviour (and of course of helping which is a form of that behaviour), let us first consider the one which states that prosocial behaviour results from the structure of ,,ego” and the parallel observation that another person at a disadvantage is similar to oneself in some respect. That similarity may concern both the bodily and spiritual structure and all the other components of one’s self-image. Thus diagnosed, the similarity releases or at least catalyzes the readiness to prosocial behaviour. Basing on this hypothesis, it should be assumed that ex-offenders, ex-convicts, or generally speaking, persons affected by imprisonment are particularly likely to recognize that norm, and further, that the motivation to help prisoners growth with a reduced distance between the offender and the cultural circles that approximate him with respect to mentality and custom. Considering this hypothesis, we come across still another dependence: the actual condemnation of an offender depends on the degree of acceptance of the normative system which that offender has infringed. The discrepancy between values protected by law and the individual or group preferences results in a change in attitudes. A person convicted by force of a disapproved law is perceived as a victim and not an enemy. The offender thus meets with fellow-felling, and the authors and executors of the disapproved law, with resentment. This dependence, cannot be limited to the subcultural negation of law that is characteristic of criminal circles. It follows from the division of the bulk of crime into mala per se and mala prohibita. After all, stigmatization takes a different, course in the case of an obvious evil vs. one that is simply considered evil by law which cites reasons that are by no means necessarily either obvious or good, or which is directed against an interest that is not perceived in accordance with the official standpoint. Prohibitions lacking the proper axiological foundation proliferate with the instrumental treatment of penal law, reduced to the role of political tool; in such situations, all public activity of any importance whatever is usually subordinated to politics. What significantly differentiates the extent to which the norms that concern helping others are perceived as valid are the emotional and social bonds (e.g. fomily ties). From the psychological viewpoint, they constitute a particularly active and natural stimulator of motivations, one that defines the actual circle of the most involve addressees of the norn. In this case, the one who helps is not only personally interested in the fates of the one who gets help, but also acts for his own good rendering that help. The social situation resulting from imprisonment of a family member gives rise to special problems in the legal, economic and social sphere. Quite obviously, the other members of that family should be allowed to participate in the solution of those problems which are also their own. We have therefore distinguished the groups that are willing, as can be expected, to adopt the norm of helping prisoners and to act accordingly. Of course, we deal here with a selective range of that norm’s validity which is subject to a double limitation: not everybody is willing to help prisoners, and that readiness does not concern all prisoners. This follows from the contents of the discussed hypothesis which after all assumes the similarity of partners in interaction as the necessary condition of emergence of motivation. The fact that a person considers a definite behaviour his/her duty may as well result from that person’s internalization of certain moral norms or ideals that can only be fulfilled through such behaviour (the love of one’s fellow man, brotherhood, general kidness). What is released here, as opposed to the hypothesis discussed above, is a general sense of duty not related to any definite person or situation but directed at all those in need of help. The group of thus motivated person includes possible addressees of the norm helping prisoners. With ages, the social practice formed a variety of forms of orginization of those who treat assistance to prisoners as a moral norm. Concerned here are initiatives based initially on the model of charity and constituting part of the general charitable activities. In the l9th century, they developed into specialized patronage societies which in turn acquired, and preserved till the present day in the world, the status of an indispensable element of the rational prison system. The Polish model of society’s participation in the execution of the sentence of imprisonment eliminated all the above-mentioned subjects from any activities whatever on behalf of prisoners. Finding this situation irrational, I tried to investigate its causes and to disclose the motives of those who had made it that way. Depending upon the object that serves as the system of reference for prosocial behaviour, that behaviour can be divided into allocentric and sociocentric. The allocentric behaviour is activity undertaken for reason of another person’s interests, i. e. aimed at securing the best possible functioning, protection, or development of that person. If, instead, the subject acts on behalf of an institutional or group, that is if the addressee of his/her action is a definite social arrangement, we deal with the sociocentric prosocial behaviour. This latter motivation was adopted in Poland as the basis for designing the institutional structures charged with the task of helping prisoners. Namely, after-care was inserted in that particular segment of criminal policy which is called in the legal language ,,participation of the community in crime prevention and control”. The term community used here expresses the principle of joint action. The whole means a specific kind of participation aimed at assisting the police, courts, and prison administration. As opposed to voluntary associations of those interested in helping prisoners and to patronage societies, such institutions are organized from without, follow the orders of State administration, base membership on the principle of delegation or nomination, are organizationally included in the system of State agencies whose activities they supplement within their imposed competences, and are fully controlled by those agencies. Thus organized, the voluntary forces are used to support the machine involved in carrying out penalties; they become advocates of the so-called social interest and executors of the official State policy. The main conclusion that follows from the present study resolves itself into a postulate for a reform which would make it possible also, and perhaps in particular, for those with the allocentric motivation to become engaged in helping prisoners.

17

Prawa więźniów w perspektywie europejskiej ostatnich lat

70%

Van Zyl-Smit D., Snacken S.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2009

|

issue XXXI

7-33

18

Ungarische Zivilisten von Klausenburg in sowjetische Gefangenschaft 1944–1949

70%

Murádin J. K.

West Bohemian Historical Review

|

2016

|

vol. 6

|

issue 1

79-93

EN

The study deals with the capturing of prisoners by the Red Army, taking control over Transylvania in the fall of 1944. More precisely, it presents the deportation of Hungarian civilians from Kolozsvár (today: Cluj-Napoca, Romania), took over in only a few days, immediately after the entering of the Soviet troops in the city, in October 1944. The main objective of this study is to realize an analysis on this capturing, in order to present the methods used by the Soviet Union in collecting manpower for rebuilding of the country, all over Eastern Europe, at the end ofWorldWar II. There are described the circumstances of capturing the prisoners, the number of those taken away, the routes of their deportation, the locations of the forced labour camps, the length of the captivity, the number of the victims, and the return of the survivors. With these alltogether, the study aims to offer a comprehensive perspective on a theme being taboo for fourty years under the communist regime in Romania. The source material of the study consists of archival data, specialist books, scientific articles, essays, published recollections, memoires and interviews with survivors made by the author

19

Přijímání do armády jako proces přidělování identity? Výslechy a prověřování německých zajatců českého původu

70%

Neminář J.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

|

2016

|

vol. 8

|

issue 1

102-119

EN

This study considers the acceptance of former Wehrmacht soldiers as a multi-layered process, at the end of which stands the crediting of national identity. Having studied the military interrogation guidelines and records, the author explores the self-interpretation of prisoners, military requirements, and vetting of the candidates by Czechoslovak officers.

20

Wiedza więźniów Aresztu Śledczego w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim na temat instytucji i form resocjalizacji penitencjarnej oraz pomocy postpenitencjarnej

70%

Wolińska P.

Rozprawy Społeczne

|

2016

|

vol. 10

|

issue 3

64-70

PL

Osoby odbywające karę pozbawienia wolności są często postrzegane przez społeczeństwo jako osoby z różnego rodzaju zaburzeniami, prowadzącymi do obawy przed nimi. Skazani są postrzegani jako osoby nie akceptujące powszechnie uznawanych kategorii aksjologicznych i stanowiące zagrożenie dla ładu społecznego. Dlatego tak ważne jest, aby w trakcie odbywania kary pozbawienia wolności proces resocjalizacji przebiegał skutecznie i pozwolił im na powrót do normalnego życia po opuszczeniu więzienia. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest prezentacja wiedzy dotyczącej instytucji i form resocjalizacji penitencjarnej i postpenitencjarnej więźniów Aresztu Śledczego w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim. Pierwszorzędnymi materiałami źródłowymi, które posłużyły do przygotowania prezentowanego opracowania są dane otrzymane w wyniku wywiadów pogłębionych. W opracowaniu przyjęta została perspektywa psychospołeczna.

EN

Persons serving imprisonment penalties are often perceived by the society as having various disorders, which can lead to fear of such people. The convicts are seen as persons who do not accept the generally accepted axiological categories and as a threat to the social order. Therefore, it is so important that, during the time of imprisonment, the process of rehabilitation becomes efficient to allow inmates to return to the normal life on leaving prison. The purpose of the following article is to present the findings concerning the prisoners of the Detention Ward in Piotrków Trybunalski and forms of their penitential rehabilitation. The primary source of information that enabled the preparation of the paper are the data obtained from in-depth interviews with prisoners. The paper discusses the issue from a psychosocial perspective.

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