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EN
This brief essay is an exploration of how the public domain came to achieve its place as a focus of attention, how it shaped a generation of scholars, and why public interest might be a more salient construct for thinking about how to foster a public-directed system of global knowledge governance. In short, this is the story of the rise, fall, and reincarnation – as public interest – of the public domain.
2
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Digitálne dôkazy z otvorených zdrojov

88%
EN
The aim of the article is to consider the use of information obtained from digital open sources as evidence in proceedings related to violations of international criminal law, human rights and international humanitarian law. In addition to providing basic definitions and legal questions that need to be answered before evidence obtained in this way could be further used, the article examines the different aspects that the type of evidence in question raises (new actors, mediation, objectivity and subjectivity). Despite the clear advantages, we should not overlook some of the problematic issues and challenges involved, particularly because the digital format allows for relatively easy manipulation and falsification, which in some cases poses an insurmountable obstacle to establishing the authenticity of the evidence and its provenance. The analysis also focuses on the vulnerabilities in the use of social media information (the volume of content produced, its moderation by platforms and the issue of metadata), since the content that appears on them reflects not only the nature of the current conduct of international or non-international armed conflict but also the misinformation that affects society. Given the increasing amount of hacked and leaked information in the public domain, the article concludes by examining the applicability of the information in question as evidence in legal proceedings and discusses the related legal and ethical issues of admissibility.
3
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Creative Commons (CC)

75%
EN
Creative Commons is a non-profit organisation, which was established in 2001 in the United States of America. It was founded of the initiative of the people involved in work for the protection and promotion of common cultural goods. Polish branch of the organisation has been operating since 2005 and its partners are Centre for Digital Design: Poland and the Interdisciplinary Centre for Mathematical and Computational Modelling at the University of Warsaw. The article presents the development of Creative Commons licence their history specifics and use both in USA and international environment. Last part of the text is focused on presentation and analysis of the situation of Creative Commons licences in Polish Law.
EN
The political culture of a particular society primarily manifests in the common participation of citizens in democratic processes. The concept of so called counter-democracy redefines participation closer to the categories of a critical reviewing of the authorities’ actions than to the categories of a direct political commitment. Transformations of understanding of the citizenship essence have various causes, among others the irremovability of a conflict in the public domain and the ubiquity of manipulation. Conflicts are due to economic reasons but also – because of the increasing multiculturalism – ethnic and religious reasons. The manipulation effect is a presence of stereotypes and mythical thinking in the public space. Civic competences should contain, among others: reflexivity, criticism, tolerance, communication skills, resistance to manipulation and cooperation abilities. New trends of the citizenship understanding require re-raising questions on the importance of education in shaping the requested civic competences.
PL
Kultura polityczna danego społeczeństwa przejawia się przede wszystkim w powszechnym uczestnictwie obywateli w procesach demokratycznych. Koncepcja tzw. kontrdemokracji na nowo definiuje partycypację, bardziej w kategoriach krytycznego recenzowania poczynań władz niż bezpośredniego zaangażowania politycznego. Przemiany pojmowania istoty obywatelstwa mają różne przyczyny, m.in. nieusuwalność konfliktu w sferze publicznej oraz wszechobecność manipulacji. Konflikty mają przede wszystkim podłoże ekonomiczne, ale w sytuacji narastającej wielokulturowości również etniczne i religijne. Efektem manipulacji jest obecność w przestrzeni publicznej stereotypów i myślenia mitycznego. Kompetencje obywatelskie powinny w sobie zawierać m.in.: refleksyjność, krytycyzm, tolerancję, umiejętność komunikowania, odporność na manipulację, umiejętność współpracy. Nowe trendy w pojmowaniu obywatelstwa nakazują na nowo stawiać pytania o znaczenie edukacji w kształtowaniu pożądanych kompetencji obywatelskich.
EN
Legal trade in intangible goods in the form of copyrights is common practice nowadays. Thanks to agreements on the use of copyrights and on the transfer of copyrights, the creator is able to freely dispose of his works and, therefore, to obtain economic benefits many times. Due to the duality of copyrights adopted in Polish legislation, in the event of the author’s death, the personal copyrights do not expire, while the economic copyrights are transferred to the public domain as a rule after 70 years. However, we should ask ourselves whether in the current legal situation it is possible to dispose of one’s copyright in the form of a renunciation of the copyright while one is still alive. The subject of this article is to analyse the problem of admissibility of renunciation of copyrights in Polish legislation.  
PL
Obrót prawny dobrami niematerialnymi w postaci praw autorskich jest powszechną praktyką w obecnych czasach. Dzięki umowom o korzystanie z praw autorskich oraz o przeniesienie praw autorskich twórca ma możliwość swobodnego dysponowania swoimi utworami, a co za tym idzie niejednokrotnie czerpania korzyści majątkowych. Z uwagi na przyjęty w ustawodawstwie polskim dualizm praw autorskich, w przypadku śmierci twórcy autorskie prawa osobiste nie wygasają, natomiast prawa autorskie majątkowe co do zasady po 70 latach przechodzą do domeny publicznej. Należy zadać sobie jednak pytanie, czy w obecnym stanie prawnym istnieje możliwość rozporządzenia swoimi uprawnieniami autorskimi w postaci zrzeczenia się ich jeszcze za życia. Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest zatem analiza problematyki dopuszczalności zrzeczenia się praw autorskich w ustawodawstwie polskim.
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