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EN
The aim of this paper is to present the linguistic view of woman in English and Polish proverbs. According to philosophers and linguists whose ideas shaped the concept of the linguistic worldview and cognitive definition, the language we use provides us with a specific interpretation of the world. Cognitive definitions should account for the way language users perceive particular phenomena. This article looks at connotative features encoded in English and Polish proverbs about women, which are sets of implicit judgments that build the linguistic stereotype of woman. The analysis of the material shows that the linguistic stereotypes of woman in English and Polish proverbs are to a great extent similar and predominantly negative. Yet, there are language specific differences concerning the overall attitude towards women, as well as relative salience of particular features.
EN
This article focuses on the relationship between proverbs and pedagogical situations in bringing up children. The research deals with the life-stories that speak about the childhood in the early 20th century Finland. As research material two collections from the Folklore Archives of the Finnish Literature Society in Helsinki have been used. The themes of the proverbs in pedagogical speech were the following: 1) control of one’s own life and living with others; 2) work; 3) livelihood, support and care; 4) Christian way of living, and 5) proverbs without a context. As a conclusion it can be said that for a child proverbs are combinations of socio-cultural contexts, people, emotions and information in various situations. For a child as a listener the content of the proverb is, above all, connected with the situation and the person involved, and it serves primarily as a piece of concrete advice.
EN
The paper is devoted to the functioning of the proverb diabeł tkwi w szczegółach in multi-genre texts of contemporary Polish. The author discusses the rhetoric potential of the phrase, used when there are problems with the realization of some undertaking. Senders like to use it in the beginning (in the title) and at the end of the text. The persuasive efficiency of an utterance containing the discussed phrase is raised by granting the status of a proverb to the sentence diabeł tkwi w szczegółach, and in particular, by garnishing it with such adjectives as dawne, stare, tradycyjne (‘ancient’, ‘old’, ‘traditional’), or a stylistic qualifier jak to mówią chłopi ‘as peasants say’. In actual fact, the antiquity and popularity of this maxim are a mistification. The last part of the paper is devoted to a reconstruction of the semantics of the proverb, especially with regard to the formally similar phrase bóg tkwi w szczegółach ‘the god is in the detail’.
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Paremiologia a stylistyka

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Stylistyka
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2007
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vol. 16
613-632
PL
In the paper the author puts forward basie tenets of paremiostylistics - a study of the sty listic values of proverbs in literary texts. The author suggests that proverbs be analysed as stylistic devices separately from other phraseological units due to their having specific and unique features. However, the author emphasises the similarities between proverbs and other fixed expressions, which makes his comments on proverbs applicable to an ana- lysis of other phraseological units as well. In the paper the author discusses, among other things: paremic style, paremic selection, the use of canonical forms of proverbs and their modifications, paremic allusion, functions of proverb in literary texts. His illustrative materiał comes from Salman Rushdie’s novels, which are remarkably phraseological. The author postulates that quantitative and qualitative methods be used in analyses of proverbs in literary texts.
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Punning in Hungarian anti-proverbs

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EN
Proverbs have never been considered sacrosanct; on the contrary, they have frequently been used as  satirical, ironic or humorous comments on a given situation. Wolfgang Mieder has coined the term “Antisprichwort” (anti-proverb) for such deliberate proverb innovations. There are a number of mechanisms of proverb variation (which are by no means mutually exclusive), e.g., adding a tail to the original text, replacing a single word, melting two proverbs, reversing word order, reversing sounds, and many others (on the most common types of alteration in Hungarian anti-proverbs, see T. Litovkina, Vargha 2012). Anti-proverbs may contain revealing social comments, but they may also be based on mere wordplay or puns, and they may very often be just a product generated solely for the goal of deriving play forms. When translated from one language to another, an anti-proverb might lose its message: the puns, parodies or wordplay characteristic of one language will seldom carry over successfully into another. The  present article focuses on one of the most popular techniques of proverb variation, punning. After treating the most frequent types of punning in Hungarian anti-proverbs (paronyms and homonyms), we will briefly consider some other types of puns (puns playing upon personal names, splitting of one word into two, merging of two words into one, bilingual puns, double/triple puns, and repetitive puns). The anti-proverbs discussed in this article were recorded by Anna T. Litovkina and Katalin Vargha and come from their corpus of over 7000 Hungarian anti-proverbs, some of which have already been published (see T. Litovkina, Vargha  2005a, 2005b, 2006).
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Body parts in Hausa proverbs

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EN
The word “proverb” from Latin “pro-verbium” (“pro” meaning “in front of” and “verbium” meaning “word”), suggests that a proverb takes the place of ordinary words. Proverbs have had a great influence on the lifestyles of many people, mainly through means of religion and culture. They are very common and employed in African societies, particularly in Hausa, a language very rich in this field. In this paper 28 Hausa proverbs, related to 14 human body parts, are quoted and some metaphorical usages of them, found in works listed in References, are given.
EN
This article is about the object, aims and purposes, contents and structure of the course of studies “Russian proverbs and problems of general paremiology” and the methods of teaching of this course.
EN
The article is an attempt to present the linguistic explication of the feeling of fear in the Russian language. As it was proved by the linguistic data, the lexeme ‘fear’ (‘страх’) has several synonyms with different semantic value, such as ‘тревога’, ‘ужас’, ‘паника’. The feeling itself can be caused by real or irrational circumstances treated or estimated by the subject as threat. The paper analyses the expressions, phraseologisms and proverbs related to the feeling of fear. They present how the word ‘fear’ (‘страх’) is used in the language and on its semantic level. What is more, the phraseologisms prove that the majority of physical symptoms of the feeling ‘fear’ obtain their linguistic explication. Proverbs complete the received picture with the colloquial judgments about the importance of courage and the disapproval of fear.
Orbis Linguarum
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2018
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issue 50
285–293
EN
At crossroads between forms and meanings: Comedies of proverbs by Catherine Durand The article describes Comedies of proverbs by Catherine Durand, a set of ten one-act plays constituting one of a few existing examples of the so-called théâtre de société, works rarely written and hardly ever published. The work illustrates a borderline between form and meaning, since it is a salon game, a theatre play published as annexe to the novel by Mme de Murat and an independent form of comedy. Each comedy-proverb illustrates a separate proverb, but mainly they constitute a bitter-sweet reflection on the society.
EN
The role of proverbs in the work of great Romantics was carefully analyzed, yet it was done long ago. In 1958, Stanisław Świrko studied proverbs used in Pan Tadeusz-, in 1964, Jan Mirosław Kasjan gave consideration to the use of proverbs and colloąuial metaphors in Słowacki’s works. Afterwards, that issue was only occasionally considered. The author retums to those works years later, recounts them and updates the look at that issue. In doing so, she draws the inspiration from culture experts. Walter Ong is used tor describing Mickiewicz’s nobility and folk proverbs, deeply rooted in orał culture; Jan Mukarowsky enables the author to comment on the aristocratic and noble cultural context of Słowacki’s proverbs, established in high literary culture. It allows the author to demonstrate how different the materiał they both use is (hardly any proverb is repeated in the two works) and how differently the two Romantic master writers operate that materiał
PL
During my research I found many similarities related to women’s image retained in proverbs of both nations, but also some differences. There are common characteristics conditioned by the similarities of women’s position and role in the Korean and Polish history. For example, women were, in both cultures, the inferior sex, illogical beings, the objects subordinated culturally and legally to men, the creatures prone to betrayal, chatty, clever, sly, mischievous, vain, extravagant and quarrelsome. Despite the apparent misogyny, the proverbs-both Korean and Polish-acknowledge in various aspects, the existence of women, who are better and nobler than men, also signal significant influence of women upon men. In addition, the authors of proverbs appreciate such positive qualities of women as feminine goodness, gentleness, economy, being a good companion of life for a man, etc. In contrast, clear differences between the image of women in the Korean and Polish proverbs are related to the fact that in the Polish proverbs the dominant image of women is the image of a person who is clever, often associated with the devil, which in the Korean proverbs does not occur at all. Another significant difference between the Korean and the Polish proverbs consists in the presentation of a tragic fate of women who, in the former Korea depended absolutely on men, believing in many superstitions associated with women.
EN
Figurative language has been the subject of interdisciplinary research for ages. It is considered by philosophers, linguists, as well as psychologists and pedagogues. The forms of figurative languages include for example., metaphors, proverbs, phrasemes and oxymorons. The metaphoric language is deeply in human’ experience and it is used unconsciously in everyday situations. Lakoff and Johnson (1988) stress that metaphors are a showcase for man: “Show me your metaphors, and I tell you who you are”. This quote very well highlights the omnipresence of the metaphorical language in human life. The article discusses the notion of figurative language and its forms. Moreover, the subject of the description is three the most popular forms of metaphorical language: metaphor, proverb and phraseological. In addition, the problem of figurative language in school education is emphasized at every level of education.
EN
Ivan Kotlyarevsky’s Eneyida is a poem rich in paremic elements. The poem was considered a breakthrough in Ukrainian literature, not only because it was written in lively Ukrainian language, but, thanks to the author’s fascination with the folk culture and artistic traditions of previous eras, it also constituted a link between old and new Ukrainian literature. The aim of this article is to investigate the types of translation strategies used by Piotr Kupryś in the translation of Eneyida, especially those concerning paremic elements that are heavily influenced by cultural connotations. The analysis shows that Kotlarewski introduced existing proverbs, and also introduced new ones by processing others. In the Polish translation, Kupryś was not only obliged to preserve the content of the proverbs, but also to reproduce the plasticity of the images on which they were built. The techniques most widely used in his translation include domestication, exotication and tracing. It seems that the translator did manage to extract the meaning of the proverbs; he did not, however, always preserve their expressive and stylistic value, which was the basic element of building the satirical effect of the poem.
EN
In the Turkish language a ‘secret’ is: giz, gizlilik, sır. What is hidden and implicit is described by some adjectives: gizli, sırlı – esrarlı, esrârengiz, gizli. The meaning of ‘hide’ or ‘not to disclose’ is reflected in some verbs like gizlemek, sırrolmak, and expressions and phrases. The analysis of vocabulary related to ‘mystery/ secret’, as well as its confidentiality or disclosure, indicates that the secret is most often revealed, which means someone talks about what it represented. On the other hand, keeping something secret does not necessarily refer to verbal human activity (hide, not show, not explain). Proverbs, defined as the words of the ancestors (atasözleri) contain a set of orders and instructions on how to / how not to proceed in a given situation. The analysis of the proverbs relating to ‘secrets’ shows that: 1. A secret should be kept even at the cost of losing one’s life; 2. Secrets should not be revealed even to one’s closest friends; 3. When one person says something, it is known by all; 4. Only from a child can one learn the truth; 5. The longer one talks, the more information one may gain. ‘Secrets’ and (not) keeping them involves skills that only humans possess, namely speech. Just as oral transmission enables us to capture and transmit knowledge and culture, so it enables others to learn the secrets that should be kept secret.
EN
The paper discusses proverbs and proverbial expressions relating to goats and rams. An analysis of the collected material has allowed the author to establish a series of common characteristics that are ascribed to animals of both sexes (to goats and rams), and of features that are only ascribed to one of them. The cultural-linguistic images of goats and rams, reconstructed based on proverbs and proverbial expressions, are not identical. The image of the ram is much more modest than that of the goat, a consequence of the quantitative disproportion between the data referring to the two animals. Apart from proverbs and proverbial expressions, ethnographic materials were used in the analysis, making it possible to explain the origin of the analysed proverbs.
Mäetagused
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2017
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vol. 69
77-108
EN
Phrasemes that represent a short folklore genre are found in all languages. They can be used to enrich both the spoken and written language, and the ability to use them shows a skilful mastery of the language. The term kõnekäänd [speech + turn > turn of phrase], which marks instances of figurative language, first appeared in Estonian a couple of centuries ago. The present article explores written Estonian sources (dictionaries, grammars, textbooks, handbooks, and monographs, but also correspondence and handwritten collections) from the 17th century up to the 1920s, to find out how this term evolved and why it came into use. In so doing, some insights into German terms are also offered to explain the influence other languages had on the written language that was still developing back then.
EN
Culinary lexis in Croatian proverbs, sayings, idioms, songs, and jargon and dialectal formsDishes and food products – the way they are made, their complexity, taste and appearance – are all part of culture and tradition that are created by people feasting at the table. While discussing various everyday issues, they also talk about food – they praise it, complain about it and criticize it. Eating meals with friends and family both in everyday situations and on special occasions creates a special mood. It creates an occasion for confessions, advice, jokes, memories and reflections about life. Various sayings and proverbs, which enrich the culture of a given country or region are brought to life on these occasions. Croatia is not an exception in this regard. Many proverbs and sayings connected with local culinary traditions exist in Croatian. Some of them are known widely throughout the country, others only in certain territories. Numerous proverbs are known throughout Croatia, albeit with a slightly changed imagery.The proverbs presented in my article are found in a dictionary by Josip Kekez, a renowned Croatian paremiologist. It is worth noting that they comprise selected material, which does not cover information present in internet dictionaries. Further in the paper I describe regional proverbs and songs, which are an important element presenting the diversity of Croatian dialects. Each Croatian phrase is accompanied by my Polish translation, which clarifies its meaning. Additionally, I quote other language variants like jargonisms and foreign lexis in culinary vocabulary with a view to present the extraordinary abundance and diversity of Croatian culinary lexis. Słownictwo kulinarne w chorwackich przysłowiach, porzekadłach, frazeologizmach, przyśpiewkach, formach żargonalnych i ludowychPotrawy i artykuły spożywcze, sposób ich sporządzania, złożoność, smak i wygląd są częścią kultury i tradycji, którą tworzą ludzie biesiadujący przy stole. Rozmawiając o różnych codziennych sprawach, mówią też o jedzeniu – chwalą, narzekają czy krytykują. Spożywanie posiłków w gronie rodziny, przyjaciół, zarówno w sytuacji codziennej, jak i uroczystej, tworzy specjalny nastrój. Nadarza się okazja do zwierzeń, porad, żartów, wspomnień i życiowych refleksji. Powstają różne powiedzenia, przysłowia, które wzbogacają kulturę danego kraju czy regionu. Nie inaczej jest w Chorwacji. W języku chorwackim istnieje wiele przysłów i porzekadeł związanych z lokalnymi tradycjami kulinarnymi. Część z nich jest powszechnie znana w całym kraju, niektóre tylko na wybranych obszarach. W całej Chorwacji znane są liczne przysłowia w formie nieco zmienionej w warstwie obrazowej.Zaprezentowane w niniejszym artykule przysłowia i porzekadła zaczerpnęłam ze zbioru Josipa Kekeza, uznanego paremiologa chorwackiego. Należy wziąć pod uwagę, iż jest to materiał wybrany, a w słownikach internetowych notowane są jeszcze inne formacje, których nie będę tu omawiać. Obok form chorwackich podaję w nawiasach polski ekwiwalent w tłumaczeniu własnym, oddający sens całej konstrukcji. W dalszej części opisuję przysłowia regionalne oraz przyśpiewki, które ilustrują różnorodność dialektów chorwackich. Przytaczam także obecne w chorwackiej leksyce kulinarnej inne formy językowe, jak żargonizmy i elementy zaczerpnięte z innych języków, aby ukazać jej niezwykłą różnorodność i bogactwo.
PL
We współczesnej polszczyźnie obserwujemy zarówno proces zanikania przysłów, jak i powstawanie nowych jednostek paremiologicznych. Ponadto jesteśmy świadkami przekształcania paremii już istniejących. Do takich przysłów znanych użytkownikom języka polskiego od stuleci i mających swoje ekwiwalenty w innych językach należy fraza Niedaleko pada jabłko od jabłoni. W artykule zaprezentowano przykłady „ożywiania” tytułowej paremii, manifestujące się w postaci kontekstualnych modyfikacji formy i/lub treści.
EN
In contemporary Polish, one can observe both the disappearance and formation of new paremiological units. In addition, one often witnesses or even participates in transforming the existing ones. The proverb Niedaleko pada jabłko od jabłoni (The apple doesn’t fall far from the tree), which has equivalents in other languages, has been known to users of the Polish language for centuries. The article presents examples of revitalizing this proverb, manifested in the form of contextual modifications of form and / or content.
EN
This article presents a linguistic image of the lexeme człowiek, contained in the linear structure of the text of proverbs, where the indicated element constitutes a thematic centre. As a result of cognitive analysis which considered metaphoric, subjective, and objective ways of perceiving a human being, it is possible to state that he is a complex, intelligent being, but also not devoid of primitive instincts and imperfections that in the anthropocentric perception are presented metaphorically. Człowiek is subject to contextual valorisation with the evaluative centre in the canonic dyad good – evil, which not only points to his subjective features, but also allows the species to perform a didactic function. As a subject, he undertakes action or submits oneself to the causative forces. He is a strongly stereotyped individual, therefore we can reveal the cultural habits connected to a human being, that prove the durability of the features ascribed to him.
PL
W artykule przedstawiony został językowy obraz leksemu człowiek zawartego w linearnej strukturze tekstu przysłów, w których wskazany element stanowi centrum tematyczne. Dzięki analizie kognitywnej, w której uwzględniony został zarówno metaforyczny, podmiotowy, jak i przedmiotowy sposób widzenia człowieka, można stwierdzić, że jest on istotą złożoną, inteligentną, ale też niepozbawioną pierwotnych instynktów i ułomności, które w antropocentrycznym widzeniu prezentowane są w sposób metaforyczny. Człowiek podlega kontekstualnej waloryzacji z ośrodkiem ocennym w kanonicznej diadzie dobry–zły, co nie tylko wskazuje na przedmiotowe cechy, ale pozwala na realizację funkcji dydaktycznej przez gatunek. Jako podmiot podejmuje działanie lub poddaje się sprawczym siłom. Jest jednostką silnie stereotypizowaną, co pozwala na ujawnianie wiązanych z człowiekiem kulturowych przyzwyczajeń, dowodzących istnienia trwałości przypisywanych cech.
PL
Wśród nazw stanowiących komponenty przysłów występują składniki odczytywane jako nazwy własne w wyniku reinterpretacji etymologicznej. Elementy te nabierają znaczenia, co nie jest charakterystyczne dla nazw własnych. Ich semantyka jest uwarunkowana zaistnieniem możliwości dwojakiej interpretacji tych nazw: po pierwsze, odczytania ich jako jednostek należących do klasy nazw własnych, np. antroponimów lub toponimów; po drugie, jako wyrazów o określonym znaczeniu, np. opisujących nazywaną osobę lub określane miejsce. Nie są to prototypowe nazwy własne, wykazują one raczej cechy pseudoonimów. Przysłowia zwierające tego rodzaju składniki są interesujące w perspektywie stylistycznej, ponieważ dzięki grze słów wprowadzają do dyskursu zabarwienie humorystyczne. Celem artykułu jest zanalizowanie zjawiska występowania komponentów reinterpretowanych etymologicznie w paremiach włoskich, zbadanie mechanizmów wykorzystanych do stworzenia możliwości etymologicznej reinterpretacji nazw własnych, wskazanie rodzajów tych składników i ustalenie ich liczby dla korpusu opracowanego na podstawie słownika przysłów zatytułowanego Dizionario dei proverbi italiani Carla Lapucciego.
EN
Among names employed in proverbs, there are constituents which become proper names in the context of a proverb as a result of etymological reinterpretation. Such components acquire a meaning, an effect which is not characteristic of proper names. Their semantic load is conditioned by a possibility of two interpretations of the element in question: first, as a unit belonging to nomina propria, e.g. an anthroponym or a toponym; second, as a unit with a particular meaning, for instance, describing the person or the place named. The analysed components are not prototypical proper nouns, but rather pseudo-proper names. Proverbs containing such components are interesting from a stylistic perspective, since thanks to word play, they gain humorous markedness. The aim of the article is to shed light on this phenomenon by discussing Italian proverbs containing the components in question, analyzing the mechanisms of creating the possibility of etymological reinterpretation of proper names, describing kinds of these constituents and determining the number of reinterpreted components in the proverbs excerpted from a dictionary of Italian proverbs Dizionario dei proverbi italiani by Carlo Lapucci.
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