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PL
South and South-West Africa in German Cultural Propaganda (1914–1918)On July 7th 1914, the British government requested general Louis Botha to take over the German radio transmitters in Lüderitz and Swakopmund. The German forces, unable to withhold the attack any longer, surrendered on July 9th 1915. The government in Berlin, realised that winning Southwest Africa back, might prove impossible, regardless of the course of the war in Europe. By the same token, the future of the German diamond companies, united in a consortium called Diamantenregie since 1909, depended on the developing political constellation in the Union of South Africa. Since 1915, German authorities have launched a subtle diplomatic game aimed at winning the support of the South African elites and the public opinion of the country. The neutral Netherlands were the main stage of this long–term post–war policy. Due to the historical connections to South Africa, the Netherlands played an important role as a cultural and political mediator. Some members of the Dutch elites – writers, journalists, politicians – still held the pro– Boer and anti–English position when WWI broke out. This position encouraged the involvement of the Dutch elites in the German incentives regarding cultural propaganda. This paper offers insights into the so far unpublished correspondence of the main actors of the contemporary field of German propaganda. The main person under investigation is Johannes Visscher, a Dutch journalist and expert on South Africa. As editor of the journal Hollandsch Zuid– Afrika, published by Nederlandsch Zuid–Afrikaansche Vereniging (NZAV), Visscher was employed by the German diplomatic services in the years 1915–1918. As part of the activities financed by Reichskolonialamt, Visscher shaped the image of Germany in the South African press and the pro–German image of South Africa in the Dutch press.
PL
Wraz z wybuchem Wielkiej Wojny powstała nowa “przestrzeń” — miejsce, w którym rozgrywały się różnego rodzaju wydarzenia równoległe do walki zbrojnej. Prowadziły do powstania nowych sieci zależności między instytucjami i aktorami indywidualnymi. Nie tylko w krajach okupowanych i walczących zbrojnie, ale i w tych neutralnych miała równolegle miejsce walka o przychylność opinii publicznej. W Niderlandach aktywne były biura prasowe państw walczących, których celem było zbieranie i dystrybucja wiadomości w sensie konwencjonalnym, dziennikarskim, choć z ukrytymi intencjami. Oprócz nich działalność prowadziły przedstawicielstwa prasowe innych krajów, między innymi Polski. Ich zadaniem było sprawienie, by ‘kwestia Polska’ była obecna na łamach niderlandzkiej prasy. Do najważniejszych instytucji należało Polskie Biuro Prasowe Zygmunta Gargasa i biuro prasowe pod auspicjami Naczelnego Komitetu Narodowego. Grały one częściowo również rolę w ‘psychologicznej wojnie’ niemieckiego aparatu propagandy.
EN
With the outbreak of the Great War, there arose a new “space”, in which various events took place, parallel to the armed struggle. They led to the development of new relational networks between institutions and individuals. Not only in the warring and the occupied countries, but also in the neutral states, besides the armed fight, an ardent battle took place for the favours of public opinion, waged by means of propaganda activities. In addition to the press agencies of the fighting countries active in the Netherlands, which were intended to collect and distribute news in a conventional journalistic sense (but with hidden intentions), there were also press representatives from other countries, including Poland. They made sure that the Polish question was present in the Dutch press. The most important among those institutions were Sigismund Gargas’s Poolsch Persbureau (Polish Press Office) and the news agency under the auspices of the Naczelny Komitet Narodowy (Supreme National Committee). In part, they also played a role in the ‘psychological warfare’ of the German propaganda apparatus.
NL
Met de uitbraak van de Grote Oorlog is een nieuwe ‘ruimte’ ontstaan waarin zijdelingse gebeurtenissen plaatsvonden. Ze leidden tot de ontwikkeling van nieuwe betrekkingsnetwerken tussen verschillende instituties en personen. Niet alleen in de gewapend strijdende en bezette landen, maar ook in de neutrale staten, vond er naast het gewapend gevecht ook een veerkrachtige strijd plaats door middel van propaganda-activiteiten om de gunsten van de publieke opinie. Behalve de in Nederland actieve persbureaus van de vechtende landen, die ten doel hadden nieuws te verzamelen en distribueren in een conventionele, journalistieke zin (echter met verborgen intenties), waren er ook persvertegenwoordigers van andere landen actief, waaronder Polen. Ze zorgden ervoor dat de Poolse kwestie in de Nederlandse pers aanwezig was. De belangrijkste instellingen waren het Poolsch Persbureau van Sigismund Gargas en het persbureau onder de auspiciën van het Nationaal Hoofdcomité. Gedeeltelijk speelden ze ook een rol in de “psychologische oorlogvoering” van de Duitse propaganda-apparaat.
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