Search results

1

Wybrane problemy rozwoju gospodarczego układów przestrzennych

100%

Zioło Z., Rachwał T.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2019

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vol. 33

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issue 1

2

Germanistik studieren in Albanien. Tendenzen und Probleme

80%

Kadzadej B., Bushati E.

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2022

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vol. Special Issue

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issue 16

289-294

EN

In this article, we will critically examine programmes in German at universities in Tirana and Shkodra. After a general, but historically-grounded, introduction to German Studies in Albania, we will discuss basic structural elements such as the content of the three-year programmes in Tirana and Shkodra. In this contribution, special emphasis is given to the current challenges for Programmes in German with respect to the law following the last university reform. Because of our many years of teaching activity and experience in this area, we aim above all to provide a multifaceted view of the problems, tendencies and prospects for Programmes in German in Tirana and Shkodra. Our considerations represent an attempt to continue or revive the international discussion on this topic.

3

Trudności ucznia z Zespołem Aspergera w szkole podstawowej

80%

Maria Owczarek M.

Scientific Bulletin of Chełm - Section of Pedagogy

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2011

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issue 1

51-55

EN

The number of students diagnosed with either autism or Asperger’s Syndrome has risen ten times for the past ten years. These students come from different social, cultural and national backgrounds. Many of them seem to be endowed with talents in the fields of science such as mathematics, physics or information technology. Others can draw or paint skillfully. Each of them is different, however. They share the same deficits typical of autism which occur from the early days, namely difficulties in sociability, narrow interests or repetition of the same patterns of behavior.

4

THE US PUBLIC PENSION SYSTEM IN PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN DISCOURSE, 2016

70%

Fultz E., Francis J.

Polityka Społeczna

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2016

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vol. 43

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issue 1 (12) OLD-AGE PENSION SYSTEMS OUTSIDE EUROPE

9–16

EN

This paper examines the US public pension system – its current status, achievements, problems and possible futures – through the prism of the 2016 Presidential campaign. Its main source of information is political discourse during state primary elections and caucuses held by the Democratic and Republican parties in the months preceding their nomination of Presidential candidates. These events create a lively marketplace of ideas in which contenders for their party’s nomination compete for the support of voters, organizations, and donors, who in turn seek to influence the contenders’ platforms. In this election year, the range of contender positions on public pensions is unusually wide and they have assigned different priorities to improving pension adequacy, restructuring the system to address new needs, establishing long-term financial balance, and who should bear the cost of the latter. The paper examines their discourse in three parts. Following the introduction, part I describes the US public pension system and Americans’ attitudes toward it. Part II presents the contenders’ positions on pensions, including those to improve, maintain, and cut benefits. Included here is discussion of their approaches to pension finance as well. Part III highlights patterns in the contenders’ views, considers how they would alter US pension principles and practices, and ends with some thoughts on policymaking after the election.

5

Problems With Gathering Information About Cultural Environment In International Business

70%

Madgerova R., Kyurova V., Atanasova A.

MIND Journal

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2017

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issue 3

1-12

EN

One of the most significant problems in international marketing is the lack of good knowledge of the environment in which the product will be positioned. The factors of the cultural macroeconomic environment, along with other factors, have a particular importance because they influence the choice of the specific market and the right strategy for positioning the product. The purpose of this article is to raise the problems in managing the process of collecting information about cultural environment factors in international business and outlining ways to overcome them. In order to achieve the goal, the cultural environment factors have been considered and the results of a survey about the ways how the information about them is collected have been analyzed, and also the sources of information and emerging issues in process management. The research is based on the results of a questionnaire survey of managers and business owners. Statistical methods and methods of analysis and synthesis were used to research the problem.

6

Refleksje na temat niektórych problemów współczesnej kryminologii

70%

Kossowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2002

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issue XXVI

7-16

EN

There seems to a pressing need for a discussion about contemporary criminology and the challenges confronting it in today’s world to be undertaken among the practitioners of this discipline. The article signposts some of the many topics around which this discussion should center. One might, for instance, ask whether the findings of studies carried out to date are still applicable in analysis of contemporary crime which has become different in kind and degree and occurs in an immensely more complicated social reality. Many authors have indicated concern about the standard and range of theoretical discussion in contemporary criminology. Questions are also being asked about the utility of the accomplishments of theoretical criminology for description of contemporary crime and its underlying causes in the societies of late modernity. A feature of contemporary societies is the ubiquity of threats from crime defined as both an objective fact and a subjective element ofthe social consciousness. It is not only that victimization by crime is becoming increasingly widespread (which is an objective fact); a crime-driven sense of menace and fear is also spreading. This is exerting a self-evident influence on the organization of private and communal life and the functioning of formal social control. The ubiquity of fears of crime helps to boost support among the public for the doctrine of law and order in its various forms. In societies afflicted by high crime rates there has been a spread of attitudes of frustration, hostility and anger towards criminality, offenders and so-called “liberal” policies on crime. Acceptance of an expansion of the extent of formal social control (meaning in effect tougher sentencing of criminals) is on the rise. Tendencies toward politicization of the menace of crime can be very clearly observed. The adoption of tougher policies on crimo is leading in many countries to an extraordinary growth of the prison population, but has done nothing to reduce crime or abate fears. Some people talk of a “crisis of penology”. Given this situation (politicization of the problem), it might be asked whether criminology is still a socially useful discipline. Another question (and source of concern) has to do with criminologists’ ability to analyze crime in circumstances of social change. Misgivings on this matter are aroused by a tendency to concentrate on description of contemporary crime (e.g. in countries in the process of transition) than on investigation of its causes. There are, therefore, grounds for wondering about the utility of traditional criminological theories and the possibilities of accounting, at the theoretical level, of the factors underlying contemporary changes in crime. At a time of manipulation of the public’s fears of crime can criminologists make any effective contribution to formulation of policies in this field? What should the research priorities in an age of so-called “new threats” from crime? Is tere still a place for investigation of the issue of norms and values (especially in the context of the differences’ between criminals and non-criminals)? How is the state of criminology affected by internationalization of crime, advances in communications and globalization? It seems obvious that it is time embark on research projects of a cross-cultural nature – but is cooperation between criminologists hailing from decidedly differing cultural backgrounds feasible? Lastly, does criminology’s accomplishments to date entitle us to draw conclusions about contemporary crime?

7

Viaggiare e vivere altrove. Sulla condizione del migrante nel paese d’adozione nel romanzo „M” di Ron Kubati

61%

Karp K.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2018

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issue 18

97-115

PL

Kubati’s novel entitled „M”, in which there is no shortage of autobiographical elements, draws on the experience of migration that the author partook in the early 1990s, having left his homeland for Italy. Where the story takes place is unspecified, though the reader is well aware that it is nowhere else but in Italy. The author takes advantage of his own, extensive knowledge and draws a very comprehensive picture of the migrant’s existential position in a foreign land. This paper, comprising two main parts, aims to analyze that position, striving to delineate the nature of the phenomenon of migration. The first part is devoted to the problems that a migrant is forced to confront. Being lost in a new space, the daily experience of dearth of financial means and acts of racism exacerbate the sense of inferiority and lack of belonging. The second part discusses the process of the migrant’s social integration. With time, the knowledge of the city becomes sufficient to move about with ease, while contacts with its native inhabitants are characterized by kindness and openness. The sojourn in a foreign country proves to be a positive experience, enabling the protagonist to achieve numerous goals and entertain an optimistic outlook on the future.

EN

The aim of the article is to present the existential status of a migrant on the basis of Ron Kubati’s novel „M”, and to define the features of the phenomenon of migration. The analysis focuses on two areas. First, it shows the major problems which determine the character’s internal state, namely lack of knowledge about the new environment and the hostility of the local community. Second, it outlines the positive aspects of staying there, highlighting the dominant ones.

8

Stanowisko Niemiec wobec współpracy z Rosją: nowe tendencje i wybrane problemy w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku

61%

Cziomer E.

Studia Politologica Ucraino-Polona

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2018

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issue 8

58-70

EN

The paper synthetically presents new trends and selected issues concerning Germany’s stance vis-à-vis Russia in the second decade of the 21st century. It concentrates on an analysis of the following substantive issues: – draft of the essence of domestic political shifts in Germany and Russia in international context; – presentation of general assumptions featuring the new strategy in German policy vis-à-vis Russia; – showing principal challenges as well as selected problems of German cooperation with Russia in the period 2014-17; – underscoring new tendencies in Russia’s impingement on Germany together with German judgments as to Russia’s international role in the era of the Ukrainian crisis in light of opinion polls. Over the years 2003-17, as a result of internal changes in Germany, a multi-party system took on a shape that made it harder to create a coalition and a new government after the parliamentary election of September 24, 2017. In Russia, in turn, the authoritarian government system with president Vladimir Putin at the helm strengthened. President Putin, through the annexation of Crimea and support for separatists in Donbas, begot to the persistent destabilization of Ukraine. The above mentioned developments were accompanied by a transition from the post-Cold War, unipolar international system, with the United States on top, towards a multipolar international system with the rising significance of China and Russia. Russia transformed into a geopolitical “competitor” of its strategic partner, Germany. On the other hand, Germany – as a leading EU and NATO state – together with France attempted to solve the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. It managed merely to achieve a partial armistice in Donbas within the framework of the OSCE mission (the Second Minsk Agreement from February 12, 2015). Due to the strong political and economic ties, Germany solely and temporarily suspended some forms of contact and cooperation with Russia and decided to reintroduce them in 2015. Germany engaged in hammering Western sanctions against Russia and their implementation during 2014-18. It concurrently supported Ukraine in its endeavors to achieve association with the EU in 2016. Simultaneously, Russia took advantage of its trump cards in the form of its presence in Germany (“Russian Germans”, media: Sputnik and RT as well as sympathy in some political and social circles) to prop up anti-Western and populist tendencies in this country.

9

THE ELECTRONIC COMMERCE USE BY SENIORS (PEOPLE 55+) IN POLAND

61%

Bajdor P., Tabor J.

Information Systems in Management

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2016

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vol. 5

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issue 4

451-462

EN

This article presents the results of a research conducted among persons 55+, according their use of the Internet. The main aim of the article was to answer whether and to what extent, people 55+ benefit from the electronic commerce (e-commerce). What they usually buy, and for what purpose. In addition to online shopping, the selected group has been also asked about other Internet tools and applications used by them. At the end of the article, we have also asked about the problems and barriers encountered during Internet shopping.

10

ПРОБЛЕМИ ВНУТРІШНЬО ПЕРЕМІЩЕНИХ ОСІБ В УКРАЇНІ ЯК ОСНОВА СОЦІАЛЬНО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНОЇ РОБОТИ З НИМИ

61%

Трубавіна І.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

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2015

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issue 8(52)

437-449

EN

The aim of the article is to define the problems of the internally displaced persons that have become a new mass social services clientsin Ukraine. The authorrevealsthereasons why Ukrainian people move to other places, their needsandproblems. Generalandregionalcharacteristicsoffamilyproblems and statisticsontheproblem are generalized, that enabled the author todrawconclusionsabouttheneedtocombineadministrativeandsocialserviceswithfocusonsocial-pedagogicalandpsychologicalservices. The classificationoftheproblemsofdisplacedpersons is worked out, the priority of their solution on the bases of problem-orientedand family-centered approaches is proved, the methodsforassessingtheneedsoffamilies, methodsofovercomingproblems are disclosed. Problemsof new clients of social services are dividedinto the problems thatmeetthebasicneedsofthefamilyandsettledadministrativeservices, and the problems that meetthespiritualandsocialneedsofpeopleandtheneedforcomplexsocialserviceswith the focusonsocial-pedagogicalandpsychological support forsuccessfulsocialization, adaptation, reconciliationof the family in newconditionsoflife. Ingeneral, theproblems ofmigrants are commonand can be differentiated into ageandsex, regional, social, economic, psychological, legal, social, medicalanddemanding the comlex ofsocialservicesintheformofcasemanagement. Packageformigrantsshouldconsiderthestagesofsocialinclusion, problemsreconciliationincommunityandfamilyfocusonmaintainingtheintegrityoffamilies, children’srights in order toensurehumanrightsconditionsforsuccessfulsocialadaptationofthefamilyinthenewenvironment of life. The social servicesshouldbebasedon the assessmentoftheneedsof migrants, the analysis of which allowstodecidecarefullyonthedegreeofvulnerabilityof migrants andhelpthem, thecomplexityofthecaseandapplythemethodofcasemanagement (socialsupport), orothermethods. The practicalsignificance of the article lies in the identifing problemsand migrants listandorderofsocialservices for solving the problems of displaced persons. The prospects for future researches are justification for case management algorithm with migrants.

11

Radości i smutki psychologa szkolnego

61%

Búgelová T., Pavluvčíková E., Čupková L.

Prima Educatione

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2020

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vol. 4

EN

The article concerns the work of a school psychologist as a self-reliant and relatively independent worker at primary and secondary schools. As the percentage of the so-called problem children grows, researchers focus on the causes of this phenomenon and map the most frequent difficulties in the area of learning, motivation and social relationships from the perspective of teachers, students and their parents. The authors described the most frequent work modes of a school psychologist associated with this function. In addition, they concentrated on the difficulties of communicating with parents and highlighted a wide range of problems which require great erudition.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy pracy psychologa szkolnego jako samodzielnego i względnie niezależnego pracownika szkół podstawowych i średnich. W miarę wzrostu odsetka tzw. dzieci problemowych badacze koncentrują się na przyczynach tego zjawiska oraz odwzorowują najczęstsze trudności w obszarze uczenia się, motywacji i relacji społecznych z perspektywy nauczycieli, uczniów i ich rodziców. Autorki opisały też najczęstsze tryby pracy psychologa szkolnego związane z tą funkcją. Ponadto skoncentrowano się na trudnościach związanych z kontaktami z rodzicami oraz zwrócono uwagę na szeroki zakres problemów, które wymagają dużej erudycji.

12

Utrudnienia w komunikacji pomiędzy synową a teściową

61%

Stankowska M.

Studia Psychologica

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2013

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issue 13/2

15-32

EN

Communication in the relationship of mother-in-law and daughter-in-law may pose in many families some serious difficulties. The aim of this article is to present the results of a study involving mothers-in-law and daughters-in-law. In this study varies aspects of this relationship were investigated, but in the present article only the results concerning communication are reported on. In total, 53 daughters-in-law and 29 mothers-in-law participated in the study. The research method involved questionnaires and in-depth interviews. The interview results were subjected to a detailed analysis of the four types of difficulties in communication identified in the research materials: geographical barriers, forms of address, conflict avoidance and discussions on difficult issues, and communication via son/husband. The research results showed that the key obstacles in communications between the mothers-in-law and the daughters-in-law were a lack of willingness to talk openly, avoidance of certain topics and not dealing directly with certain issues.

13

Nauczanie zdalne – zmiany w kanonie kształcenia ogólnego, innowacje, praktyczne problemy

61%

Krzyszkowska M., Motak A., Zięć M.

Edukacja • Terapia • Opieka

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2021

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vol. 3

174-189

EN

The implementation of pedagogical innovation is aimed at enriching lessons, supporting the comprehensive development of students, facilitating memorization, and thus improving the quality of school work. There is no doubt that a well-planned and carried out innovation not only more engagesthe students themselves in the cognitive process, but also requires additional, creative and purposeful activities from the teacher. In school, the implementation of innovative activities should not cause many difficulties. We have plenty of teaching resources at our disposal, we can choose from a wide range of methods. The situation is slightly different in distance learning. Teaching online has both advantages and disadvantages. There is a wide range of programmes and platforms that are very useful in teaching English such as: Insta.ling, Learningapps, Wordwall, Liveworksheets and Quizzlet. One of the problem there are technology issues. Some students without reliable internet access have difficulties to participate in digital learning. Learning online requires self-discipline and motivation, which some students unfortunately lack.

PL

Realizacja innowacji pedagogicznej ma na celu ubogacenie lekcji, wspieranie wszechstronnego rozwoju uczniów, ułatwianie zapamiętywania, a tym samym poprawę jakości pracy szkoły. Nie ulega wątpliwości, że dobrze zaplanowana i przeprowadzona innowacja nie tylko bardziej angażuje samych uczniów w proces poznawczy, ale także wymaga od nauczyciela dodatkowych, kreatywnych i celowych działań. W warunkach szkolnych, stacjonarnych realizacja działalności innowacyjnej nie powinna przysparzać wielu trudności. Mamy bowiem do dyspozycji mnogość środków dydaktycznych, możemy wybierać spośród szerokiego wachlarza metod. Nieco inaczej sytuacja wygląda podczas nauczania zdalnego. Nauczanie online ma zarówno zalety, jak i wady. Istnieje szeroka gama programów i platform, które mogą być bardzo przydatne, np. w nauczaniu języka angielskiego, takie jak: Insta.ling, Learningapps, Wordwall, Liveworksheets oraz Quizlett. Problemem mogą być kwestie technologiczne. Niektórzy uczniowie bez niezawodnego dostępu do Internetu mają trudności w uczestniczeniu w zajęciach online. U pewnej grupy można zauważyć także brak motywacji i samodyscypliny – nie każdy uczeń ma tyle motywacji do nauki oraz samodyscypliny, aby samodzielnie przygotować się do zajęć.

14

Education of Children with a Refugee Background in Poland in the Situation of War in Ukraine. Outline of the Problems

61%

Kruk M.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2023

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issue 2(140)

7-22

EN

In the context of the military conflict in Ukraine, since February 24, 2022, the Polish government has decided to include refugee children in the continuation and implementation of education in the Polish education system at various stages and levels of education. Educational institutions in Poland have faced the great challenge of accepting refugee children into the Polish education system. Due to the war situation, both children with a refugee background and their guardians (mothers), as well as teachers, were confronted with the reality that showed many aspects of education and the implementation of the didactic process in a situation hitherto unknown and unexpected. The article aims to provide a preliminary diagnosis of the education process of children with a refugee background from the perspective of teachers and institutional support. In addition, the analysis also attempted to assess the health and mental well-being of children with experience of war trauma. Critical reflection on the education process of refugee children in Poland is based on available reports and studies of quantitative and qualitative research carried out primarily by public institutions (Polish Ministry of Education and Science, UNHCR, Integrated Educational Platform) and the private sector (Centre for Citizenship Education 2022–2023).

15

Migrácia ako možná príčina konfliktov

61%

ROZEMBERG P.

Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje

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2018

|

vol. 29(29)

157-180

EN

This article deals with the current problems connected with the migration. The first part of this article provides a brief overview of opinions of former Czech president Vaclav Klaus and his former chancellor Jiři Weigl on this topic. The second part of this article provides a brief opinions which 20 years ago published on this topic famous American professor Samuel Huntington. At the end is possible to say, that current migration from the Middle East Region to the Europe, if not to be properly solved, can cause a lots of socio-economic problems in the future.

16

Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty kryminologiczne

53%

Kossowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1985

|

issue XII

113-118

17

Spożycie napojów alkoholowych w Polsce w 1980 r.

53%

Jasiński J.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1984

|

issue XI

7-92

EN

The study described in the paper and has been conceived as a continuation and partly a repetition or studies carried out in 1961 and 1962 by A. Swięcicki and then in 1968 by J. K. Falewicz. All of these studies were carried out by the Centre for Public Opinion Survey (now: Centre for Public Opinion Survey and Program Studies) of the Committee for Radio and TV in Warsaw. The instrument used in them was a questionnaire filled in by the interviewer during his interview with the respondent. The first study, conducted in February and March 1961, included a sample of a population aged 20 and over, while in the second one, which was made in October 1962, u sample aged 18 and over was included. In both studies, the assumed samples numbered 3000 respondents each, the obtained sample being 95.6 per cent and 93.6 per cent of the assumed sample respectively. The third study was carried out in March and April 1968: it included a sample of population aged 18 and over (assumed sample - 3212 respondents, obtained sample – 91.7 per cent). The present, i.e., the fourth study, was conducted in September 1980 and it included a sample of population aged 16 and over, of the assumed size of 2000 respondents; the obtained sample numbered 1972 persons, which is 98.6 per cent of the assumed one. In the case of all the four studies the deviation of the obtained sample from the assumed one was slight which permitted them to be treated as random sample of the general population. The chief aim of the 1980 study was to obtain data which would be comparable with those previously acquired and those up-to-date, concerning the distribution of consumption of alcohol among the population of Poland. The previous studies, dating back at least a dozen years, were not only old, but they were carried out in the period when general level of consumption of alcohol was approximately half of that in 1980. It seemed more difficult to answer the question to what degree the observations then made still applied to the new situation. There was a demand for some new data it last to replace the guesses made from the factual basis which, as the years went by, became more and more uncertain. In spite of the fact that the present study wbs made in the same way as the previous ones, it seems that the above aims have not been achieved. The data now obtained are not fully comparable with the previous, first of all because the 1980 survey successfully covered a considerably smaller amount of alcohol consumed in our country than those of 1961 and 1962. Undoubtedly, this was caused by various factors, the most important of which being probably the fact that the representation among the respondents of persons who drank intensively and most intensively was scantier in the present study than it had been in the studies conducted by A. Swięcicki. Consequently, the 1961-1962 and 1980 surveys concerned different categories of drinking persons, the ranges of which were not identical in both cases. As regards the scond aim of the study, which was to obtain current data on consumption of alcohol in Poland, we were unsuccessful again, as life proved to run too fast. The 1980 survey was carried out in October 1980, that is one might say at the last moment before the difficulties with alcohol supplies began, as yet unknown in our country, which resulted in regulated sale of alcoholic beverages. This caused the appearance of new phenomena as well as the aggravation of those hitherto existing, Undoubtedly, it was a new phenomenon that people started to buy alcohol not only to consume it, but also to gret rid of the rapidly devaluating money, or in order to obtain a kind of exchange value. Other new phenomena were: trade in coupons entitling one to buy alcohol, and the appearance of black-market prices of spirits produced by the State-controlled distilleries; in certain periods, these prices were twice as high as the official ones. Speaking of aggravation of the existing phenomena, we had in mind first of all the illicit distillation of liquor, the attractiveness of which increased greatly in the face of joint effect of two circumstances: the rapid increase in the price of legally distilled and imported alcohol, and the difficulties in its legal (and even illegal) purchase. It was impossible for the 1980 survey to answer the following questions: what the influence of all these phenomena on the patterns of drinking that had already been shaped before in our country was, and how these patterns were modified. It is known that people drink somewhat differently now. It may be supposed that the persons who used to consume small amounts of alcohol before and who used to drink with restraint now drink less or do not drink at all, while those who used to drink much before - even if they do drink less now, the difference is slight, the illegally distilled liquor playing a greater part in the total amount of alcohol they consume. As to this last problem, opinions are expressed according to which consumption of the illegally distilles liquor has become a much more popular experiences in the course of the ‘80s than it had been before. Finally, conjectures are made that alcohol-dependent persons, after the first period of difficulties with providing themselves with the amount of alcohol which would be adequate to their habits, in general have now found ways to satisfy their needs in this respect. It remains a guess if the above conjectures are true or not, and the same applies to suppositions concerning persistent or temporary character of the abovementioned changes in patterns of consumption of alcohol. Thus the results of the survey describe the situation as it was a few years ago as this situation undoubtedly changed later on. As the paper clearly shows, consumption of alcohol in Poland is a common phenomenon: an everyday habit for many of our fellow citizens, a regular one (though not necessarily at regular intervals)- for the majority. In a statistical-descriptive sense drinking should, therefore, be termed normal behaviour, as it appears more or less regularly in the behaviour of a majority of adult members of our society, whenever they find themselves in situations such as celebrations family, meeting friends, or official occasions. The above remarks by no means solve the question of estimation of drinking, which- in spite of its habitual character in the statistical-descriptive sense- may in some cases be recognized as most deeply pathological in the medical sense, and in the same adn frequently also in other cases- as pathological in its social expression. As regards the medical appraisal- the questionnaire did not contain a large set of questions of this kind, therefore, it was able to yield but a most scanty basis fof conjectures as to the symptoms of alcohol dependence of some of the respondents. The situation was different as regards the social appraisal of the consumption of alcohol. In order to make use of such an appraisal, an initial poblem had to be solved: what amount, frequency, and way of consuming alcohol should or should not be regarded as that included within the limits of a „social norm”. The problem is complex, for, on the one hand, the opinions as to where the limits are vary in our socjety, and, on the other hand, there are probably many such limits, depending not only on the person who is to fix them, but also on that to whom they may apply. It is generally known that in our society there are advocates of prohibition (who are of opinion that zero consumption should be the social norm), as well as propagators of „reasonable consumption” which is a term with many shades, and finally adherents of opinion that consumption of alcohol is a private matter for everyone to decide by himself (that is those who consider any kind of drinking, as well as abstinence, to come within the limits of socially approved norm). Apart from the advocates of the two extreme opinions, which provide one norm for all members of the society, others, i.e., the propagators of „reasonable” drinking tend to emploi a norm according to who the drinking person is. This finds expression in a different attitude towards drinking by men and women, tolerance towards the drinking by adults accompanied by strict disapproval in the case of the youth, different expectations as to the attitude towards alcohol drinking by members of different socio-professional groups. In this situation, with the lack of a common opinion as regards „socially normal” drinking, it seemed preferable to refrain from estimating the alcohol consumption in terms of social pathology. In a survey of alcohol consumption in which samples of population of the entire country or a smaller territory are included, it is vital how the questions about the respondents’ drinking habits are asked. In the research practice, two solutions of this problem have been provided: first, to ask about the last occasion on which the respondent drank, what he drank then, how much he drank and in what circumstances, and second, to ask about his drinking within a given, shorter or longer, period of time. It has been a tradition of Polish studies in this field to choose the first of these solutions, so this method has also been employed in the present study. The last occasion was treated as typical of the respondent’s way of drinking, and a yearly consumption was calculated for each of tchem, as well as for all persons included in the sample. As compared with the data on alcohol sale gathered in our country, it appeared that the 1980 survey covered 43 per cent of the total of consumed vodka. This percentage corresponds to that which can be found in analogous foreign studies, yeti t is considerably lower than the one obtained by A. Święcicki in his 1961 and particularly 1962 studies. The probable effect on the comparability of this studies with the present one has already been discussed above. Interest was also paid in the questionnaire to the consumption of home-made wine, which appeared to account for 39 per cent of the consumption of purchased wine covered by the study, and the consumption of „home-distilled vodka” (i.e., moonshine alcohol) which, according to the present study, accounted for 5.5 per cent of the consumption of purchased vodka. Ona may guess that the latter percentage was in reality higher, and that it has now increased even more. As is generally known, Poland is one of the countries where the general level of consumption of alcohol is medium, yet the structure of consumption is most unfavourable. Over 3/4 of the consumed alcohol is being drunk in Poland in the from of vodka and other strong drinks. A similar structure of consumption can be found in most parts of the Soviet Union, and to a smaller degree in the Scandinavian countries (except Denmark, where the dominating alcoholic beverage is beer). One of the common features of alcohol consumption is its great concentration, which means that relatively few consumers drink a share of alcohol disproportionately large to their number. As revealed by the 1980 survey, 45 per cent of the entire purchased and home-made wine covered by the study was being drunk by3.5 per cent of consumers of wine, 52 per cent of vodka was being drunk by 9 per cent of consumers of vodka, and 46 per cent of beer was being drunk by 10 per cent of consumers of beer. Taking into account that the study included a relatively small numer of persons who drink intensively and particularly those who drink most intensively, the real concentration of consumption of separate types of alcoholic beverages must be expected to be still higher in our country. The interdependence of consumption of different alcoholic beverages is closely connected with the problem of concetration of consumption. It appeared that the fact of drinking one kind of alcoholic beverage augmented the likelihood of drinking another one as well. This convergence was most marked as regards consumption of vodka and beer, as well as vodka and purchased wine (and also purchased and home-made wine); it was the least marked in the case of the consumption of home-made wine and vodka, and home-made wine and beer.Among the persons who drank at least two of the above mentioned kinds of beverages, the frequent drinking of one of them was not necessarily connected with frequent drinking of the other: on the other hand, those who drnak large amounts of one of the beverages, drank also large amounts of the other, while those who drank small amounts of one kind, drank also small amounts of the other. According to the results of our survey, teetotallers, i.e., persons who do not drink alcohol at all, constituted nearly 17 per cent of our respondents. As regards separate kinds of beverages, there were many more persons who did not drink them; yet a significant regularity appeared, which should be stressed in connection with the unfavourable structure of alcohol consumption in our country: the group of persons who never drank vodka was the least numerous, 25 per cent only, while there were 57-58 per cent of persons who never drank purchased wine and beer, and as many as 70 per cent of those who never drank home-made wine (the percentage for moonshine alcohol was 89 per cent). To repeat, not only as much as 71 per cent of alcohol was consumed in our country in the form of vodka (strong drinks) in 1980, but also it was consumed by 75 per cent of the country's population aged 16 and over. Opportunity, place, and company are the usually distinguished elements of the patterns of alcohol consumption which can be found in the society. The 1980 survey permitted to separate three such patterns (of drinking vodka or wine): family-celebration, friendly-social, drinking for purpose. According to the first one, which has been mentioned by nearly half of the respondents who drank, the opportunity for drinking was a family meeting or celebration, with many participants, the place was a private appartment, the amounts of alcohol consumed were relatively smaller, and the participants were first of all persons who drank less than the average. According to the second pattern, which was mentioned by nearly every third respondent, the opportunity was a social meeting or celebration, in which a smaller number of persons participated (as compared with the family meetings), the place was often also a private appartment, but in every fourth case a restaurant as well, more alcohol was consumed, and among the participants the persons prevailed who drank a little more than the average. According to the third pattern, drinking for purpose, mentioned by every seventh respondent, "no special occasion" was required for drinking, or drinking took place "in order to handle some business which made it necessary to drink a glass", a small group of 3-4 persons participated, the most frequently chosen place, apart from one's own apartment, was a restaurant or place of employment, a relatively largest amount of alcohol was consumed, and a majority of participants drank much more than the average. As is generally known, a particular problem in Poland is drinking at the place of employment; the Goverment has repeatedly prohibited it, only to learn that the renewal of the prohibition is apparently as timely as it is ineffective. Among the respondents employed in the State-controlled economy, two of every three persons happened to drink at work, every fourth happened to drink at least during the last month. The opportunity was usually a birthday or a name-day; yet every sixth respondent happened to drink at work last "without special reason". The information concerning the frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed permits one to separate four ways of drinking: much and often, much and seldom, little and often, little and seldom. Among the consumers of different beverages the group of persons drinking little and seldom was the most numerous, particularly as regards the consumers of wine (both purchased and home-made), to a smaller degree - the consumers of vodka (and moonshine alcohol), and to the smallest degree - the consumers of beer. Also the groups of persons drinking much and seldom were relatively numerous, apart from consumers of beer, among whom the second most numerous group was that of persons drinking little and often. Every fourth or fifth consumer of beer, every seventh consumer of vodka, every fifteenth consumer of purchased wine and every twenty-seventh consumer of home-made wine drank much and often. As regards persons who, drank any two of the above mentioned beverages, a convergence of their drinking patterns could be noticed which consisted in the following regularity: if one of the beverages was consumed according to one of the patterns, the other was generally also consumed according to the same pattern. Drinking "too much", "several consecutive days", „more often than the respondent wishes”, were considered an indicators of alcohol abuse. The persons who never happened to drink like this drank, on the whole, considerably smaller amounts of vodka than the average; those who had happened to drink like this before consumed markedly more vodka than the average; while those who have happened to drink like this at the time of the study consumed over twice as much vodka than the average. As shown by the analysis of answers to a variety of questions in the questionnaire, the amount of consumed alcohol is connected with the respondent's satisfaction with his life and his relations with others. Thus persons who were of opinion that life generally brings the people more good than evil used to drink significantly less (vodka, purchased wine, as well as beer) than those who thought the opposite. Likewise, the respondents who considered themselves frequently underestimated by their closest family, drank significantly more than those who thought that they happened, though seldom, to have been underestimated. Finally, the persons who were of the opinion that their relations with their families, neighbours, workmates, and superiors went badly, used to drink significantly more than those who had no problems in this field. The drinking persons' experiences with alcohol are both good and bad, and the tendency to study first of all, if not exclusively, the latter does not seem appropriate. In the 1980 survey questions about both kinds of experience were asked, which brought in a good deal of interesting information. Thus it appeared that the drinking of a certain amount of alcohol in the company of a given person helped to solve professional prbblems for a number of persons which was two and a half times larger than the number of those whose drinking brought about serious professional trouble. In over 2/5 of the persons examined, alcohol helped to improve their relations with close friends and relatives, while it helped every third of them to settle their own subsistence problems profitably. As for the troubles resulting from drinking, it is striking that persons problems (poor health, family or financial problems) were mentioned two or three Times more often than those connected with the respondents' participation in a broader social environment (problems with neighbours, professional problems, and those with the authorities). The above seems to prove that in the customs and climate which exists in our country, the drinking persons perceive alcohol as bringing them more good than evil. As revealed by a closer analysis of the good and bad experience involved in drinking, they usually coexisted: the more good experience the respondents had, the larger was also the amount of their bad experience, and the more they drank. One could say that the persons who used to drink much and thus fell into trouble realized at the same time that drinking brought them various forms of satisfaction and profits. This undoubtedly intensified their tendency do drink, in spite of the trouble resulting from drinking. The last problem to be discussed in the paper is the respondents' victimization by aggressive behaviour of drunken persons and by their own intoxication. As regards the first problem, it should be stressed that contacts with attempted physical aggression (a drunken person trying to stop or catch the respondent) were frequent: within the year previous to the study nearly every third respondent experienced such an event. Every ninth respondent fell victim to more serious acts of aggression ("more serious" meaning at least being physically assaulted). As regards unpleasant consequences of the respondent being intoxicated, the most frequent of them were: getting involved in a quarrel (which happened to every fourth or fifth respondent within the year previous to the study), loosing money or other valuable things (which happened to every ninth respondent). It is significant that the persons who experienced unpleasant consequences of being in the state of intoxication, drank over twice as much as on the average. The results of the study the extent, structure, and some correlates of the consumption of alcohol in our country described in the paper are an attempt at filling the gap in the studies of this problem which emerged in the '70s. Such studies should be repeated at not too, long intervals, in order to prevent the occurence of such gaps in the future

PL

The study described in the paper and has been conceived as a continuation and partly a repetition or studies carried out in 1961 and 1962 by A. Swięcicki and then in 1968 by J. K. Falewicz. All of these studies were carried out by the Centre for Public Opinion Survey (now: Centre for Public Opinion Survey and Program Studies) of the Committee for Radio and TV in Warsaw. The instrument used in them was a questionnaire filled in by the interviewer during his interview with the respondent. The first study, conducted in February and March 1961, included a sample of a population aged 20 and over, while in the second one, which was made in October 1962, u sample aged 18 and over was included. In both studies, the assumed samples numbered 3000 respondents each, the obtained sample being 95.6 per cent and 93.6 per cent of the assumed sample respectively. The third study was carried out in March and April 1968: it included a sample of population aged 18 and over (assumed sample - 3212 respondents, obtained sample – 91.7 per cent). The present, i.e., the fourth study, was conducted in September 1980 and it included a sample of population aged 16 and over, of the assumed size of 2000 respondents; the obtained sample numbered 1972 persons, which is 98.6 per cent of the assumed one. In the case of all the four studies the deviation of the obtained sample from the assumed one was slight which permitted them to be treated as random sample of the general population. The chief aim of the 1980 study was to obtain data which would be comparable with those previously acquired and those up-to-date, concerning the distribution of consumption of alcohol among the population of Poland. The previous studies, dating back at least a dozen years, were not only old, but they were carried out in the period when general level of consumption of alcohol was approximately half of that in 1980. It seemed more difficult to answer the question to what degree the observations then made still applied to the new situation. There was a demand for some new data it last to replace the guesses made from the factual basis which, as the years went by, became more and more uncertain. In spite of the fact that the present study wbs made in the same way as the previous ones, it seems that the above aims have not been achieved. The data now obtained are not fully comparable with the previous, first of all because the 1980 survey successfully covered a considerably smaller amount of alcohol consumed in our country than those of 1961 and 1962. Undoubtedly, this was caused by various factors, the most important of which being probably the fact that the representation among the respondents of persons who drank intensively and most intensively was scantier in the present study than it had been in the studies conducted by A. Swięcicki. Consequently, the 1961-1962 and 1980 surveys concerned different categories of drinking persons, the ranges of which were not identical in both cases. As regards the scond aim of the study, which was to obtain current data on consumption of alcohol in Poland, we were unsuccessful again, as life proved to run too fast. The 1980 survey was carried out in October 1980, that is one might say at the last moment before the difficulties with alcohol supplies began, as yet unknown in our country, which resulted in regulated sale of alcoholic beverages. This caused the appearance of new phenomena as well as the aggravation of those hitherto existing, Undoubtedly, it was a new phenomenon that people started to buy alcohol not only to consume it, but also to gret rid of the rapidly devaluating money, or in order to obtain a kind of exchange value. Other new phenomena were: trade in coupons entitling one to buy alcohol, and the appearance of black-market prices of spirits produced by the State-controlled distilleries; in certain periods, these prices were twice as high as the official ones. Speaking of aggravation of the existing phenomena, we had in mind first of all the illicit distillation of liquor, the attractiveness of which increased greatly in the face of joint effect of two circumstances: the rapid increase in the price of legally distilled and imported alcohol, and the difficulties in its legal (and even illegal) purchase. It was impossible for the 1980 survey to answer the following questions: what the influence of all these phenomena on the patterns of drinking that had already been shaped before in our country was, and how these patterns were modified. It is known that people drink somewhat differently now. It may be supposed that the persons who used to consume small amounts of alcohol before and who used to drink with restraint now drink less or do not drink at all, while those who used to drink much before - even if they do drink less now, the difference is slight, the illegally distilled liquor playing a greater part in the total amount of alcohol they consume. As to this last problem, opinions are expressed according to which consumption of the illegally distilles liquor has become a much more popular experiences in the course of the ‘80s than it had been before. Finally, conjectures are made that alcohol-dependent persons, after the first period of difficulties with providing themselves with the amount of alcohol which would be adequate to their habits, in general have now found ways to satisfy their needs in this respect. It remains a guess if the above conjectures are true or not, and the same applies to suppositions concerning persistent or temporary character of the abovementioned changes in patterns of consumption of alcohol. Thus the results of the survey describe the situation as it was a few years ago as this situation undoubtedly changed later on. As the paper clearly shows, consumption of alcohol in Poland is a common phenomenon: an everyday habit for many of our fellow citizens, a regular one (though not necessarily at regular intervals)- for the majority. In a statistical-descriptive sense drinking should, therefore, be termed normal behaviour, as it appears more or less regularly in the behaviour of a majority of adult members of our society, whenever they find themselves in situations such as celebrations family, meeting friends, or official occasions. The above remarks by no means solve the question of estimation of drinking, which- in spite of its habitual character in the statistical-descriptive sense- may in some cases be recognized as most deeply pathological in the medical sense, and in the same adn frequently also in other cases- as pathological in its social expression. As regards the medical appraisal- the questionnaire did not contain a large set of questions of this kind, therefore, it was able to yield but a most scanty basis fof conjectures as to the symptoms of alcohol dependence of some of the respondents. The situation was different as regards the social appraisal of the consumption of alcohol. In order to make use of such an appraisal, an initial poblem had to be solved: what amount, frequency, and way of consuming alcohol should or should not be regarded as that included within the limits of a „social norm”. The problem is complex, for, on the one hand, the opinions as to where the limits are vary in our socjety, and, on the other hand, there are probably many such limits, depending not only on the person who is to fix them, but also on that to whom they may apply. It is generally known that in our society there are advocates of prohibition (who are of opinion that zero consumption should be the social norm), as well as propagators of „reasonable consumption” which is a term with many shades, and finally adherents of opinion that consumption of alcohol is a private matter for everyone to decide by himself (that is those who consider any kind of drinking, as well as abstinence, to come within the limits of socially approved norm). Apart from the advocates of the two extreme opinions, which provide one norm for all members of the society, others, i.e., the propagators of „reasonable” drinking tend to emploi a norm according to who the drinking person is. This finds expression in a different attitude towards drinking by men and women, tolerance towards the drinking by adults accompanied by strict disapproval in the case of the youth, different expectations as to the attitude towards alcohol drinking by members of different socio-professional groups. In this situation, with the lack of a common opinion as regards „socially normal” drinking, it seemed preferable to refrain from estimating the alcohol consumption in terms of social pathology. In a survey of alcohol consumption in which samples of population of the entire country or a smaller territory are included, it is vital how the questions about the respondents’ drinking habits are asked. In the research practice, two solutions of this problem have been provided: first, to ask about the last occasion on which the respondent drank, what he drank then, how much he drank and in what circumstances, and second, to ask about his drinking within a given, shorter or longer, period of time. It has been a tradition of Polish studies in this field to choose the first of these solutions, so this method has also been employed in the present study. The last occasion was treated as typical of the respondent’s way of drinking, and a yearly consumption was calculated for each of tchem, as well as for all persons included in the sample. As compared with the data on alcohol sale gathered in our country, it appeared that the 1980 survey covered 43 per cent of the total of consumed vodka. This percentage corresponds to that which can be found in analogous foreign studies, yeti t is considerably lower than the one obtained by A. Święcicki in his 1961 and particularly 1962 studies. The probable effect on the comparability of this studies with the present one has already been discussed above. Interest was also paid in the questionnaire to the consumption of home-made wine, which appeared to account for 39 per cent of the consumption of purchased wine covered by the study, and the consumption of „home-distilled vodka” (i.e., moonshine alcohol) which, according to the present study, accounted for 5.5 per cent of the consumption of purchased vodka. Ona may guess that the latter percentage was in reality higher, and that it has now increased even more. As is generally known, Poland is one of the countries where the general level of consumption of alcohol is medium, yet the structure of consumption is most unfavourable. Over 3/4 of the consumed alcohol is being drunk in Poland in the from of vodka and other strong drinks. A similar structure of consumption can be found in most parts of the Soviet Union, and to a smaller degree in the Scandinavian countries (except Denmark, where the dominating alcoholic beverage is beer). One of the common features of alcohol consumption is its great concentration, which means that relatively few consumers drink a share of alcohol disproportionately large to their number. As revealed by the 1980 survey, 45 per cent of the entire purchased and home-made wine covered by the study was being drunk by3.5 per cent of consumers of wine, 52 per cent of vodka was being drunk by 9 per cent of consumers of vodka, and 46 per cent of beer was being drunk by 10 per cent of consumers of beer. Taking into account that the study included a relatively small numer of persons who drink intensively and particularly those who drink most intensively, the real concentration of consumption of separate types of alcoholic beverages must be expected to be still higher in our country. The interdependence of consumption of different alcoholic beverages is closely connected with the problem of concetration of consumption. It appeared that the fact of drinking one kind of alcoholic beverage augmented the likelihood of drinking another one as well. This convergence was most marked as regards consumption of vodka and beer, as well as vodka and purchased wine (and also purchased and home-made wine); it was the least marked in the case of the consumption of home-made wine and vodka, and home-made wine and beer.Among the persons who drank at least two of the above mentioned kinds of beverages, the frequent drinking of one of them was not necessarily connected with frequent drinking of the other: on the other hand, those who drnak large amounts of one of the beverages, drank also large amounts of the other, while those who drank small amounts of one kind, drank also small amounts of the other. According to the results of our survey, teetotallers, i.e., persons who do not drink alcohol at all, constituted nearly 17 per cent of our respondents. As regards separate kinds of beverages, there were many more persons who did not drink them; yet a significant regularity appeared, which should be stressed in connection with the unfavourable structure of alcohol consumption in our country: the group of persons who never drank vodka was the least numerous, 25 per cent only, while there were 57-58 per cent of persons who never drank purchased wine and beer, and as many as 70 per cent of those who never drank home-made wine (the percentage for moonshine alcohol was 89 per cent). To repeat, not only as much as 71 per cent of alcohol was consumed in our country in the form of vodka (strong drinks) in 1980, but also it was consumed by 75 per cent of the country's population aged 16 and over. Opportunity, place, and company are the usually distinguished elements of the patterns of alcohol consumption which can be found in the society. The 1980 survey permitted to separate three such patterns (of drinking vodka or wine): family-celebration, friendly-social, drinking for purpose. According to the first one, which has been mentioned by nearly half of the respondents who drank, the opportunity for drinking was a family meeting or celebration, with many participants, the place was a private appartment, the amounts of alcohol consumed were relatively smaller, and the participants were first of all persons who drank less than the average. According to the second pattern, which was mentioned by nearly every third respondent, the opportunity was a social meeting or celebration, in which a smaller number of persons participated (as compared with the family meetings), the place was often also a private appartment, but in every fourth case a restaurant as well, more alcohol was consumed, and among the participants the persons prevailed who drank a little more than the average. According to the third pattern, drinking for purpose, mentioned by every seventh respondent, "no special occasion" was required for drinking, or drinking took place "in order to handle some business which made it necessary to drink a glass", a small group of 3-4 persons participated, the most frequently chosen place, apart from one's own apartment, was a restaurant or place of employment, a relatively largest amount of alcohol was consumed, and a majority of participants drank much more than the average. As is generally known, a particular problem in Poland is drinking at the place of employment; the Goverment has repeatedly prohibited it, only to learn that the renewal of the prohibition is apparently as timely as it is ineffective. Among the respondents employed in the State-controlled economy, two of every three persons happened to drink at work, every fourth happened to drink at least during the last month. The opportunity was usually a birthday or a name-day; yet every sixth respondent happened to drink at work last "without special reason". The information concerning the frequency of drinking and the amount of alcohol consumed permits one to separate four ways of drinking: much and often, much and seldom, little and often, little and seldom. Among the consumers of different beverages the group of persons drinking little and seldom was the most numerous, particularly as regards the consumers of wine (both purchased and home-made), to a smaller degree - the consumers of vodka (and moonshine alcohol), and to the smallest degree - the consumers of beer. Also the groups of persons drinking much and seldom were relatively numerous, apart from consumers of beer, among whom the second most numerous group was that of persons drinking little and often. Every fourth or fifth consumer of beer, every seventh consumer of vodka, every fifteenth consumer of purchased wine and every twenty-seventh consumer of home-made wine drank much and often. As regards persons who, drank any two of the above mentioned beverages, a convergence of their drinking patterns could be noticed which consisted in the following regularity: if one of the beverages was consumed according to one of the patterns, the other was generally also consumed according to the same pattern. Drinking "too much", "several consecutive days", „more often than the respondent wishes”, were considered an indicators of alcohol abuse. The persons who never happened to drink like this drank, on the whole, considerably smaller amounts of vodka than the average; those who had happened to drink like this before consumed markedly more vodka than the average; while those who have happened to drink like this at the time of the study consumed over twice as much vodka than the average. As shown by the analysis of answers to a variety of questions in the questionnaire, the amount of consumed alcohol is connected with the respondent's satisfaction with his life and his relations with others. Thus persons who were of opinion that life generally brings the people more good than evil used to drink significantly less (vodka, purchased wine, as well as beer) than those who thought the opposite. Likewise, the respondents who considered themselves frequently underestimated by their closest family, drank significantly more than those who thought that they happened, though seldom, to have been underestimated. Finally, the persons who were of the opinion that their relations with their families, neighbours, workmates, and superiors went badly, used to drink significantly more than those who had no problems in this field. The drinking persons' experiences with alcohol are both good and bad, and the tendency to study first of all, if not exclusively, the latter does not seem appropriate. In the 1980 survey questions about both kinds of experience were asked, which brought in a good deal of interesting information. Thus it appeared that the drinking of a certain amount of alcohol in the company of a given person helped to solve professional prbblems for a number of persons which was two and a half times larger than the number of those whose drinking brought about serious professional trouble. In over 2/5 of the persons examined, alcohol helped to improve their relations with close friends and relatives, while it helped every third of them to settle their own subsistence problems profitably. As for the troubles resulting from drinking, it is striking that persons problems (poor health, family or financial problems) were mentioned two or three Times more often than those connected with the respondents' participation in a broader social environment (problems with neighbours, professional problems, and those with the authorities). The above seems to prove that in the customs and climate which exists in our country, the drinking persons perceive alcohol as bringing them more good than evil. As revealed by a closer analysis of the good and bad experience involved in drinking, they usually coexisted: the more good experience the respondents had, the larger was also the amount of their bad experience, and the more they drank. One could say that the persons who used to drink much and thus fell into trouble realized at the same time that drinking brought them various forms of satisfaction and profits. This undoubtedly intensified their tendency do drink, in spite of the trouble resulting from drinking. The last problem to be discussed in the paper is the respondents' victimization by aggressive behaviour of drunken persons and by their own intoxication. As regards the first problem, it should be stressed that contacts with attempted physical aggression (a drunken person trying to stop or catch the respondent) were frequent: within the year previous to the study nearly every third respondent experienced such an event. Every ninth respondent fell victim to more serious acts of aggression ("more serious" meaning at least being physically assaulted). As regards unpleasant consequences of the respondent being intoxicated, the most frequent of them were: getting involved in a quarrel (which happened to every fourth or fifth respondent within the year previous to the study), loosing money or other valuable things (which happened to every ninth respondent). It is significant that the persons who experienced unpleasant consequences of being in the state of intoxication, drank over twice as much as on the average. The results of the study the extent, structure, and some correlates of the consumption of alcohol in our country described in the paper are an attempt at filling the gap in the studies of this problem which emerged in the '70s. Such studies should be repeated at not too, long intervals, in order to prevent the occurence of such gaps in the future.

18

Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty prawne

53%

Szamota B.

Archiwum Kryminologii

|

1985

|

issue XII

101-112

19

ПРОБЛЕМИ, СУПЕРЕЧНОСТІ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ ТАНЦЮВАЛЬНОЇ ОСВІТИ В СУЧАСНІЙ АМЕРИКАНСЬКІЙ ШКОЛІ

51%

Сбруєва А., Сбруєв М.

Педагогічні науки: теорія, історія, інноваційні технології

|

2016

|

issue 7(61)

12-25

EN

The article is devoted to the analysis of the problems, contradictions and prospects of contemporary dance education in American school. The origins of dance perception as a cultural phenomenon in the history of human culture at various stages of its development are found. It is proved that dance is an important element of the culture of different regions of the world from ancient times to the present. The authors determined and characterized various conceptual approaches to teaching dance in modern American schools, particularly for dance education as part of art education or as part of physical education. It was found out that within any of these approaches dance did not traditionally occupied a worthy place in the curricula of primary and secondary school. The contradictions and prospects of finding “real” identity of dance in education were determined. The historical origin of dance education in the United States and the role of Denishawn School in American tradition of teaching dance are outlined. Research results on the role of dance education in the personality development (theory of multiple intelligence, theories of learning motivation, theories of creative skills development etc.) are systematized. The overview of educational and non-educational factors influencing the legitimization of dance education curriculum K12 is made: the presence of supporters and enthusiasts of dance education among teachers, school administrators’ efforts, support of parental community. The authors outlined objectives and content of the US standards of dance education K-12 ARTS, and their impact on innovative development of dance education in American schools. It was proved that the legitimization of dance in school education through the adoption of national standards K-12 ARTS made a positive impact on its innovative development.

20

Rzeczywiste przygotowanie pedagoga szkolnego, w kontekście problemów młodzieży ponadgimnazjalnej

51%

Sroka-Świstak A.

Społeczeństwo. Edukacja. Język

|

2015

|

vol. 3

87-97

EN

The purpose of this article is to show the types of problems and difficulties of high school youth, with particular attention paid to their change and transformations that have taken place over the last few years. Thus, to draw attention to the work of the school educator and the effectiveness in overcoming the difficulties encountered in his or her professional work. To present the real and established aspects of professional training of a school educator that make reference to youth. The first part presents the basic concepts that define the school educator, and thus the youth. Another aspect is to specify the contemporary problems of young people as well as the emphasis on the need for changes in attitudes, role and responsibilities of the school educator resulting from the necessity of bringing current support to the young generation. Article will also be enriched by the conclusions of my own research on high school youth problems.

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