The article discusses the case-law of the Constitutional Tribunal of 1997-2017, regarding to property, inheritance and family law, mainly in matters of the provisions of Book Two and Book Four of the Civil Code, as well as the Family and Guardianship Code. It referred to following issues: protection of ownership of public entities, renuntiation of property ownership, dissolution of co-ownership or prescription of easements. The issue of statutory rules governing inheritance, institution of lawful share and detailed rules of inheriting farms is also discussed. Regarding family law, the views of the Constitutional Tribunal on freedom of marriage and the institution of its protection is on the table. Additionally it is pointed out at obligations of former spouses to alimony as well as issues of filiation.
The aim of this paper is to analyse basic Chinese legal terminology related to property law and to translate the examined terms into Polish. The research material shall be the second book of Polish Civil Code (Ownership and Other Property Rights) published in 1964 and Chinese Property Rights Law published in 2007, as well as theoretical literature concerning property law. The author focuses mainly on the terms regarding property rights in general and also objects and subjects of particular property rights. Since in legal language specific phrases play a significant role, that is the reason for analyzing not only single words, but also full syntagmas – the terms in this paper are presented mainly inside phrases. Although Chinese and Polish property law institutions slightly differ, the terminology seems quite parallel. However, translator has to be careful to find an optimal equivalent, forasmuch literal translation commonly does not cover Polish statutory equivalent.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza podstawowej chińskiej terminologii prawnej i prawniczej związanej z prawem rzeczowym przetłumaczenie badanych terminów na język polski. Materiał badawczy stanowiła księga druga polskiego Kodeksu cywilnego z 1964 r. („Własność i inne prawa rzeczowe”) oraz chińska Ustawa o prawach rzeczowych z 2007 r., a także literatura prawnicza z zakresu prawa rzeczowego. Autorka skupia się głównie na terminach dotyczących praw rzeczowych w ogólności oraz przedmiotach i podmiotach poszczególnych praw rzeczowych. Z uwagi na fakt, że w języku prawnym i prawniczym dużą rolę odgrywają określone zwroty, dlatego też analizie poddane zostały nie tylko pojedyncze słowa, ale i całe syntagmy – terminy przedstawione zostały głównie wewnątrz fraz. Choć instytucje chińskiego i polskiego prawa rzeczowego w pewnym stopniu się różnią, terminologia zdaje się być dość zbieżna. Jednakże tłumacz powinien zachować ostrożność w poszukiwaniu odpowiedniego ekwiwalentu, ponieważ dosłowne tłumaczenia nie zawsze pokrywają się z polskimi ekwiwalentami ustawowymi.
The article is devoted to the views of Professor E. V. Vaskovsky on the system of Russian civil law of the late XIX beginning of XX centuries. Giving a presentation on the civil law system E. V. Vaskovsky, first of all, emphasizes the feasibility of isolation in a special section of the general part. The most important parts of civil law system, he believes property law, law of obligations, family law and inheritance law, constitute a special part of civil law. Author composed of sections, which are section of the special part of civil law, including the rights materialized, embodies the bearer. Summing up the views of E. V. Vaskovsky on the system of civil law, it should be noted that along with the traditional inclusion of family law, the novella is extremely large character that took place in the end of XIX century in the field of legal regulation of intellectual creativity, and found in it reflected. Further, the article presents a generalized analysis of the current system of the Russian civil law. The concept of the civil law system, all also based on the division into the general and special part. Now, however, in the civil law system is allocated a number of subbrunches. Selecting subbrunches of the modern civil law associates with the isolation of each of them with their own general part. Currently, the structure of the special part of civil law includes the following subbrunches: corporate law; property law; inheritance law; law of obligations; the law of “intellectual property”; commercial law. Historical experience has shown that the “materialized rights” that E. V. Vaskovsky also singled out in the structure of the special part of civil law did not subbrunch of the modern Russian civil law, as the rapid development of the stock exchange trade resulted in the so-called “dematerialization” of securities, which is the main instrument of the stock market. Currently, the data set of rules should be considered as one of the most important institutions of commercial law as a subbrunch of modern civil law.
Esej rozpoczyna się od krótkiej prezentacji ekonomicznej analizy prawa jako dyscypliny naukowej, podane są przykłady różnic między ekonomiczną analizą prawa i tzw. analizą doktrynalną. Następnie omówione zostają dwa najważniejsze nurty badawcze w dziedzinie będącej przedmiotem szczególnego zainteresowania autora - wykorzystywanie pojęć zaczerpniętych z ekonomii behawioralnej do analizy prawa oraz rozwój empirycznych badań przepisów prawa. Po wyjaśnieniu, dlaczego są one tak ważne, autor przedstawia przykłady znaczących różnic między wnioskami, do których dochodzą przedstawiciele nowych nurtów myślenia, a interpretacjami proponowanymi przez zwolenników bardziej tradycyjnego podejścia do zagadnień prawa, a także omawia ich wpływ na politykę prawną i regulacyjną.
EN
The author starts his essay with a brief overview of law and economics as a research discipline and offers examples of how its analysis differs from that of doctrinal analysis, an older style of legal analysis. Next, he focuses on what he considers to be the two most important developments in the area - the incorporation of behavioural economics into the analysis of law and the emergence of empirical legal studies. After explaining why he considers them to be of such importance, he gives examples of how the legal and regulatory policies suggested by these developments significantly differ from the previous ones.
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza polskich regulacji prawnych, które umożliwiają przekształcenie prawa użytkowania wieczystego w prawo własności. W obecnym stanie prawnym istnieją trzy możliwości nabycia przez użytkowników wieczystych prawa własności nieruchomości: poprzez wykorzystanie metody cywilnoprawnej, metody administracyjnoprawnej bądź z mocy prawa (ex lege). Porównanie i analiza obecnie obowiązujących regulacji umożliwiających użytkownikom wieczystym nabycie prawa własności nieruchomości pozwala wskazać, że są to rozwiązania trudne do zastosowania w praktyce oraz nierealizujące w pełni konstytucyjnej zasady równości. Z tego względu obecne regulacje wydają się niewystarczające i wymagają zmiany. Jednym z możliwych rozwiązań jest kompleksowe przekształcenie prawa użytkowania wieczystego z mocy prawa, które uwzględniłoby wszystkich użytkowników wieczystych oraz nieruchomości oddane w użytkowanie wieczyste. Tego rodzaju przekształcenie byłoby odpowiedzią na obecny stopniowy spadek znaczenia użytkowania wieczystego.
EN
The subject of this article is an analysis of Polish legal regulations which introduce the methods of converting the right of perpetual usufruct into a property right. Present legal acts enable perpetual users to acquire ownership of land in three different ways: using civil or administrative law instruments or by transforming perpetual usufruct into the property right ex lege. Both comparison and examination of these solutions show that binding instruments of converting the right of perpetual usufruct are difficult to apply and do not comply with the constitutional principle of equality. For that reason, present regulations seem to be insufficient and require amendments. One of the possible solutions is a comprehensive ex lege transformation, which would cover all perpetual users and properties. Such a regulation would be a solution to the current gradual decline in the significance of perpetual usufruct.
The numerus clausus of property rights indicates that a mandatory closed catalogue of property rights exists in a given legal system; the content (method of creation, conveyance, expiration) of a right falling within this closed list is strictly specified and cannot be changed by the parties. In this way, the state consciously limits the activity of the parties in this regard, indicating the socially and legally acceptable types of property rights they can use. An insightful look at the development and explanation of this principle over the centuries and now seems to be necessary with the advancing unification of private law in Europe. The present article discusses the dogmatic basis of the concept of numerus clausus and outlines its history and economic reasoning behind it. Then, the main models of the numerus clausus in European legal orders as well as the functioning of this principle in Polish property law are presented. Subsequently, the strengths and weaknesses of the numerus clausus are examined. This provides us with general conclusions concerning the harmonization of this area of private law.
It is one of the first studies in the field of aviation law and its link with private law. The author is the youngest of the three outstanding civil law scholars of the Lwów School of Private Law (next to Ernest Till and Roman Longchamps de Bérier), who in 1936 became involved in the Aviation Law Course created by Associate Professor Tadeusz Bigo at the Law Faculty of the Jan Kazimierz University in Lwów. The study is a sketch dealing with the problems of private law and conflict of laws related to aviation. It is based on the lecture entitled ‘Characteristics of Contemporary Private Aviation Law’, which he gave on April 22, 1937 at the Legal Society in Kraków.
PL
Jest to jedno z pierwszych opracowań z zakresu prawa lotniczego i jego styku z prawem prywatnym. Autor, to najmłodszy z trójki wybitnych cywilistów lwowskiej szkoły prawa prywatnego (obok Ernesta Tilla i Romana Longchamps de Bérier), który w 1936 r. zaangażował się w tworzony przez docenta Tadeusza Bigę Kurs Prawa Lotniczego przy kierowanym wtedy przez Przybyłowskiego Wydziale Prawa Uniwersytetu Jana Kazimierza we Lwowie. Opracowanie jest szkicem poruszającym gardłowe problemy prawa prywatnego i kolizyjnego związane z lotnictwem.
The article deals with the question of how new developments in the field of virtual reality may affect the understanding of the current legal institutes of intellectual property law and civil law. Specifically, this article focuses on the issue of ownership in the context of virtual worlds and virtual reality. Virtual reality is a technology that has attracted a great deal of interest from investors in recent years, and there has been increasing talk of the possibility of creating a “metaverse”. Although considerations over the legal nature of intangible digital objects are not a new topic, it is the current technological developments with a goal of creating a metaverse that may provide a new input for addressing these issues. In the first part of the article, the author focuses on the societal significance of virtual reality, including its distinction from the current possibilities of virtual worlds. The article then discusses the current conceptual perspective on the legal nature of digital objects and discusses earlier court decisions concerning virtual objects. At the same time, the article focuses on existing civil law institutes and examines whether the impact of this technology may have an impact on their redefinition or on the emergence of new institutes. In this way, it builds on the literature dealing with virtual property, although it does not deal with the concept per se.
CS
Článek se zabývá otázkou, jaký vliv může mít vývoj na poli virtuální reality na chápání současných institutů autorského a občanského práva. Konkrétně se tento článek zaměřuje na problematiku vlastnictví v kontextu virtuálních světů a virtuální reality. Virtuální realita je technologie, která v posledních letech vzbuzuje velký zájem investorů a čím dál tím více se mluví o možnostech vytvoření tzv. metaverza. Přestože úvahy nad právní povahou nehmotných digitálních předmětů nejsou novým tématem, právě aktuální technologický vývoj s vidinou vytvoření metaverza může představovat nový podnět pro řešení těchto otázek. Autorka se v první části článku zaměřuje na společenský význam technologie virtuální reality včetně jejího odlišení od současných možností virtuálních světů. Následně je v článku rozebírán aktuální koncepční pohled na právní povahu digitálních předmětů a starší soudní rozhodnutí týkající se virtuálních předmětů. Současně se článek zaměřuje na existující instituty občanského práva a zkoumá, zda vliv této technologie může mít vliv na jejich redefinici nebo na vznik institutů nových. V tomto směru tak navazuje na literaturu zabývající se virtuálním vlastnictvím, i když s tímto pojmem sám o sobě nepracuje.
The article discusses a few legal aspects emerging from the statutory regulation of the contract of transmission of real estate in polish Civil code. The previously mentioned contract seems to be rather undeservedly disregarderd by polish legal doctrine. Dogmatic analysis of the regulation of Art. 9021 and Art. 9022 can contribute to resolving such important difficulties in theory of civil law, as . for example . culpa in contrahendo, legal binding of an invitation to drafting a contract or right of preference which a commune is in charge of. The author manages to turn over old dogmas, such as non-binding character of an invitation to handing offers (art. 71 of the Civil code) as well.
The author of the study tries to answer the question about the theory of the nature of possession in Scottish jurisprudence on the basis of the existing model of possessory protection. To this end he analyses spuilzie — a Scottish remedy to seek restitution, popular especially in the 17th and 18th centuries. He presents the views of the most important Scottish jurists, regarded as institutional writers of the day: James Dalrymple, Viscount of Stair; Andrew MacDougall, Lord Bankton; and John Erskine of Carnock. In addition, he presents the case law of Scotland’s Supreme Court (Court of Session) concerning the subject matter in question. The problems analysed by the author are as follows: the origins and ways of defining the legal basis of the remedy, its legal nature, capacity to sue, separate procedures and forms of defence employed by the sued party in spuilzie cases.
DE
In der Bearbeitung wurde versucht, die Frage nach der führenden Theorie in der schottischen Rechtslehre für die Entscheidung über die Natur des Besitzes, gestützt auf das geltende Modell des possessorischen Schutzes, zu beantworten. Zu diesem Ziel wurde die spuilzie — schottische Restitutionsklage analysiert, die besonders populär im 17. und 18. Jahrhundert gewesen ist. In dem Aufsatz wurden die Ansichten der führenden Rechtsautoritäten präsentièrt. Gemeint sind hier die als institutionelle Schreiber (institutional writers) anerkannten: der Viscount von Stair — James Dalrymple, der Lord Bankton — Andrew MacDouall sowie John Erskine aus Carnock. Es wurde auch die führende Rechtsprechung des schottischen Obersten Gerichtes (Sessionsgericht) in diesem Bereich vorgestellt. Die Erwägungen wurden aufgrund folgender Problematik geführt: Genesis und Art der Definierung der rechtlichen Grundlagen der Klage und ihres rechtlichen Charakters, der Klagebefugnis, der im Rahmen der Verfahren wegen spuilzie bestehender Verfahrensbesonderheiten und der durch den Beklagten präsentierten Verteidigungsformen.
Problems of legal regulation of relations in the field of industrial property. Analysis of legal practice. The article highlights the issues that relate to problems of intellectual property related to the implementation and protection of the rights to these objects of patent holders. At the same time, the author emphasizes that the creation in Ukraine of a national system of legal protection of intellectual property and the systematic organization of all legislation in this area, will eliminate many of the problems associated with the violation of these rights.
The Code of Canon Law (Corpus Iuris Canonici, CIC), in its version enacted by Pope John Paul II, employs diverse terminology when refer- ring to acts of administration of goods. Can. 1277 of CIC refers to “acts of administration which are more important” and “acts of extraordinary administration”, while the provision of 1281 §1 and §2 of CIC points out the dierence between “acts of ordinary administration” and “acts which exceed the limit and manner of ordinary administration”. Although the terminology adopted in the Code of Canon Law clearly marks the dierence, it does not dene these terms and does not provide any list of these acts. Scholars do not provide much opinion in this matter either, leaving the issue for consideration by particular legislation and legal practice. However, the exact denition of dierences between the above-mentioned acts of admi- nistration is of great practical importance for the validity of acts related to the administration of ecclesiastical property. e article presented herein, based on an analysis of Can. 1277 and Can. 1281 §1, and §2 of CIC, indicates the existing dierences in terminology, and underlines the urgent need to develop a list of extraordinary acts of administration of ecclesiastical goods to ensure the stability of this kind of legal action, and draws attention to the criteria by which acts of extraordinary administration should be formulated.
Статья посвящена основным принципам права собственности в Украине и правовой системе КНР в условиях активного реформирования частного права в соответствии с международными стандартами. На основе анализа подходов, сложившихся в современной китайской юриспруденции, предлагается собственный взгляд на систему принципов имущественного права. Анализируются изменения, происходившие за все годы Независимости Китая, которые касались решения ряда принципиальных вопросов, в том числе правового регулирования собственности. В статье описан ряд принципов, поэтому следует отметить, что не все эти принципы имеют прямое отношение к собственности и вещным правам, поскольку последний – касается правового положения частного права, но никоим образом не означает равноправия всех видов и формы собственности. Объясняются различные подходы к обращению с имуществом, которые определяются влиянием немецкого права. В современных условиях китайское право по ряду признаков может быть отнесено к континентальному праву, но наряду с этим существует ряд признаков, свидетельствующих о его особой специфике: наличие нормативных правовых актов (особенно законов, кодексов); наличие традиционных правовых норм и религиозно-этических ценностей в некоторых сферах общественных отношений; фиксация философских и традиционных концепций, принципов правопонимания, правовых норм и других элементов правовой системы; дуализм системы (наличие законодательства и традиционных норм). Право собственности связано со многими другими проблемами, требующими решения в связи с быстрыми темпами экономического роста, инновационной политикой Китая, виртуализацией бизнеса. Поэтому возникает проблема признания виртуальной собственности, вызванная необходимостью регулирования прав на информацию, доменные имена, веб-сайты, онлайн-базы данных, сокровища и кредиты, используемые в онлайн-играх, и так далее.
EN
The article analyses the basic principles of property law in Ukraine and the legal system of the PRC in the conditions of active reform of private law according to international standards. Based on the analysis of approaches prevailing in modem Chinese jurisprudence, there is proposed own view on the system of principles of property law. The changes that have taken place during all the years of China’s Independence, which addressed many fundamental issues, including the legal regulation of property, are analyzed. The article describes many principles, so it should be noted that not all of them are directly related to property and proprietary rights because the latter concerns the legal status of private law, but in no way means equality of all types and forms of ownership. The paper explains different approaches to property treatment determined by the influence of German law. In modern conditions, Chinese law can be attributed to continental law, but along with them, there are many features highlighting its specific nature: the availability of normative legal acts (especially laws, codes); the presence of traditional legal norms and religious and ethical values in some areas of public relations; fixation of philosophical and traditional concepts, principles in legal understanding, legal norms, and other elements of the legal system; dualism of the system (existence of legislation and traditional norms). Property law is associated with many other problems to be solved due to the rapid pace of economic growth, innovation policy in China, the virtualization of business. Therefore, there is the problem of recognizing virtual property, caused by the need to regulate the rights to information, domain names, websites, online databases, treasures and loans used in online games, and so on.
The predial servitude is a legal institution regulated under polish civil law, which has caught considerable interest over the years and contemporarily remains in use. Regardless, the content of the regulation remains unaltered. Thus, a problem arises whether the servitude of passage in its present form corresponds to the contemporary needs of socio-economic turnover. The article focuses on the analysis of the essence of the predial servitude and establishment of its place in polish civil law, as well as on considering possible views on the further development of the discussed institution. The article supports the statement that the current normative regulation of the institution of the predial servitude is appropriate and corresponds to the needs of socio-economic transactions.
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