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1

Vilém Santholzer: vědec a avantgardista mezi krásou stroje a záření

100%

Vítů V.

Umění (Art)

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2021

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vol. 69

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issue 4

438-457

EN

Vilém Santholzer was a Czech radiologist who in the second half of the 1920s published around thirty articles and several of his own photographs of radiation on the pages of avant-garde journals. The article explores his activities and situates them in the context of the interest of the European avant-garde in the machine aesthetic on the one hand and scientific photography on the other. It shows that for Santholzer beauty was always the direct result of other properties of an object associated with truth; in his view, machines were something beautiful if they were functional, and photographs were beautiful if they were authentic. While we can connect his thought on the machine aesthetic with the ideas of Russian constructivism, Le Corbusier, Karel Teige or Werner Graeff, in the case of his photographs we can find parallels among authors interested in the power of photography to make the invisible visible, i.e. above in the work of László Moholy-Nagy and once again Karel Teige. What then remains a peculiar feature of Santholzer’s thought is his belief in the beauty of pure, unapplied mathematics, which he set out in his polemics with Karel Honzík on the pages of Pásmo.

CS

Vilém Santholzer byl český radiolog, který v druhé polovině dvacátých let na stránkách avantgardních periodik publikoval ke třem desítkám článků a několik vlastních fotografií radiového záření. Článek sleduje tuto jeho aktivitu a zasazuje ji do kontextu zájmu evropské avantgardy o strojovou estetiku na jedné straně a vědeckou fotografii na straně druhé. Ukazuje, že pro Santholzera je krása vždy přímým důsledek jiných vlastností objektu spojených s pravdou: stroje jsou podle něho krásné, jsou-li účelné, fotografie, jsou-li autentické. Zatímco jeho úvahy věnované strojové estetice můžeme dát do souvislostí s myšlenkami ruského konstruktivismu, Le Corbusiera, Karla Teiga či Wernera Graeffa, v případě jeho fotografií lze hledat paralely u autorů tematizujících možnosti fotografie zviditelnit neviditelné, tedy především u László Mohly-Nagye a opět u Karla Teiga. Zvláštním rysem Santholzerova myšlení pak zůstává jeho přesvědčení o kráse čisté, neaplikované matematiky, které je představeno prostřednictvím Santholzerovy polemiky s Karlem Honzíkem na stránkách Pásma.

2

Maria Skłodowska-Curie – jej chemia w setną rocznicę drugiej Nagrody Nobla

88%

Zagórski Z. P., Kornacka E.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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vol. 57

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issue 1

39-70

EN

The article presents from the perspective of one hundred years the work of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, which in many cases was ahead of the state of knowledge of the time. It opened new horizons and for this reason we made many digressions. The fact of awarding her the Nobel Prize twice is a sensation enough to present the values of careful activity of the Nobel Prize Committee that emphasizes the importance of Maria's achievements. A significant element of Maria Skłodowska-Curie's achievements was still mysterious character of the radiation in her time, and only chemical approach made it possible to organise the phenomena and explain the origin of the radiation. The essence of the research was an arduous separation of components following the track of growing radiation of successive fractions of preparations. This research was a start of the technology of educement of dispersed elements in great mass of materials. We underline the paramount role of the chemical research Maria Skłodowska conducted while still in Warsaw in the laboratories of the Museum of Industry and Agriculture under the guidance of an excellent chemist Józef Jerzy Boguski. Her research in Paris was the origin of the semi-commercial scale in chemistry and setting aside a special shed outside the university building was the beginning of the institutes that now function beyond universities and are key element of scientific and technical progress. Technology of splitting developed by Maria Skłodowska-Curie was applied also by other radiochemists, e.g. By Otto Hahn. Lively movement in radiochemistry of her lifetime resulted in Maria's disputes with e.g. German chemist Marckwald, who questioned the originality of polonium. The scientific disputes like this one Maria won triumphantly although in several others she had to accept opponents' argument, as in the case of radon. Her experiments were planned with utmost rationality as it was with the rejection of the hypothesis saying that radioactivity was transferred from the outer space or from the sun. A great part of Maria Skłodowska-Curie's work was connected with biology which was demonstrated by describing in mathematical terms, for the first time in the history of radiobiology, nonexistent at that time, of the phenomenon of inactivation of bacteria by ionizing radiation. We emphasize difficult conditions for the health of the radiochemists of the time but we don’t find any proof that there was any influence of ionizing radiation on Maria’s health. She must have absorbed much greater doses of radiation during her heroic work in the mobile radiological surgery at the front of the 1st World War. We don’t think it’s appropriate to speculate rashly about contamination with alpha emitters. Unfortunately, due to her family’s protest it was impossible to collect samples of remains before their relocation to the Pantheon in Paris.

3

Human Functions and Human Nature: Radiation Life-Threat

75%

Apkin R.

Dialogue and Universalism

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2015

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issue 2

281-288

EN

Radioactivity accompanied by ionizing radiation has always existed on the Earth, as well as in space, and so in every living tissue there are traces of radioactivity. With the discovery of the said radiation and identifying its effects on the human body, the fear of this phenomenon appeared. At high doses radiation causes serious tissue damages, while at small doses it can cause cancer and induce genetic defects. The best antidote for fear is knowledge. It is important to know the margins safety of radiation for human life. As a result, the topic of radioactive contamination of the environment has now become one of the most significant. In recent years the radon problem is a subject of a wide debate of geologists, geophysicists, ecologists, physicians, specialists in radiome-try, and, of course, philosophers and sociologists, since the need for assessing the poten-tial radon danger concerns human lives, human functions in society, and human future.

4

Chemia analityczna w pracach Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie

75%

Hulanicki A.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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vol. 57

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issue 1

9- 22

EN

Maria Skłodowska-Curie – a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry – the elements of learning of chemistry gained just by a dint of work of more than ten months in Warsaw in the Institute of Industry and Agriculture Museum. The Nobel Prize concerned a contribution to the progress of chemistry through the discovery of radium and polonium, separation of radium and study of properties of this amazing element. It was awarded for an extremely arduous work, during which the chemical reactions being the principles of analytical chemistry were realized. Unlike to a typical analytical procedure, an initial attempt here was the thousands of kilograms of uranium ore: pitchblende. The final effect was small amounts of new elements: polonium and radium. Both the knowledge and the intuition of the researcher let her have a triumph. The difficulties she experienced because the properties of the searched chemical elements could only be evaluated thanks to the knowledge on other chemical elements. A significant achievement was the determination of the samples by means of radioactivity measurement, which gave rise to radiochemical analytical methods. An extreme analytical precision was demanded in multiple processes of fractional crystallization and precipitation which finally led to the calculation of the atomic mass of radium

5

Ocena narażenia zawodowego spawaczy na promieniowanie nadfioletowe i „światło niebieskie" podczas spawania metodą TIG i MMA na podstawie wyników pomiarów na stanowiskach pracy

63%

Wolska A.

Medycyna Pracy

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2013

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vol. 64

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issue 1

69-82

EN

Background: The aim of the study was to present the results of welders' occupational exposure to "blue light" and UV radiation carried out at industrial workstations during TIG and MMA welding. Materials and methods: Measurements were performed at 13 workstations (TIG welding: 6; MMA welding: 7), at which different welding parameters and materials were used. The radiation level was measured using a wide-range radiometer and a set of detectors, whose spectral responses were adequately fit to particular hazard under study. The measurement points corresponded with the location of eye and hand. Results: The highest values of eye irradiance were found for aluminum TIG welding. Effective irradiance of actinic UV was within the range Es = 7.79-37.6 W/m²; UVA total irradiance, EUVA = 18-53.1 W/m² and effective blue-light irradiance EB = 35-67 W/m². The maximum allowance time ranged from 1.7 to 75 s, which means that in some cases even unintentional very short eye exposure can exceed MPE. Conclusions: The influence of welded material and the type of electrode coating on the measured radiation level were evidenced. The exceeded value of MPE for photochemical hazard arising for the eyes and skin was found at all measured workstations. Welders should use appropriately the eye and face protective equipment and avoid direct staring at welding arc when starting an arcwelding operation. Besides, the lack of head and neck skin protection can induce acute and chronic harmful health effects. Therefore, an appropriate wear of personal protective equipment is essential for welders' health. Med Pr 2013;64(1):69–82

PL

Wstęp: Celem artykułu było przedstawienie wyników badań poziomu promieniowania nadfioletowego i „światła niebieskiego" oraz potencjalnego i „rzeczywistego" narażenia zawodowego na to promieniowanie, wykonanych na stanowiskach pracy w przemyśle, na których stosowane były dwie metody spawania: MMA i TIG. Materiał i metody: Badania wykonano na 13 stanowiskach pracy w przemyśle (spawanie TIG - 6 stanowisk, spawanie MMA - 7 stanowisk), na których stosowane były różne parametry spawania i materiały spawane. Pomiary parametrów promieniowania optycznego wykonano radiometrem z zestawem sond o charakterystykach widmowych odpowiednio dobranych do ocenianego zagrożenia. Pomiary wykonano przy oczach i przy ręce znajdującej się najbliżej łuku. Wyniki: Największe poziomy natężenia napromienienia oczu występowały przy spawaniu aluminium metodą TIG i wynosiły odpowiednio - dla nadfioletu aktynicznego: Es = 7,79-37,6 W/m², dla UVA: EUVA = 18-53,1 W/m² i dla „światła niebieskiego": EB = 35-67 W/m². Wyznaczony dozwolony czas ekspozycji oczu wynosił 1,7-75 s, co oznacza, że w niektórych przypadkach nawet niezamierzona krótkotrwała ekspozycja oczu powoduje przekroczenie maksymalnych dopuszczalnych ekspozycji (MDE). Wnioski: Stwierdzono wpływ materiału spawanego i rodzaju otuliny elektrod topliwych na występujący poziom promieniowania. Odnotowano przekroczenia wartości MDE dla zagrożenia fotochemicznego oczu i skóry promieniowaniem UV i „światłem niebieskim". Niewłaściwe stosowanie ochron oczu i twarzy polegające na rozpoczynaniu spawu bez zasłoniętej przyłbicy oraz nieosłonięcie skóry rąk, głowy i szyi może wywołać skutki szkodliwe dla zdrowia - zarówno ostre, jak i chroniczne. Istotne jest więc nie tylko prawidłowe dobranie ochron, ale także ich właściwe stosowanie. Med. Pr. 2013;64(1):69–82

6

Jak katastrofa czarnobylska przyczyniła się do upadku ZSRR

63%

Jaskuła Ł.

Cywilizacja i Polityka

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2020

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vol. 18

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issue 18

152-169

EN

The article discusses three reasons why Chernobyl hastened the collapse of the Soviet Union. First of all, nuclear power was supposed to be the pinnacle of soviet scientific and technological achievement. Yet the disaster destroyed that myth of soviet technical prowess. It also dealt a painful blow to the credibility of scientific institutions, thus undermining public trust in science as a whole. Secondly, Moscow’s feckless handling of the catastrophe and its aftermath prompted the public to seek reliable information about the dangers of radiation. Since official announcements of soviet authorities were less and less convincing, people turned towards gossip and conspiracy theories. Lastly, this growing distrust in science and the party line paved the way for national sentiments in republics which suffered most from radioactive fallout, culminating in Ukrainian vote for independence in 1991. Chernobyl had a profound impact on soviet public discourse. Studying it seems very important these days, as the world is struggling with a coronavirus outbreak. The more so because public trust in science is declining again.

PL

Artykuł omawia wpływ katastrofy czarnobylskiej na rozpad Związku Radzieckiego. Energetyka jądrowa miała być ukoronowaniem osiągnięć radzieckiej nauki i techniki. Czarnobyl skompromitował jednak sektor atomowy i podważył autorytet czołowych uczonych. Katastrofa i utajnienie przez Moskwę informacji na jej temat doprowadziły do erozji zaufania do władz i nauki jako takiej. Jednocześnie głasnost sprzyjała rozprzestrzenianiu informacji i plotek na temat katastrofy. Zaniepokojenie stanem środowiska i troska o zdrowie stały się nośnymi hasłami ruchów niepodległościowych. Oburzeni zaniedbaniami po katastrofie byli zwłaszcza Ukraińcy, którzy w 1991 r. zagłosowali za secesją z ZSRR.

7

Еnvironmental and Socio-Demographic Consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Historical Retrospective after 36 Years

63%

Chubina T. D., Fedorenko Y. A., Spirkin O. O.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

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2023

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issue Special Issue

101-109

EN

The accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant was one of the largest in human history. It is often referred to as a global event because its effects were felt not only by Ukrainians but also by the populations of Belarus, Russia, Central Europe, the Balkans and the Scandinavian Peninsula. 2022 marked the 36th anniversary of this terrible occurrence, when the history of Ukraine in the late twentieth century was divided into two parts: before the tragedy of 26 April 1986, and after it. Today, it is important for Ukrainian society not only to recognise the significance of the catastrophe and remember its victims but also to find ways to overcome its grave consequences. This requires comprehensive research useful for developing new approaches to minimising the environmental and socio-demographic problems caused by the Chornobyl tragedy. Thus, this research has practical scientific, humanitarian and socio-political significance. The novelty of the obtained results lies in the study’s critical rethinking of the achievements of predecessors and its analysis of historical sources concerning the environmental and socio-demographic consequences of the accident at the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant as they manifested from 1986 to 2022. The methodological basis of the work is empirical cognition. The use of logical-analytical methods of grouping and typology allows us to classify homogeneous events and coherently present the material of the article. The study additionally uses comparative judgment, historical-statistical and problem-chronological methods. The principles of objectivity and impartiality also play an important role in the work. The purpose of the study is to investigate the consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant accident on the environmental and socio-demographic aspects of the population of Ukraine from 1986 to 2022 based on the identified set of sources. From a historical perspective, the level of pollution in the territories of Ukraine is traced, the demographic situation is monitored, and parallels are drawn between the Chornobyl disaster and the increase in incurable diseases and mortality. In conclusion, the authors note that although 36 years have passed, the echo of this catastrophe remains tangible for the population of Ukraine. Several issues still must be solved. The first is the return to life, namely, the safe living and management of areas that have been exposed to radiation contamination, as well as the continuation of work aimed at restoring agricultural soils. Second, purposeful work must be conducted by the state to minimise social and demographic problems resulting from the Chornobyl catastrophe. In our opinion, the government should increase expenditures aimed at providing quality medical services to the population of Ukraine, as well as conduct constant monitoring of the health of those people who are at high risk in order to better detect diseases in their early stages. These groups of people include liquidators of the consequences of the accident and migrants. Such measures can stabilise the demographic situation by increasing birth rates and reducing mortality, as well as improve the health and living standards of the population of Ukraine.

8

Maria Skłodowska-Curie i Pierre Curie w epokowym roku 1898

63%

Wielogórski Z.

Kwartalnik Historii Nauki i Techniki

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2012

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vol. 57

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issue 1

23-38

EN

For many reasons the year 1898 was unusual for Maria Skłodowska-Curie and her husband. After defining the subject of the doctoral thesis and choosing Henri Becqerel as thesis supervisor, Maria started intensive experimental work. In the allotted room called storeroom, in conditions that were far too inadequate, they managed to put up a unique measuring equipment composed of instruments whose originator was Pierre Curie. In the ionization chamber and in the piezoelectric quartz charges formed, whose mutual neutralization was shown by the quadrant electrometer. Ionization current, which was measured quantitatively, was proportional to the radiation of the sample. Studying many elements, their compounds and minerals enabled Maria to state that uranium is not the only element endowed with the power of radiation; the second one turned out to be thorium. Anomaly detected in the radiation of uranium minerals made it possible for Maria to draw an extremely important conclusion: radioactive uranium and thorium are not the only elements endowed with such an attribute. Pitchblende, which was studied by the Curie couple, had to contain also other radioactive substances. Gustave Bémont also participated in the chemical analysis of the uranium ore and it is worth reminding that he was involved in the discovery of polonium and uranium. The phenomenon of radioactivity couldn’t have been explained if it was not for the sources of strong radioactivity. Those sources undoubtedly could have been the discovered elements but their scanty content in the uranium ore made their isolation very difficult and laborious. Access to industrial remains after procession of pitchblende from Jachymov (Sankt Joachimstahl), obtained owing to the mediation of Eduard Suess, provided the source of this raw material. From it, in a shack also called le hangar , the Curie couple isolated the first samples of the radium salt. This element, later extracted by discoverers on a grand scale and handed over in a various forms to researchers and institutions, became a foundation of physics and chemistry of radioactive elements.

9

Wykorzystanie fizycznych praw środowiska w eksperymentach architektonicznych Philippe'a Rahma

51%

Stec B.

Państwo i Społeczeństwo

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2017

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issue 1

65-78

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest wykorzystanie fizycznych praw środowiska w architekturze meteorologicznej Philippe’a Rahma, na którą składają się instalacje artystyczne, projekty i realizacje architektoniczne. W oparciu o metodę badania, polegającą na bezpośrednim doświadczeniu dzieł Rahma, analizie jego tekstów i projektów, zaprezentowano przykłady wykorzystania znajomości fizycznych praw, zachodzących w atmosferze i procesów fizjologicznych człowieka w wybranych projektach Rahma. Skupiono uwagę przede wszystkim na projektach wykorzystujących zjawiska promieniowania, wilgotności i konwekcji. Celem badania jest wykazanie, że istnieje współczesna architektura eksperymentalna wykorzystująca fizyczne prawa zachodzące w atmosferze, a przez to podnosząca swe walory praktyczne i ekonomiczne.

EN

The object of this scientific research is the use of physical laws of environment in Philippe Rahms meteorological architecture – which consists of art installations, architectural designs and architectural projects. Based on a method consistant with the author’s direct experience of Rahms work, an analysis of his texts and projects was presented, using examples of the physical laws in the atmosphere and of the human physiological processes and how they integrate into Rahms pro jects. Attention was focused primarily on projects which use radiation, humidity and convection. The aim of this research is to demonstrate that exist the contemporary experimental architecture, designed on the basis of physical natural laws, taking in the atmosphere and that this way of design increases the practical and economic advantages of architecture.

10

Energetyka jądrowa – konieczność, a nie zagrożenie

38%

Domański R.

MAZOWSZE Studia Regionalne

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2022

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issue 42

25-60

EN

The work briefly outlines the world's energy needs, the division of primary energy consumption from a fuel perspective and the three basic world development scenarios presented by the International Energy Agency. The basic processes of nuclear power production and its conversion into internal energy are discussed. The most important types of nuclear reactors are presented with their basic operating parameters. The basic conclusions are presented in the summary.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono w skrócie potrzeby energetyczne świata, podział zużycia energii pierwotnej z punku widzenia paliw oraz 3 podstawowe scenariusze rozwoju świata prezentowane przez Międzynarodową Agencję Energii. Omówiono podstawowe procesy dotyczące wytwarzania energii jądrowej i jej konwersji na energię wewnętrzną. Przedstawiono najważniejsze typy reaktorów jądrowych podając ich podstawowe parametry pracy. W posumowaniu przedstawiono zasadnicze wnioski.

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Vilém Santholzer: vědec a avantgardista mezi krásou stroje a záření

Maria Skłodowska-Curie – jej chemia w setną rocznicę drugiej Nagrody Nobla

Human Functions and Human Nature: Radiation Life-Threat

Chemia analityczna w pracach Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie

Ocena narażenia zawodowego spawaczy na promieniowanie nadfioletowe i „światło niebieskie" podczas spawania metodą TIG i MMA na podstawie wyników pomiarów na stanowiskach pracy

Jak katastrofa czarnobylska przyczyniła się do upadku ZSRR

Еnvironmental and Socio-Demographic Consequences of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Historical Retrospective after 36 Years

Maria Skłodowska-Curie i Pierre Curie w epokowym roku 1898

Wykorzystanie fizycznych praw środowiska w eksperymentach architektonicznych Philippe'a Rahma

Energetyka jądrowa – konieczność, a nie zagrożenie