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EN
The paper is devoted to the admissibility of recognition and enforcement of a judgment of a foreign court, the subject matter of which is recognition or declaration of enforcement of a judgment from yet another state (judgment on judgment). The issue is discussed in particular with reference to the public policy exception which constitutes a ground for refusal of recognition or enforcement of foreign judgments, both under Polish domestic law (the Code of civil procedure) and European law (Brussels I bis Regulation). It remains controversial whether the judgments on judgments should be recognized, thus benefiting from the so called “parallel entitlement”. The article takes a comparative approach, examining solutions adopted by various legal systems and analysing arguments for and against recognition of such decisions. The author takes the position that they should not be recognized (and that their enforceability should not be declared) in Poland, both under the Code of civil procedure (as with respect to judgments originating from non-EU states), as well as under EU legislation, in particular Brussels I bis Regulation. It is advocated that the concept of a “parallel entitlement” should be rejected.
PL
The article addresses the issues relating to the protection of forced heirs in international context with a particular focus on the provisions of the EU Succession Regulation pertaining thereto. It contrasts common law tradition with the solutions adopted in French law, whereby certain relatives are entitled to the hereditary reserve (la réserve héréditaire). The author discusses selected examples taken from a body of French case-law dealing with the issue in question. Amongst the cases touched upon by the author are those concerning the successions of Johnny Hallyday and Maurice Jarre, which were two cases widely discussed in the recent French jurisprudence.
EN
This article is an overview of the recent Polish case law on the application of the ordre public exeption in case of transcription of foreign birth certificates in Poland. In recent times, the ordre public exception was applied to prevent the transcription of birth certificates that indicate same-sex couples as parents of a child and birth certificates of children born by surrogacy. Simultaneously, it was commonly assumed that the transcription is obligatory in order to obtain Polish identity documents. For that reason, the refusal of transcription meant in fact i.a. the inability to obtain Polish identity documents. It caused not only practical complications in everyday life but it was also a serious breach of rights.This article outlines the evolution of the transcription case law in Poland. Initially, the administrative authorities and the courts had been refusing the transcription due to its inconsistency with fundamental principles of the legal order. Subsequently, however, transcription was found admissible on the basis of the principle of the best interests of the child. Due to the divergence in the case law, the issue of transcription was the subject of the resolution of seven judges of the Supreme Administrative Court of 2 December 2019 (ref. no. II OPS 1/19). The resolution states that the transcription is contrary to the fundamental principles of the legal order. However, the resolution also underlines that the fact that a child is a Polish citizen may be confirmed solely by a foreign birth certificate so there is no need for transcription in order to obtain Polish identity documents.
EN
The issue of gestational surrogacy is a serious challenge to Polish and foreign law. The present paper deals with the difficult questions of the assumptions, and the scope of application, of the public policy exception in cases before the Polish courts and authorities - especially in the procedure of the transcription of foreign birth certificates and certifying the Polish nationality acquired by a child born of a surrogate mother and genetically related to his or her sociological parents. Numerous inconsistencies of reasoning in Polish case law and the doctrine of international family law rise doubts about the correctness of the application of the 'ordre public' in most cases of recent years.
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