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EN
Importent infulence on quality of life have a public utilities. If she better, it’s higher level of living quality in region. From there decided evaluate level of objective living quality in the field of public utilities in the West Pomeranian viovodship against other voivodships. Thanks to indicate the fields to improvement In the article using desk research and taxonomic analysis.
EN
Under conditions of Polish business life the communes tend to transfer more and more often the operational management of water supply and sewage networks to companies specially created with that goal in mind. The company performing tasks which have a public utility character has on one hand an atypical owner, i.e. the commune (the territorial self-government units such as communes should naturally act as non-profit oriented entities), but on the other hand it is a business entity, which should operate in a market environment, and its management team should make profit oriented; economically justified decisions. The paper is an attempt to indicate the ways of calculating the price, which may be applied by media supplying companies to appropriately set the sales value of water supply and sewage networks built by the “private” investor. Two methods are considered based on the method of discounting cash flows. In the first paper of the series, the authors describe the specific character of the good offered for sale – that is the water supply and sewage network and focus their attention on the use of the Net Present Value method for the calculation of the sales price of the network.
EN
The polycentric structure of the city reflects the role of various stakeholders, public and private, in shaping the urban development and life quality. The paper investigates the role of the public and private sector in creation of the local centres in neighbourhoods, hubs concentrating the services and amenities indispensable for modern life. The analysis is based on the case study of the Ursynów district in Warsaw, designed and constructed mainly in the 1980s, but with several infrastructural, housing, and commercial investments realised after 1989. The study encompassed the location of local centres, their functions, and spatial forms. The findings demonstrate that both public and private sectors play intertwined and significant roles for the local centres and create a synergy effect in such areas. The results of the study also show the evolutionary nature of the local centres’ development. The main elements of the design persist, but the market-oriented economy and decentralised democratic institutions allowed them to continue the original plans, while making the local centres more attractive and richer function-wise than it was possible during the centrally-planned period.
EN
The article is devoted to a phenomenon called vertical separation in the area of network industries. Vertical separation is understood as de-merging of infrastructure and delegating control over it to independent manager banned from operating on downstream markets which are subject to liberalisation. Arguments for and against these tendencies have been examined using the example of the European railway transport. The complete analysis presents vertical separation as a promising solution for the railway industry. One of the conditions for the success of this reform is forming of a close cooperative relationship, based on loyalty and trust, between the infrastructure manager and its clients – rail operators. Building such a relationship should be supported by the implemented regulatory policy.
PL
Od 2013 do 2016 roku wiele rad gminy podjęło uchwały na podstawie art. 39 ust. 4 ustawy o samorządzie gminnym (dalej: u.s.g.)1 upoważniające - najczęściej - spółki komunalne do załatwiania indywidualnych spraw z zakresu administracji publicznej dotyczących gospodarowania odpadami komunalnymi. W ostatnim czasie w orzecznictwie sądów administracyjnych pojawiać zaczęły się jednak rozbieżności dotyczące dopuszczalności przekazywania na podstawie art. 39 ust. 4 u.s.g. kompetencji wójta (burmistrza, prezydenta miasta) do określenia w drodze decyzji administracyjnej, o której mowa w art. 6o ust. 1 ustawy o utrzymaniu czystości i porządku w gminach (dalej: u.u.c.p)2 wysokości opłaty za gospodarowanie odpadami komunalnymi.
EN
From 2013 to 2016, many municipal councils passed resolutions pursuant to art. 39 paragraph. 4 of the Law on Local Self-Government to the utility companies to handle individual cases in the field of public administration concerning the management of municipal waste. Recently, the case law of the administrative courts began to appear discrepancies regarding the admissibility of the transfer on the basis of Article. 39 paragraph. 4 u.s.g. the competence of the mayor to determine by administrative decision referred to in Article. 6o paragraph. 1 of the Act on maintaining cleanliness and order in municipalities the fee for municipal waste management.
PL
Gospodarka komunalna może być prowadzona przez gminy w formie spółek prawa handlowego. Do grupy osobowych spółek handlowych zaliczamy: spółkę jawną, partnerską, komandytową i komandytowo-akcyjną. Ponadto w obrocie prawnym występują także spółki kapitałowe, do których zaliczamy: spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością oraz akcyjne. Większość przedstawicieli nauki przyjmuje, że najkorzystniejszą formą realizacji zadań użyteczności publicznej przez gminy jest forma spółek kapitałowych. Natomiast w praktyce życia gospodarczego gminy najczęściej tworzą spółki z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością, ponieważ są one optymalną formą prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej w sferze użyteczności publicznej.
EN
Public utilities may be conducted by the municipalities in the form of commercial companies. The Polish legal system to the group include commercial companies, partnerships and capital. Most of the representatives of science assumes that the best form of public tasks by the municipality is a form of limited companies. However, in practice the economic life of the community often form a limited company, as they are the optimal form of economic activity in the sphere of public utilities.
PL
Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza prawna działalności gospodarczej jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Autor koncentruje rozważania na prawnych zagadnieniach dopuszczenia przez ustawodawcę możliwości prowadzenia działalności gospodarczej przez te jednostki, co budzi wiele wątpliwości nie tylko natury prawnej.
EN
The paper brings up the legal aspects of taking up and performing the business activity by the local governments. The aim of the author is to give answers to the following questions: — what has the legislative authority meant by the idea of "business activity" taken up by local governments: what differs it from the business activity performed by a commercial entities and under what legal regulations local governments have been authorized to perform such activities, — what's the acceptable range of business activities performed by local governments, with particular consideration of criteria which differentiate business activity in the field of public utilities and commercial activities, — in what legal-organizational forms may local governments perform business activity?
8
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Expropriační tituly subjektů soukromého práva

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EN
Expropriation rights are conferred also to the subjects of private law by a number of provisions of the applicable legislation. This topic was addressed already by Jiří Pražák in his German written study “Das Recht der Enteignung in Österreich”, which was published in 1877.Although state authority hasn’t been delegated to these subject, they do possess a number of rights arising from the issued concessions. This article is dealing with the relationship of these subjects vis-á-vis the state, with the question of public interest which is to be enforced by the subjects of private law and at last but not at least, with the issue of prospective unification of expropriation rights.
CS
Jednotlivé předpisy veřejného práva přiznávají expropriační (vyvlastňovací) titul i subjektům soukromého práva, které jsou držiteli veřejnoprávních povolení k výkonu určitých činností (realizace veřejně prospěšných děl). Této konstrukci, která byla uplatňována již v rakouských právních předpisech, se věnoval Jiří Pražák na stránkách své studie „Das Recht der Enteignung in Österreich“ z roku 1877. Ačkoliv tyto subjekty nedisponují statusem nepřímých vykonavatelů veřejné správy, plyne jim z titulu uděleného veřejnoprávního povolení celá řada oprávnění, která mají důsledky jak v rovině veřejného, tak i soukromého práva. Článek se věnuje vztahu těchto subjektů vůči státu (státní správě), problému veřejného zájmu prosazovaného subjekty soukromého práva a otázce případné možnosti unifikace expropriačních titulů v předpisech veřejného práva.
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