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EN
Theft is committed at the moment of seizure of a movable property (taking the actual control over it), if the performance of such action is accompanied by the intention of its misappropriation; therefore the consequence of the theft occurs regardless of the perpetrator’s ability to realize the intention to dispose of property in question as its actual owner. The degree of consolidation of the control over the stolen property does not belong to the constituent elements of theft. The misappropriation is merely the objective of the perpetrator; it can be fully realized only after the factual seizure. In some instances determining the time of theft raises a serious controversy, for example in case of theft occurring in an apartment of the victim or a self-service shop. The doctrine has widely accepted that theft is an offence with criminal consequences. It seems, however, that when it comes to this particular offense so called “time curdling” occurs – the identity of time and location of the act and its consequences. That is the reason why, in contrast to other types of offenses, in this case it is not possible to distinguish the act and its consequence.
PL
Kradzież jest dokonana z chwilą zawładnięcia rzeczą ruchomą (objęcia jej w faktyczne władanie), jeżeli temu działaniu towarzyszy cel jej przywłaszczenia. Skutek przestępstwa kradzieży następuje więc niezależnie od tego, czy sprawca zdoła zrealizować zamiar rozporządzania rzeczą tak, jak właściciel. Stopień utrwalenia władztwa nad skradzioną rzeczą nie należy do znamion kradzieży. Fakt przywłaszczenia jest jedynie celem działania sprawcy. Może on być zrealizowany dopiero po dokonaniu zaboru. Ustalenie czasu dokonania kradzieży w niektórych przypadkach budzi jednak kontrowersje, np. w przypadku kradzieży rzeczy z mieszkania pokrzywdzonego. W doktrynie powszechnie przyjmuje się, że kradzież jest typem materialnym. Wydaje się natomiast, że w przypadku tego przestępstwa zachodzi „ścięcie czasowe”, tzn. tożsamość czasowa i miejscowa działania oraz skutku. Dlatego właśnie, w przeciwieństwie do innych typów czynów zabronionych, nie jest możliwe odróżnienie działania od skutku.
EN
The subject is the 2013 draft law, that was to amend the Polish Penal Code of 1997, but was finally abandoned. It concerned implementation of the „objective attribution of an effect” concept, an equivalent of German „objektive Zurechnung”. Numerous types of crimes (so-called „przestępstwa materialne”) are causally defined and their definitions fit only the cases where the cause-effect relationship (sc. between human behaviour and the effect specifically prescribed by law) is present. For the complete fulfilment of crime existence of the cause-effect relationship is a necessary condition, but from the point of view of equity it can be regarded an insufficient condition. Therefore the „objective attribution” idea proposes some additional limitations to criminal responsibility for an effect of a human behaviour. The paper discusses five criteria (limiting conditions) proposed so far: (1) the behaviour must cause harm to some „legal value” through breaking a legal norm that’s purpose was protecting just the same value (norm purpose identity condition); (2) the harm must result from the same causal mechanism, for which the legal norm was intended (mechanism identity condition); (3) the behaviour must bring on a substantial increase of risk of such harm (increase of risk condition); (4) the harm would not happen if the behaviour did not break the norm (negative test condition); (5) the harm was predictable for a hypothetical „reliable person” being in identical conditions („objective predictability” condition). These conditions are logically independent, i.e. neither none is implied by any other nor none is excluded by any other. They can all potentially be „building blocks” for the legal future construction. Of the further three proposed conditions one is only subsidiary („substantial breach of the norm”), one is redundant and unnecessary („adequacy of causal course”) and one is practically undesired („socially accepted increase of risk”). Polish Common Courts and the Supreme Court have appealed to the „objective attribution” concept in criminal cases for over 15 years, though infrequently. Such a practice has only partial and unclear legal basis (now it is Article 9 § 2 of the Penal Code). The would-be amendment to the Penal Code would not remove the previous doubts. What is more important, the proposed amendment was premature, as the set of conditions listed above allows to design many different versions of the „objective attribution”, and so far there is not a common acceptance for a particular one.
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