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EN
Introduction of the second pension pillars in Central and Eastern European countries represents a unique political, social and economic experiment. This paper offers the overview of this paradigmatic shift, taking into account both domestic factors, the role of international financial institutions and the European Union. Ten out of eleven countries - newcomers to the European Union - decided to implement it. Slovenia stayed aside from the beginning. Poland, Slovakia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Croatia, Bulgaria and Romania offer a rich and diverse trajectory of the time and conditions of its introduction, further development, in some instances retrenchment, and the scope of benefits for retired insured persons. Hungary was a pioneering country, but later on, it left the camp and dropped this option. The issue the paper deals with is the case of the Czech Republic in more detail. The country was a latecomer, opted just for its voluntary version, and cancelled it completely again just after three years of operation. Concluding remarks address the emerging experience with reform outcomes and a potential role of the European Union as one of the actors influencing pension reforms in the region.
EN
In this article, we analyse the conditions behind the formation of the tenant initiative Moje Písnice, which existed in Prague between 2016 and 2020. In the theoretical part, we explain the concepts of urban movements and tenant movements in Central and Eastern Europe and emphasise the role of everyday life and emotions in the genesis of a collective actor. We use qualitative methodology based on an analysis of 12 in-depth semi-structured interviews with members and one supporter of the Moje Pisnice Initiative. This initiative provides an illustration of the formation of collective actors in the urban space in Central and Eastern Europe. We focus specifically on the historical and social conditions behind the initiative’s development and the emergence of a shared identity and shared housing expectations and the disappointment resulting from unfulfilled hopes. Other important factors that we discuss are the intersubjectivity of emotions and the emancipatory potential of the initiative’s organisational structure, which enabled the participation of people with no prior experience with activism. We also focus on the public’s sense of disillusionment with civic engagement and with the political system in general since 1989. This research contributes to the study of tenant movements in postsocialist countries, which are often an overlooked actor in one of the most important processes in the post-1989 transformation – privatisation. In contrast to previous research, we focus on the role of shared emotions and the subjective experience of historical processes.
EN
For decades the Silesian voivodeship has played a key role in the development of the economy of Poland. Its central area is occupied by an old industrial region which has been developed since the 19th century on the basis of coal mining and the processing of iron, zinc and lead ores. As a result of the political transformation of the country, after 1989, the region was faced with a difficult economic situation – a significant reduction in production was recorded and numerous unprofitable obsolete mines and steelworks were decommissioned. Since then, the economy of the Silesian region has been subject to restructuring and revitalization. This article presents this process as illustrated by a representative city – Żory. This is one of the oldest cities in the region which was established in the Middle Ages (1272). For centuries, its inhabitants were engaged in agriculture, fish breeding and trade. Its industrial development started with the construction of the ironworks at the beginning of the 19th century, but the investments after the Second World War were of greatest importance to the city. At that time the “Fadom” factory, two hard coal mines – “Żory” and “Krupiński” – and a plant known as Zakład Tworzyw Sztucznych ERG (Synthetic Fibres Works “ERG”) were constructed. After the political and economic changes of 1989 the economy of the city required urgent restructuring. The change of the function of the city of Żory proceeded gradually, but the creation of economic areas and zones, especially the establishment of the Jastrzębie Zdrój and Żory Subzone of the Katowice Special Economic Zone (1996) and Żory Industrial Park (2004), were of crucial importance to the development of the city. Over the past 20 years the city of Żory has changed from a city dependent on the extractive industries, without signs of a developed urban infrastructure, to a centre of a varied structure of production. Employment in industry and construction decreased from 65.5% to 36.3%, and doubled in the case of services. The private sector currently comprises 75% of all economic entities – most of the companies are small or medium-sized enterprises up to 250 employees.
4
88%
EN
This article looks at the Balcerowicz Plan, which was undertaken in Poland between the years 1989 to 1995. It is entitled so because Leszek Balcerowicz was the man who was responsible for overseeing Polish transition from a state planned economy to free market one. The Plan was based on the Washington Consensus theory, put forth by Williamson with assistance from Sachs and Lipton. It was a rudimentary model of how transition should be followed. The article looks at different aspects of the plan, which are the following. First of all, price liberalisation and the freeing of domestic trade. Secondly, fiscal responsibility which means the balancing of the national budget. Then it covers restrictive monetary policy used to control inflation and improve Polish competitiveness. This is followed by income policy aimed at inflation, done through a weak indexation of nominal wage. The next section deals with foreign trade liberalisation and the impact of importation of western goods on the Polish market. Also the role of privatisation, done late in comparison to other transition economies. Furthemore, changes in banking, financial and tax reform are also analysed. Lastly, the changes of the social safety net system which were adopted, rather poorly and unfairly, is compared to western models. The work uses the view and theories of different authors both from Europe and abroad. Such economists as Boyko, S. Gomułka, Zukrowska and Balcerowicz himself from Poland. As well as foreigners such as Lipton, Sachs, Hunter, Lavigne, A. Smith Williamson and most importantly Kornai.
EN
State-owned enterprises still play an important role in many countries around the world. The aim of this research is to indicate which factors had a significant impact on the scale of state ownership in enterprises in the group of twenty eight post-socialist countries. The large scale privatisation indicator from the EBRD and the novel microlevel-based SOE measure were regressed on sets of cultural, political, economic and control variables. The results show that cultural factors-represented by the dominant religion-had a substantial impact on the scale of state ownership in enterprises while the role of political and economic factors was less pronounced. These results emphasise the importance of cultural factors in shaping the scale of state ownership in enterprises. This study contributes to the literature by analysing factors inuflencing the scale of state ownership in enterprises in contemporary economic conditions which has been missing until now. A discussion on the role of the state as an owner of enterprises has been an important part of contemporary economic literature. The importance of this topic is driven by the fact that the scale of state ownership in enterprises is substantial in many countries around the world. Christiansen and Kim (2014) showed that 282 out of the 2,000 largest publicly listed companies worldwide were state-owned in 2012-2013. Szarzec, Dombi and Matuszak
PL
Przekształcenia społeczno-gospodarcze rozpoczęte na przełomie lat 1989/1990 obejmują m.in. zmianę struktury własnościowej polskiej gospodarki – zmniejszanie się roli sektora publicz-nego. Zmiany własnościowe polskiej gospodarki opierają się na dwóch podstawowych filarach – rozwoju prywatnej przedsiębiorczości (głównie małej i średniej) oraz na procesach prywatyzacyj-nych dotychczasowej własności publicznej. Celem opracowania jest ocena przebiegu procesów prywatyzacyjnych w Polsce w latach 1990-2012. Analizą objęte zostały takie zagadnienia jak: liczba przedsiębiorstw poddanych po-szczególnych formom prywatyzacji, zróżnicowanie sektorowe i regionalne przekształceń własno-ściowych, przychody z prywatyzacji oraz mikroekonomiczna efektywność przekształceń (mierzo-na wskaźnikami rentowności). Badanie przeprowadzone zostało w oparciu o dane GUS i MSP dot. prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw państwowych. Do końca roku 2012 różnym formom prywatyzacji poddanych zostało 7555 przedsiębiorstw państwowych (86,4% zarejestrowanych w REGON 30.06.1990 r.), a przychody z prywatyzacji wyniosły łącznie 143,7 mld zł (do 30.05.2014 r. – 148 mld zł). Pod koniec 2012 roku na rynku istniały 83 przedsiębiorstwa państwowe, w tym 26 aktywnych. Najczęściej przedsiębiorstwa prywatyzowano bezpośrednio, jednak równie popularne były pozostałe ścieżki, w tym likwidacja z przyczyn ekonomicznych. Z mikroekonomicznego punktu widzenia najefektywniejsza była prywatyzacja pośrednia z udziałem inwestora krajowego oraz bezpośrednia przy udziale inwestora zagranicznego. Zdecydowanie najmniej efektywną metodą przekształceń własnościowych okazała się prywatyzacja masowa. Doświadczenia 25 lat polskich przekształceń własnościowych potwierdzają słuszność wyko-rzystania zróżnicowanych ścieżek prywatyzacyjnych. Dokończenie prywatyzacji powinno być jednym z priorytetów obecnego rządu, gdyż własność prywatna lepiej sprzyja zwiększaniu efektywności ekonomicznej przedsiębiorstw. Należy jednak uwzględnić popełnione dotychczas błędy i zmodyfikować stosowane procedury.
EN
Socio-economic transformations which started at the turn of1989/1990 include, among oth-ers, a change in the ownership structure of the Polish economy-reduction in the role of the public sector. Changes in ownership in the Polish economy are based on two main pillars-development of private enterprise (mainly small and medium companies) and privatisation of public property. The aim of the paper is to assess privatisation processes in Poland in the years 1990–2012.The analysis included the following issues: the number of companies subject to various forms of privatisation, sectoral and regional diversification of ownership transformation, revenues from privatisation and microeconomic efficiency of the transformations undertaken (measured by indicators of profitability). The study was conducted on the basis of CSO and SME's data regard-ing privatisation of state enterprises. By the end of 2012, 7555 state-owned enterprises (86,4% of companies registered in REGON [Polish National Business Registry] 30.06.1990) were subject to various forms of privatisation. Revenues from privatisation totaled PLN 143,7 billion (till 05/30/2014 – PLN 148 billion) and budget revenues were inversely proportional to the number of privatised companies. At the end of 2012 there were 83 state – owned enterprises, including 26 active ones, on the market. Most enterprises were privatized directly, but equally popular were other forms, including liquidation due to economic reasons. From a microeconomic point of view, the most effective was indirect privatization with the participation of a domestic investor and direct privatisation with the participation of a foreign investor. By far the least effective method of privatisation was mass privatisation. The experience of 25 years of Polish ownership transformation confirms the validity of the use of different privatisation paths. Completion of privatisation ought to be one of the priorities for the current government since private property better contributes to promoting economic efficiency of enterprises. Previously committed errors, however, should also be taken into account in order tomodify the procedures used.
Human Affairs
|
2015
|
vol. 25
|
issue 4
365-379
EN
Across the world urban semioscapes emerge from multiple and mutually interlocking social activities of the members of sociocultural groups and are established through the deployment of layered configurations of semiotic resources and discourses which index patterns of these activities as well as the underlying norms and values of these groups. A particularly conspicuous semiotic practice which has established itself as a distinct semiotic layer in Slovakia’s urban semioscape is one through which social agents declare certain segments of space as private. By erecting ‘private property’ signs they impose a certain ‘power regime’ on a physical territory but also imprint upon that space a particular ideological meaning. This practice is particularly salient in Slovakia’s geopolitical environment in which the notion of ‘privateness’ was excluded from official ideology under socialism. As language is a principal semiotic mode for the construction of the practice of constructing private space, the practice can also be looked upon as a sociolinguistic phenomenon indexing the post-1989 political and economic transformation processes in Slovakia; that is, the re-establishment of ‘private ownership’ within the larger processes of ‘rectification’ which post-socialist societies underwent in the transformation period. My argument is that the practice is a manifestation of geocultural globalisation on a local scale-level which leads to the emergence of new forms of locality. In the paper I employ Blommaert’s (2010) innovative conceptual toolbox of the sociolinguistics of globalisation’ along with the analytical practices and procedures of geosemiotics and linguistic landscape, and apply them to the corpus of signs which I believe index this practice and establish the topography of private space’ in the urban semioscape examined.
PL
Pomimo istnienia w literaturze ewidentnego konsensusu, że prywatyzacja jednoznacznie prowadzi do wzrostu produktywności i zyskowności przedsiębiorstw, problem obciążenia estymatorów wywołany endogenicznością jest znaczny, co potwierdzają liczne metaanalizy. W artykule zaproponowano nową metodę rozwiązującą problem endogeniczności, którą stosuje się do danych o uniwersum polskich średnich i dużych przedsiębiorstw w latach 1995–2008. Rezultaty estymacji wskazują, że wywołana prywatyzacją poprawa wyników przedsiębiorstw widoczna jest jedynie w niektórych ich grupach.
EN
Despite an apparent consensus in the literature that privatisation universally leads to an increase in firm performance, the problem of endogeneity bias is profound and has been emphasised in a number of meta-analyses. We propose a new instrument to address the endogeneity bias and apply it to Polish medium-sized and large firms in the period of 1995 to 2008. We find that improvements in firm performance are not universal; in particular, we find no improvement among manufacturing firms privatised to domestic investors.
PL
Wykonywanie przez państwo zadań z zakresu budowy i utrzymania infrastruktury technicznej obecne jest od zarania instytucji państwa. Współcześnie infrastruktura stała się samodzielną kategorią prawa i nauki prawa administracyjnego, funkcjonującą obok kategorii rzeczy publicznej. Dla zmiany statusu kategorii infrastruktury technicznej przełomowe stały się procesy prywatyzacyjne w zakresie administracji świadczącej. Przyjmuję, że infrastrukturą techniczną na gruncie prawa administracyjnego są rzeczy (budowle, budynki, urządzenia wraz z zajętymi pod nie gruntami oraz określone szczegółowo we właściwych ustawach rzeczy o ściśle oznaczonym przeznaczeniu, związanym z celami funkcjonowania danej infrastruktury, zarządzania nią oraz obsługi podmiotu zarządzającego infrastrukturą), które bez względu na prawną przynależność (tj. to, czy przynależą do podmiotu publicznego czy prywatnego) pozostają w służbie określonych celów publicznych prawnie określonych. Infrastruktura techniczna obejmuje tym samym urządzenia zaliczane do dóbr publicznych (rzeczy służące do powszechnego użytku przez jednostkę, a korzystanie z niej ma charakter dostępu bezpośredniego) oraz pozostałe urządzenia, które można absolutnie umownie określić mianem infrastruktury technicznej w wąskim znaczeniu. Odróżnia ją od dóbr publicznych to, że korzystanie z tych urządzeń nie polega na ich bezpośrednim używaniu przez jednostkę, a ponadto może ona być przynależna nie tylko państwu, innym podmiotom publicznym, lecz również podmiotom prywatnym w sensie formalnym. Infrastruktura techniczna w sensie wąskim wprzęgnięta jest także w obszar działalności gospodarczej, co w przypadku dóbr publicznych jest wyjątkiem, na który musi zezwalać wyraźny przepis ustawy. Urządzenia te są mimo to użyteczne publicznie.
EN
Since its beginning as an institution the state has carried out tasks related to construction and maintenance of infrastructure. Currently infrastructure has become an independent category of law and the study of administrative law which exists alongside public property. Privatisation of public services was critical to the change of the status of infrastructure. I accept that infrastructure in the context of administrative law includes items (such as buildings, installations together with their grounds and items that are defined in detail in the relevant statutes and which have strictly defined purposes connected with the functioning of the infrastructure, its management and the provision of services tso the institutions which manage the infrastructure) which, regardless of their legal ownership (i.e. whether they belong to public or private entities) remain in the service of the defined public objectives which are defined by law. Infrastructure therefore includes items that are: (a) public property (property which is dedicated to the general use by the individual and its use is directly accessible); (b) the remaining items which can conventionally be defined as infrastructure in the narrow sense. What distinguishes infrastructure in the narrow sense from public property is, firstly, the fact that the use of these items by the individual is not directly accessible, secondly, it is not exclusively owned by the state but it can also belong to private entities in the formal sense. Thirdly, infrastructure in the narrow sense is woven into the area of economic activity, which in the case of public property is an exception which is permitted by an express statutory rule. These items are nonetheless useful to the public.
PL
Cel: ukazanie wpływu prywatyzacji na formy zatrudnienia personelu medycznego na przykładzie szpitala powiatowego. Prawidłowe funkcjonowanie każdej organizacji, w tym podmiotu opieki zdrowotnej, wymaga posiadania i utrzymania personelu zdolnego do zagwarantowania realizacji jego celów. Metodologia: w artykule wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury, metodę analizy ekonomicznej, analizy jakościowe i ilościowe oraz metodę dedukcji w fazie wnioskowania. Wyniki: wyniki badań stanowią podstawę do wniosków potwierdzających zasadność wprowadzenia możliwości zawierania umów podwykonawstwa z personelem medycznym, co w sytuacji niedoboru lekarzy pozwala podmiotom elastycznie organizować pracę. Ograniczenia/implikacje badawcze: jest to związane z pewnymi implikacjami finansowymi, ale jednocześnie jest bardziej wydajne pod względem wykorzystania istniejących zasobów ludzkich i daje większe możliwości zapewnienia wyższej, jakości usług medycznych większej liczbie pacjentów. Oryginalność/wartość: wydaje się, że proces prywatyzacji w polskim sektorze opieki zdrowotnej był konieczny i pokazał, że warto podjąć takie działania, choćby z innego powodu niż poprawa standardów leczenia pacjentów. Wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w tej dziedzinie pokazują, że przekształcenie szpitali w instytucje prywatne jest dobrym posunięciem. JEL: I18, E24 Acknowledgements The article is financed within the framework of the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name “Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019–2022, project number 001/RID/2018/19, the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00. Suggested Citation: Romanowska, M., & Kowalik, J. (2020). The Impact of Privatisation on the Forms of Employment: The Example of the Poviat Hospital. Problemy Zarządzania (Management Issues), 18(3), 139–150.
EN
Purpose: The aim of the article was to show the impact of privatisation on the forms of employment of medical staff on the example of the poviat hospital. The proper functioning of any organisation, including a healthcare entity, requires having and maintaining the staff capable of guaranteeing the implementation of its objectives. Design/methodology/approach: The article uses the following research methods: a literature review, the method of economic analysis, qualitative and quantitative analyses and the method of deduction in the inference phase. Findings: The results of the research are the basis for the conclusions supporting the validity of introducing the possibility of concluding subcontracts with medical staff, which allows entities to flexibly organise work in the situation of a shortage of physicians. Research limitations/implications: This is associated with certain financial implications, but at the same time it is more efficient in terms of using the existing human resources and it gives greater opportunities to provide a higher quality of medical services to more patients. Originality/value: The privatisation process in the Polish healthcare sector seems to have been necessary and it has shown that it is worth undertaking such measures, if for no other reason than to improve patients’ treatment standards. The results of the research carried out in this field show that transforming hospitals into private institutions is a good move. JEL: I18, E24 Acknowledgements The article is financed within the framework of the program of the Minister of Science and Higher Education under the name “Regional Excellence Initiative” in the years 2019–2022, project number 001/RID/2018/19, the amount of financing PLN 10,684,000.00. Suggested Citation: Romanowska, M., & Kowalik, J. (2020). The Impact of Privatisation on the Forms of Employment: The Example of the Poviat Hospital. Problemy Zarządzania (Management Issues), 18(3), 139–150.
EN
This paper aims to review the existing body of research, both theoretical and empirical, conducted in the last fifteen years on the transparency and communication policies of central banks. In the first section, selected definitions of the transparency of the a monetary policy proposed in leading academic papers on the topic are presented. Further sections present a set of instruments which can improve the communication policy. The last section presents the most important research conducted in the last decade or so in Poland and abroad with the main objective of determining the relationship between a transparent monetary policy and the development of prices and expectations of the financial market. Particular emphasis was placed on research aimed at comparing different economies in terms of transparency of their monetary policies using transparency indices specifically developed for this purpose.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przegląd światowego dorobku naukowego z ostatnich kilkunastu lat w zakresie przejrzystości oraz polityki komunikacyjnej banków centralnych zarówno w zakresie zagadnień teoretycznych, jak i prowadzonych badań empirycznych. Praca składa się ze wstępu, trzech części oraz podsumowania. Na wstępie przedstawiono wybrane definicje przejrzystości polityki pieniężnej zawarte w najważniejszych pracach naukowych poświęconych tej tematyce. Następnie wskazany został zestaw instrumentów poprawiających politykę komunikacyjną. W ostatniej części przedstawiono najważniejsze badania prowadzone w ciągu ostatnich kilkunastu lat w kraju i na świecie, których głównym celem było określenie związku pomiędzy przejrzystością polityki pieniężnej a kształtowaniem się cen i oczekiwań na rynku finansowym. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono także na badania, których zadaniem było porównywanie gospodarek światowych w obszarze transparentności polityki monetarnej za pomocą specjalnie do tego stworzonych indeksów.
EN
The paper presents the story of the first privatisation of a public TV channel in the world – TF1 in France in 1987. TF1 was the most popular channel, therefore the news of selling it came as a huge surprise. However, the privatisation was carried out despite protests by both television crew and its viewers. The controversial winner was selected by means of a tender, hardly fulfilling any of the promises after winning. After many years, although the licence was only granted for 10 years, TF1 still remains in its hands.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia historię pierwszej na świecie prywatyzacji publicznego kanału telewizyjnego TF1 we Francji w 1987 roku. TF1 był najpopularniejszym programem telewizyjnym, dlatego zapowiedź sprzedaży tego kanału była ogromnym zaskoczeniem. Jednak prywatyzacja została przeprowadzona pomimo protestów zarówno ze strony pracowników telewizji, jak i jej odbiorców. Wzbudzający liczne kontrowersje zwycięzca został wyłoniony w drodze przetargu, a po wygranej nie spełnił prawie żadnej z obietnic. Po latach, pomimo że koncesja ustanowiona była tylko na dziesięć lat, TF1 nadal pozostaje w jego rękach.
PL
Gospodarka Rosji, podobnie jak innych krajów, zarówno rozwijających się, jak i wysoko rozwiniętych, charakteryzuje się znaczącą rolą grup kapitałowych. Ich rozwój (trwający od dwudziestu lat) został zapoczątkowany wraz z rozpoczęciem procesu prywatyzacji i doprowadził do dominacji grup w wielu gałęziach przemysłu. W artykule podjęto próbę wyodrębnienia i analizy głównych etapów rozwoju rosyjskich grup kapitałowych i zasadniczych tendencji rozwoju w pierwszej dekadzie XXI wieku i dalszych perspektyw.
EN
As is the case in many other developing and developed economies, a significant role of business groups is an important feature of the Russian economy. Their development started with the beginning of the privatisation process and has brought them to a dominant position in many industry branches. The paper attempts to distinguish and analyse the main stages in the development of Russian business groups, their development trends in the 2000s, and their future prospects.
EN
The views and policies of the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, which became known as Thatcherism, were mirrored in the newly democratic Czechoslovakia. Democratic left respected her for the principled critique of the Soviet bloc, but it was the Czechoslovak, or more accurately Czech right, which was directly inspired by her programme. Under the leadership of the Finance Minister and later Prime Minister Václav Klaus Czechoslovakia undertook the most radical economic reform of all post-communist countries. British conservatism inspired the Czech right, partly indirectly, as the Czech politician read similar conservative thinkers and economists as the people surrounding Thatcher, but there is also direct inspiration. Czechoslovak officials closely studied British privatisation. The British provided advisers, money and organised conferences, all to achieve a smooth reform process. The result was a clear imprint of Thatcherism on the Czechoslovak economic reform and on the newly constituted Czech right.
EN
The main aim of presented study is to define the possibility of realisation road projects in cooperation with a private entities under the Act on special rules for preparation and realisation of investments in a public roads and in the system of public-private partnership. Due to the priority of improvement a road infrastructure in Poland and the need of reduction the public debt limit, the involvement of private entities allows them to takeover the burden of financing the implementation of the investment and the risk of project failure. Acquisition by the public authorities a private investor will make a possibility to execute very expensive investments and use it’s experience in management of a road infrastructure.
EN
From the five senses that men have the sense of sight and touch, though seemingly the most acute, are limited when it comes to examining space and all phenomena that occur in it. Moreover, it is much more difficult to examine space through the sense hearing and it is almost impossible to taste it, even if it is humanized. Another human sense i.e. the sense of smell which enables us to recognize different scents may, due to its transitory and temporary nature, appear to be useless when it comes to examining space. Nonetheless, if we concentrate on all the scents that fill the space, they are frequently a more distinctive and prominent landmark than, for example, a building or a road. Therefore, it seems to be vital that the perspective of sociology of scent be adopted if we want to make a more in-depth analysis and interpretation of space dynamics. The scents that fill a chosen urban and suburban old industrial region are analysed and observed in this study. What are the scents that fill urban space? On the one hand there is the tempting scent of private space, which is filled with artificial perfumes and air fresheners. However, on the other hand there is the unpleasant and offensive odour from neglected backyards and outhouses; the odour coming from a local beer stand and an aromatic bouquet of cognac in a hotel bar; obnoxious odours emitted by mine slag heaps and the scent of the pine forest. We aim to show that a wide range of different smells, ranging from delicate and lovely scents to offensive and foul odours, have a growing influence on fragmentation and privatization of urban space.
EN
As other countries of Central and Southeastern Europe, the Republic of Serbia at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century entered the process of universal transformation, which in essence represented a powerful political and economic movement for thorough changes in all parts of social and economic life. The central place in total transformational processes was taken by property, that is ownership transformation. The purpose of this research are numerous changes and the effects caused by the ownership transformation, that is privatisation in all economic activities, and in tourism as well. The research methods used in this paper are: analysis method, synthesis method, abstraction method, generalisation method, comparison method, as well as mathematical and statistical methods. The research results show that the effects of the privatisation in the tourism activities of Serbia are rather devastating. Besides, there were no necessary changes in other elements of business transformation (organisational, managerial, personnel, technological and other), what is the decrease in quality of tourist offer in Serbia and its bad position on the international tourism market. Taking into account that the Republic of Serbia has included the development of tourism amongst the priorities of its actual economic policy and development strategy, results of this research should by its originality, scientific approach to the subject of the research, quality and expertise, complete research material in this scientific field, also to point out new possibilities of Serbian tourism development to creators of economic, touristic and investment politics.
PL
Artykuł stanowi próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie o wpływ regulacji prawa unijnego na decyzję i przebieg procesu prywatyzacji przedsiębiorstw we Francji oraz jej ostateczny kształt. Na potrzeby artykułu poddano analizie Dyrektywy KE 80/723 oraz 318/17, Dyrektywę Rady 88/361 oraz odwołano się do wybranych pozycji literatury. W artykule znalazła się krótka analiza dziedzin, w których regulacja unijna wpływa na kształt ustawodawstwa, a które są związane, bezpośrednio lub pośrednio, z procesami prywatyzacji.
EN
The author of this article tries to define what, if any, is the influence of the european law on the decission, process and the final effect of the privatisation and its legislation. The Directives of the UE Commision 80/723 and 318/17, the Directive of the European Council 88/361 and the chosen positions of the literature were analysed for the needs of this article. The article consist also of short analysis of the domains, which are directly or indirectly connected with the processes of the privatisation, and on which european legislation has got major influence.
EN
This paper deals with transformation of ownership relations in Poland after 1990. Privatization is described here as a complicated economic, political and social process and the basis of efficient markets. The author presents the theoretical justification for privatization. The issues of effective investor, exclusivity, voluntary transferability of property rights and conditions of the capital market functioning related to property relations are discussed here. Along with the analysis of the policy and the course of privatization in Poland, the author presents the effects, economic and social defects of these processes and recommends subordinating the elimination of the technological gap to the challenges of privatization.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje zagadnienie transformacji stosunków własnościowych w Polsce po 1990 roku. Prywatyzacja jest tu opisywana jako skomplikowany proces ekonomiczny, polityczny i społeczny oraz podstawa sprawnych rynków. Autor przedstawia teoretyczne uzasadnienie prywatyzacji. Eksponowane są tu kwestie efektywnego inwestora, wyłączności, dobrowolnej transferowalności praw własności oraz uwarunkowania funkcjonowania rynku kapitałowego związane ze stosunkami własnościowymi. Na tle analizy polityki i przebiegu prywatyzacji w Polsce autor przedstawia efekty, defekty ekonomiczne i społeczne tych procesów oraz zaleca podporządkowanie jej wyzwaniu eliminacji luki technologicznej.
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