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The aim of the work is to characterise cultural industries in Wrocław. In the first part of the work the diagnosis of culture industries was presented; the diagnosis was given for: publishing, music, film and television industries. The analysis was prepared based on statistical data, literature and information from representatives of the Wrocław culture. The author realised the aim of the article referring to the size, structure, quantity and the market position of analysed entities. Conclusions were aggregated using the SWOT analysis. Selected conclusions are as follows: (1) the development of film industry does not reflect the historical potential; new ideas and trends are more important, (2) influence of cultural industries on labour market in Wrocław is rather week, (3) the highest growth of new created entities is noticed in the media sector, including publishing of computer games.
PL
Celem artykułu jest określenie stanu rozwoju przemysłów kultury (rozumianych jako usługi w zakresie kultury) we Wrocławiu. W pierwszej części pracy sporządzono diagnozę przemysłów kultury z podziałem na: przemysł wydawniczy, muzyczny oraz filmowy i telewizyjny. Analizę przeprowadzono w oparciu o dane statystyczne, literaturę przedmiotu oraz wywiady z przedstawicielami środowiska wrocławskiej kultury. Autorka odniosła się do wielkości analizowanych podmiotów, ich liczebności, struktury oraz pozycji na rynku. Zebrane wnioski usystematyzowano w postaci tabeli SWOT. Poniżej zaprezentowano wybrane konkluzje z przeprowadzonej analizy: (1) rozwój działalności filmowej dokonuje się w oparciu o nowe wyzwania i niejednokrotnie nie nawiązuje do ukształtowanego wcześniej potencjału i dorobku, (2) na podstawie danych zawartych w rejestrze REGON można stwierdzić, że oddziaływanie podmiotów z zakresu tradycyjnych przemysłów kultury na rynek pracy jest słabe, (3) największa dynamika liczby nowo zakładanych podmiotów cechuje sektor nowych mediów, w tym wydawnictw gier komputerowych
PL
Zmiana modelu zarządzania instytucją kultury – Teatrem Muzycznym w Poznaniu bazuje na założeniu, że nowoczesny musical zalicza się do przemysłów kultury, którymi w znacznej mierze kierują prawa rynku. Przemysły kultury, angażując ogromne rzesze widzów, mają znaczący wpływ na rozwój miast i mogą stanowić ważny element ich polityki kulturalnej. Przy czym ryzyko finansowe, podobnie jak w branży filmowej, jest niwelowane przez dotacje ze środków publicznych. Przekształcenie działającej w starych strukturach instytucji kultury w nowoczesny teatr muzyczny nie jest łatwe. Niestety nie jest wsparte właściwymi rozwiązaniami prawnymi w zakresie np. elastycznych kontraktów pracowniczych, posiada więc wrogów w postaci choćby związków zawodowych. Tym bardziej zmiana taka wymaga umiejętnego zarządzania. Winna zmierzać do dopasowania metod działania instytucji publicznej do warunków konkurencji rynkowej i zakładanych, spektakularnych efektów.
EN
The change of the management model of a cultural institution, i.e. Teatr Muzyczny [Musical Theatre] in Poznań, stems from the assumption that the modern musical belongs to the realm of cultural industries, which, to a large degree are governed by the rules of the market. Engaging vast groups of spectators, cultural industries play a significant role in the process of town development, and can constitute an important element of their cultural policies. The example of Teatr Muzyczny „Roma” lets one conclude that in Poland this cultural industry sector has entered a path of dynamic development. Greatest musical productions, whose budgets run into millions of zlotys and are comparable to those in the film industry, can yield return, while public subsidies, similarly to the film sector, alleviate financial risk. Transformation of a cultural institution still operating within the old structural framework into a modern musical theatre is not an easy task. Unfortunately, the process lacks support in the form of appropriate legal solutions concerning flexible contracts of employment, and thus it is invariably opposed by various groups, e.g. trade unions. All this steps up managerial skill requirements even more. The process of transformation should be aimed at adjusting the methods of operation of a public institution to the conditions of market competition, as well as the expected results. To achieve this, a convenient location of the theatrical venue is necessary, as is modern infrastructure to provide technical effects able to arrest spectators, as well as a flexible team of talented, enthusiastic people determined to simultaneously pursue their own individual careers and follow the vision of the leader. The vision also opposes wasting public resources, as well as the potential of public institutions of culture, which, in their organisational aspect, have moved away in recent years from the rest of the dynamically developing competitive economy.
PL
W artykule dokonano wyjaśnienia tytułowych culture industries w myśl autorskiej definicji przemysłów kultury. Zarysowano również współczesne postrzeganie zależności między ekonomią (gospodarką) a kulturą. Następnie przedstawiono metodykę oraz przebieg procesu badawczego konkurencyjności miast kreatywnych według autorskiego narzędzia badawczego – Indeksu Konkurencyjności Miast Kreatywnych. Artykuł kończy przedstawienie wyników – rankingu miast kreatywnych oraz charakterystyka wspomnianego Indeksu.
EN
The article explain of title culture industries as the authors' definition of cultural industries, as well as outlines the contemporary perception of the relationship between the economy and culture. Then presents the methodology and the course of the research process, creative cities' competitiveness by authors’ research tool - Creative Cities Competitiveness Index. The article concludes with the presentation of results - the ranking of creative cities and the characteristics of mentioned Index.
XX
В статье было выяснено значение представленного в заглавии определения Culture industries в мысль авторского определения культурных индустрий. Было обозначено также современное восприятие зависимости между экономикой, а культурой. Затем была представлена методика, а также ход исследовательского процесса конкурентности креативных городов согласно авторскому исследовательскому инструменту – «Индекс конкурентности креативных городов». Статья заканчивается представлением результатов - рейтинга креативных городов, а также характеристикой упомянутого Индекса.
EN
This paper seeks to present organisational and programme assumptions of a new field of postgraduate studies called Cultural industries in the development policies of towns and regions, prepared by a team of workers of the Institute of Socio-Economic Geography and Spatial Management of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań as a didactic innovation based on the assumptions of a modular system of education that meets contemporary changes in the labour market. Apart from those assumptions, the analysis will also embrace experiences following from the educational process implemented with the support of the Human Capital Operational Programme in the years 2013–2015 (Priority IV: Tertiary Education and Science, Measure 4.3: Enhancing the didactic potential of universities in areas of key importance for the Europe 2020 Strategy, UDA-POKL.04.03.00-00-152/12-00). They provide a basis for conclusions and recommendations for higher schools interested in the development of this area of education.
PL
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie założeń programowych i organizacyjnych nowego kierunku studiów podyplomowych pn. Przemysły kultury w polityce rozwoju miast i regionów, który został przygotowany przez zespół pracowników Instytutu Geografii Społeczno-Ekonomicznej i Gospodarki Przestrzennej Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu jako innowacja dydaktyczna, wykorzystująca założenia modułowego systemu kształcenia, odpowiadająca na współczesne przemiany rynku pracy. Analiza, obok przedstawienia przedmiotowych założeń, obejmuje również doświadczenia wynikające z procesu kształcenia, jaki zrealizowano przy wsparciu Programu Operacyjnego Kapitał Ludzki w latach 2013–2015 (Priorytet IV. Szkolnictwo wyższe i nauka. Działanie 4.3. Wzmocnienie potencjału dydaktycznego uczelni w obszarach kluczowych w kontekście celów Strategii Europa 2020 – UDA-POKL.04.03.00-00-152/12-00), które stanowią podstawę do sformułowania wniosków i rekomendacji dla uczelni zainteresowanych rozwojem tej dziedziny kształcenia.
EN
The article refers to two UNESCO conventions adopted by Poland in recent years: The Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of 2003 and the Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions of 2005. On one hand, comparing the content of these documents allows better understanding of the keynote of the concept of safeguarding intangible national heritage applied by UNESCO, and, on the other hand, this guiding principle shows the long distance covered while shaping the vision of cultural heritage over forty years from the establishment of the Convention on Safeguarding the Cultural and Natural Heritage in 1972. To complete the picture, UNESCO’s “Memory of the World” Programme of 1992, concerning safeguarding the documentary heritage, including the digital heritage, must be mentioned. These documents capture the diverse landscape of human cultural heritage, being complementary to each other. They are permeated by the principles of the protection and promotion of the heritage to varying degrees: equality, diversity, equivalency, share in the sustainable development, importance of an individual creator, and also an important role of the local community in this process. They indicate the evolution of the development conditions based on the cultural awareness, sense of identity, formed in the process of gradual identification of one’s own tangible and intangible heritage. They emphasize the possibility of a significant participation of culture in development. The Preamble to the Convention from 2005 contains provisions which formulate principles in a clear way, and also shed light on understanding other UNESCO conventions and programmes, especially on the particularly important Convention from 2003. The principle of non-evaluation, which applies to making new entries on the Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, so difficult to understand in the light of the experience related to the application of the criteria for making new entries on the World Heritage List, in accordance with the Convention on Protection of the Cultural and Natural Heritage from 1972, gains importance in the perspective of “cultural diversity forming a common heritage of humanity” and being “a mainspring for sustainable development for communities, peoples and nations”. The Convention emphasizes the importance of culture for social cohesion; developmental role of exchanges and interactions between cultures based on freedom of thought, expression and information, as well as diversity of media; the importance of linguistic diversity; the importance of vitality of cultures, including for persons who belong to minorities and indigenous people, as “manifested in their freedom to create, disseminate and distribute their traditional, cultural expressions and to have access thereto, so as to benefit them for their own development”. These statements give special meaning to the main thoughts of the Convention of 2003, which indicates the fundamental importance of the local community and individual carriers in ensuring vitality of the intangible heritage as a basic condition for its protection. Hence the differences in determination of goods added to the lists established on the basis of the Convention of 1972 and of 2003. In the first case, the dominating principle is the principle of selection of the most outstanding works in a given field, based on the methodology determined by specialists using the criteria of European historical and aesthetic tradition. In the case of the Convention of 2003, there was a clear evolution towards the recognition of the values of cultural phenomena rooted in the local context, proving, first of all, the diversity and authenticity of these phenomena, with their significance in creating the culture for the local community and as a manifestation of their identity, and, with the use of tools for the protection of these phenomena/ elements, may participate in the dialogue of cultures on the national and global scale. The process of the implementation of the Convention gives a huge chance to prepare a methodology consistent with the assumptions of the Convention of 2003, by means of activities that aim at creating the national register of the intangible heritage, and thus recognize, disseminate and maintain the richness of intangible culture in Poland which, as a result of a well conducted cultural policy consistent with the principles of the Convention of 2005, should be present in the developmental processes of our country in a creative manner.
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