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EN
This article is devoted to the analysis and interpretation of the status of things in the narrative world of short stories by Stefan Grabiński which make up The Motion Demon collection (1919). The background for particular stories is railway infrastructure and the protagonists are railway men and sometimes passengers. When analyzing this work attention is usually paid to characteristic figures it introduces; the analyses carried out by the author prove, however, that the status of a protagonist may, to some extent, be ascribed to rail installations. They are frequently personified – both by the narrator and the protagonists themselves. The frequently used personification cannot be explained merely by Grabiński’s stylistic tendency. The railway instruments (signal devices, telegraphs), rail tracks and engines are presented as agents of a different status than humans, but vital to events and situations. Rail equipment serves certain people to achieve the state of higher consciousness or a higher stage of development. One could say that it somehow collaborates with those who want to ascend above the pragmatism of a train trip. This is what happens e.g. in the story called Engine Driver Grot, where the title character, thanks to the rail machine may finally transcend the boundaries of human existence; similarly in The Siding, where the train transfers the passengers to a higher form of existence, to vanishing in outer space. Thus, machines here are not so much practical tools as something that supports and supplements human capability. That motif of collaboration with a super-human machine along with the high status of railway devices in the narrative world of Grabiński’s short stories, compared with modern concepts of transhumanism, shows large similarities.
Central European Papers
|
2014
|
vol. 2
|
issue 1
160-166
EN
In the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy the role of the railway was decisive in regional development as well as in the areas of the Hungarian Kingdom, the Pannonian Croatian areas and concerning the accessibility of the Adriatic Sea. During the 19th and 20th centuries the iron horse gave the chance for the quick development of the port of Fiume. At present in terms of Croatian-Hungarian relations on the micro regional level the role of the railway is evanescent concerning regional development. Only the Koprivnica-Zagreb-Rijeka railway line transacts Hungarian heavy traffic. The aim of my study is to present and compare the characteristics of the two eras from the point of view of transport and regional policy.
EN
The article provides an analysis of a competitive situation in railway transport in Germany and defines areas where the Deutsche Bahn holding, which integrates both infrastructure operators and carriers, may behave in an anti-competitive way. First of all, conditions of liberalisation in German railways and position of competition in partial sections of transport are introduced. Subsequently, areas which are - from the economic point of view - necessary for operation of competition in the railway sector are identified: it is the height of fees charged for utilisation of transport routes, fees for the use of railway stations, and finally, traction energy fees, too. On the basis of research into development in the last two decades, steps which are possible to consider to be (minimally) concealed anti-competitive behaviour of the Deutsche Bahn, was were revealed in all areas. This is substantiated by decisions of several decisive regulatory authorities, most predominantly of Bundesnetzagentur and courts, which have repeatedly ordered Deutsche Bahn to revise price lists and other terms. In consequence, the example of Deutsche Bahn demonstrated a great disadvantage of an integrated company including infrastructure administrator and carrier, as it is offered a great space for influencing competitive environment. In the German example, this often comprised in raising competitor´s costs which, however, do not manifest themselves in economic results of the holding company. Should transport policies of the state decide to separate the infrastructure administrator and the carrier, a great deal of hard-to-reveal and thus punishable “complications” preventing establishment of conditions of free competition on the railway market shall cease to exist.
PL
Boris Pasternak made use of available means of transport and communication on a daily basis. This fact, however, was not reflected in his autobiographical writings, correspondence and his oeuvre. The sole exception was the railway, playing a significant role in the life of the author and his protagonists as well as in the contents and form of his works.
EN
In the present article, I utilize the first part of Józef Wittlin’s novel Sól ziemi. Powieść o cierpliwym piechurze [Salt of the earth. A novel about a persistent walker] to present changes in the perception of railway in the wake of World War I. On the example of Piotr Niewiadomski – the main character of the discussed work – I analyze how owing to this mean of transport millions of people were moved into a new dimension of reality, in which humanity has been reduced to the role of replaceable parts of immense machineries – railway and war.
EN
The development of the railway in the 19th and 20th centuries became one of the settlement factors leading to the founding of Jaworzyna Śląska, Krzyż Wielkopolski and Zbąszynek in what is today western Poland. On the one hand, the railway generated new jobs, while on the other hand, social housing, which over time led to the establishment of villages and towns. This was the case for the three aforementioned settlements, of which the two older ones, Jaworzyna Śląska and Krzyż Wielkopolski, initially struggled with numerous problems, including those involving education and religion. Zbąszynek, on the other hand, was established in the interwar period as a modern railway settlement on the Polish border and from the very beginning it offered its residents high living standards, including schools, churches and utilities: water supply, sewage system and electricity.
EN
This paper deals with handling abnormal situations raised on remotely controlled railway lines, in particular how to maintain an automatic operation that is a core function of such systems. Unlike conventional traffic control, in case of remotely controlled stations the operational personnel is not located on the stations, thus nobody can intervene in the railway traffic locally, if necessary. In addition, replacing staff with technical devices and automatism makes the number of potential failure modes even higher. The most critical event happens when the data connection between the control centre and the station is lost, so that the human supervision of the traffic terminates. This paper presents the human, technological and technical aspects of treating such failures and offers some potential solutions in order to maintain railway traffic and minimize disturbances.
EN
This paper presents the results of measurements of attitudes towards a demonstrative virtual-reality railway simulator for eco-driving techniques training. This device has been prepared for InnoTrans 2016 railway trade fair, and during this exhibition 144 railway professionals from 35 countries took part in the simulation and filled a questionnaire about their experience and whether they found this type of simulator a viable choice for railway driver training. The results have been very positive with barely any negative answers. This shows that a VR-based railway simulator could potentially be used as a low-cost solution supporting energy efficient train driving.
EN
The text investigates the nature of remembering the journeys of a selected group of railfans to Romanian forest railways in the 1980s. It interconnects the concepts of anthropology of tourism and  anthropology of memory. The memories of historical railway  tourism became a permanent part of travellers’ generational statements through which they not only negotiate their group identity,  but also acknowledgement. Narrations about journeys for a visit to forest railway and their performance are situated in a mutual  dialogue between the communicative and the cultural memory. From the perspective of the content, the shared memory refers  to the frameworks which are relevant for contemporaries. The contemporaries associate their journeys to Romania with the  categories of disappeared authenticity (“disappeared paradise” of steam traction), exotics, Balkanism, shortage in the realm of  consumption, and criticism of limited motion and travelling in the socialist era. The motif of the Iron Curtain contrasts with the  globalized world imagination, which is established by technoscape. The memory frameworks are permeated by the aspects  travellers’ youth and related adventures. The adventure and the experience of authenticity can to maintain the memories of the journeys to forest railways in the communicative memory and to produce cultural memory.   
PL
Tekst poświęcony pamięci Eugeniusza Dmitruka (1914–2003) – mieszkańca wsi Sokole Białostockie, wieloletniego pracownika stacji Żednia – stacji na trasie kolejowej Białystok – Baranowicze, prywatnie dziadka Autora.
EN
The author discussed the history and some aspects of the Białystok – Vawkavysk railway in the years 1886–1914. He based his considerations on Byelorussian and Russian literature and the Polish press of the XIX century. The article confirms former historians’ conclusions associating the economic situation of Białystok before World War I with the opening of the Białystok-Vawkavysk railway. The text does not constitute a scientific analysis. It just signals some problems which can be a subject to further research.
EN
Railways are crucial for the achievement of sustainable transport development.   National, along with EU legislators, recognised that, for environmental reasons, railways should have a high share in modal split. According to the EU, competition in rail service markets will encourage railway operators to become more responsive to customer needs, improve the quality of their services, and their cost-effectiveness and thus, they will strengthen the competitive position of railways. Therefore, the EU’s law duly opened up railway service markets to competition. The aim of this article is to analyse whether it is sufficient to achieve sustainable transport development. I shall focus on the existing law regulations, their clarification (interpretation), and systematisation. Therefore, the character of my research will be generally dogmatic. In my opinion, competition in rail transport can contribute to its increase,  however, it should be guaranteed that the costs of introducing competition would not exceed  its benefits. Moreover, to achieve the goals of national and EU policy in the area of sustainable transport development, it is necessary to ensure the equal conditions of competition between rail and less environmentally-friendly modes of transport, especially road transport (in particular, with regard to fees for the use of infrastructure).
PL
Koleje mają kluczowe znaczenie dla osiągnięcia zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu. Ustawodawca krajowy i unijny uznali, że ze względów środowiskowych koleje powinny mieć duży udział w przewozach ogółem. Według UE, konkurencja na rynkach przewozów kolejowych zachęci operatorów do lepszego reagowania na potrzeby klientów, poprawy jakości usług i ich efektywności kosztowej, a tym samym wzmocni pozycję konkurencyjną kolei. W związku z tym prawo UE otworzyło rynki przewozów kolejowych na konkurencję. Celem artykułu jest analiza, czy jest to wystarczające do osiągnięcia zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu. Skupiam się na istniejących przepisach prawa, ich doprecyzowaniu (interpretacji) i usystematyzowaniu. Dlatego charakter moich badań jest generalnie dogmatyczny. Moim zdaniem, konkurencja w transporcie kolejowym może przyczynić się do wzrostu przewozów kolejowych, należy jednak zapewnić, aby koszty jej wprowadzenia nie przewyższały korzyści z tego tytułu. Ponadto, do osiągnięcia celów polityki krajowej i unijnej w zakresie zrównoważonego rozwoju transportu niezbędne jest zapewnienie równych warunków konkurencji między koleją a mniej przyjaznymi środowisku rodzajami transportu, w szczególności transportem drogowym (zwłaszcza w zakresie opłat za korzystanie z infrastruktury).
Studia Slavica
|
2014
|
vol. 18
|
issue 2
115-126
EN
Vaclav Vokolek’s fictional collage (the work contains 13 paintings, four conversations, sketch, two appendixes and romantic painting as an essential comment) is placed around the period of railway development and conspiracies that accompanied it. The author proposes the reader a journey to the world, where, on equal terms, coexist residents of a small city with representatives of hell. Their superior – Luc, who runs the company called SAT a. n., is supposed to take control over it and, during the test drive on newly built railroad, father a successor. Although it is possible to find clues that help to identifying fictional Téčín as Děčín in the north of Czech Republic, the work inclines towards a grotesque story about irretrievable end of certain world, which terminated maintaining its natural landscape.
EN
Polish prose of the First World War is mostly associated with the Polish Legions. Agnieszka Prószyńska has established that works showing battles of the Polish Legions and other national volunteer formations have similar qualities, so they can be considered a separate genre of literature. Narration specifications, motives and axiological context that demonstrate genological specificity of the Legions-oriented prose, are also visible in works written by Poles who were fighting on the frontlines as soldiers of regular armies. That is why introducing the concept of “Soldier’s Prose of the World War I” is reasonable. Andrzej Kuśniewicz’s novel Lekcja martwego języka (Lesson of a Dead Language) includes many motives from soldier’s literature. The most characteristic are: railway, soldier, child, and landscape destroyed by war. These motives are developed in Kuśniewicz’s prose by the adaptation laws, described by Iwona Puchalska as «re-creation».
EN
Railway connections play an important role in intercity transport. The railway network on Polish territory is well developed, but in recent years, mainly for economic reasons, is closing more and more routes. Due to the mountainous terrain and consequently, long time passing, the availability of rail some Polish regions is small. Present study is to show how the network of rail links between the capitals of provinces and spa towns on Polish territory.
PL
Połączenia kolejowe pełnią ważną rolę w transporcie międzymiastowym. Sieć kolejowa na obszarze Polski jest dobrze rozwinięta, jednak mimo to nie do każdej miejscowości można dojechać koleją. Na podstawie danych z rozkładu jazdy na rok 2011/2012 poniżej została określona możliwość dojazdu z miast wojewódzkich do miejscowości uzdrowiskowych. Połączenia takie są dostępne jedynie do niespełna połowy uzdrowisk, co może stanowić spore utrudnienie dla podróżujących kuracjuszy.
EN
Article presents the national attitudes of railway workers in the region mostly inhabited by Polish and German minority. Czechoslovak railway administration with the collaboration of nationalistic organizations (especially Matice osvěty lidové pro Těšínsko a Hlučínsko) tried to increase the number of Czech railway workers and demanded from them contribution to the czechization efforts. The administration used the policy of relocation and other means of pressure on workers of Polish and German nationality to convince them to support the Czech cause, especially by sending their children to Czech schools.
EN
Identification of railway transport as a key element of sustainable and effective transport showcases the necessity of strengthening the role it plays, both on the EU policy level as well as in the EU Member States. The consequence of such a policy is strong financial support allocated to the railway sector, e.g. in the form of infrastructural investments. This leads to questions on the efficiency of such support and its influence on the railway sector. In this respect, the analysis of the public support impact on railway transport in relation to variables describing the condition of this sector has been conducted. The analysis was focused on the evaluation of the impact of railway infrastructure investments. The results indicate significant differences in the effects among particular countries, illustrating the heterogeneous impact of an independent variable on measures concerning transport performance in passenger and freight services (passenger-kilometre and tonne-kilometre). Countries with higher support for infrastructure investments, in general, achieve better results in respect to the above-mentioned measures. Nevertheless, the strength of this impact is highly differential, which indicates the necessity of increasing the efficiency of infrastructural investments in the railway sector in particular countries.
PL
Identyfikacja transportu kolejowego, jako kluczowego dla funkcjonowania zrównoważonego i efektywnego systemu transportowego, skutkuje wskazaniem na poziomie polityki zarówno Unii Europejskiej (UE), jak i poszczególnych państw członkowskich konieczności zwiększania roli tego środka transportu. Polityka ta przekłada się na silne wsparcie finansowe alokowane w sektorze transportu, m.in. w formie finansowania inwestycji infrastrukturalnych. Podejmowanie takich działań rodzi pytanie o efektywność wsparcia i jego wpływ na stan sektora transportu. W przeprowadzonym badaniu przeanalizowano wpływ wsparcia publicznego na transport kolejowy w odniesieniu do szeregu wskaźników, opisujących stan tego sektora. Analiza objęła ocenę wpływu wsparcia inwestycji infrastrukturalnych. Wyniki wskazują na znaczne zróżnicowanie efektów pomiędzy poszczególnymi państwami, wykazując niejednorodny wpływ zmiennej na wskaźniki odnoszące się do pracy przewozowej (pasażero-kilometry i tono-kilometry). Kraje silniej wspierające inwestycje infrastrukturalne co do zasady charakteryzują się lepszymi wynikami w zakresie opisywanych wskaźników. Niemniej siła wpływu inwestycji na pracę przewozową jest mocno zróżnicowana, co wskazuje na konieczność zwiększania efektywności tej formy wsparcia sektora kolejowego w poszczególnych krajach.
EN
The paper focuses on railway services in the Slovak Republic and describes the organization of public administration in this area and its responsibility for protecting consumer rights. It analyses customers’ rights stipulated in the Slovak legislation and comes to a conclusion that they drive mainly from the EU law. The paper also presents a customer satisfaction survey regarding rail services in the Slovak Republic and several other EU states and proposes suggestions on how to improve customer satisfaction. The aim is to start a discussion on customers’ rights in the Slovak Republic because in the last couple of years the total number of rail customers is on the rise.
EN
The creation and development of railways in Prussia in the first two decades of their existence occurred by the private sector. Prussian state established railway law on 3 November 1838, the Berlin–Szczecin railway built relatively early line Berlin–Szczecin (1843) and Stargard–Szczecin (1846). Development of the railway was an important event for the province and Szczecin, affecting the economic, social and political importance. Prussian government has been actively involved in the process of construction of the railway in the early eighties of the 19th century. Local government have been active since 1892, which was related to the new law on local railways construction (Gesetz über Kleinbahnen und Privatanschlußbahnen vom 28.07.1892). Local authorities (eg. provincial assembly, counties, local municipalities) became an active participant in economic life, including the development of narrow-gauge railway infrastructure in Pomerania.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje aktualny stan i wykorzystanie zasobów zabytków techniki transportu w czterech województwach południowo-wschodniej Polski (małopolskim, podkarpackim, lubelskim i świętokrzyskim). Dokonano ich zinwentaryzowania w oparciu o materiały źródłowe, zestawienia w formie tabel, przestrzennego ujęcia na tematycznej mapie i opisu zasadniczych walorów w miejscach najbardziej zasobnych w zabytki. Z ich analizy wynika, że województwo małopolskie ma takich zabytków najwięcej (4 miejsce według krajowej ewidencji zabytków) i są one związane głównie z transportem kolejowym. Względnie mało jest ich w województwie świętokrzyskim (11 miejsce), ale za to, oprócz zabytków kolejowych, duży odsetek stanowią tam zabytki sztuki inżynierskiej. Wśród placówek muzealnych wyróżniają się dużymi zasobami zabytków muzea małopolskie (krakowskie Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej i Muzeum Lotnictwa Polskiego, szczucińskie Muzeum Drogownictwa i Skansen Taboru Kolejowego w Chabówce). Kursujące okresowo zabytkowe kolejki wąskotorowe są lokalnymi atrakcjami turystycznymi (bieszczadzka „Ciuchcia”, przeworski „Pogórzanin”, nałęczowska Nadwiślańska Kolejka Wąskotorowa, Starachowicka Kolej Wąskotorowa, świętokrzyska „Ciuchcia Express Ponidzie”). Wykorzystanie dziedzictwa kulturowego z zakresu technicznego, w tym również zabytków transportu, może ożywić rozwój turystyki w słabiej dotąd wykorzystanych turystycznie rejonach omawianych województw. Wiele obiektów – świadectw dawnej techniki transportowej czeka jeszcze na objęcie ich ochroną.
EN
The article discusses the transformations in the architecture of branch railway lines in the territory of the contemporary Podkarpacie, including Rozwadów, Tarnobrzeg, Mielec, Zbydniów, Nadbrzezie, Nisko, Strzyżów, Czudec and Boguchwała. The research covers the stations in the following lines: Dębica – Nadbrzezie with the branch to Rozwadów, but also Jasło – Rzeszów. On the basis of the analysis of plans, the present study characterises e.g. the spatial structure of waiting rooms, bars and restaurants for the travellers, ticket ofces, employees’ accommodation. The author attempts to outline the transformation of the interiors of railway stations from the perspective of their utilitarian role. As illustrated by the station in Rozwadów, the article presents e.g. plans of the creation of shower baths for the retreating soldiers from the front in 1916. The text also attempts to show the economic signifcance of the so-called economic lines, for the development of the contemporary Podkarpacie and to present the conditions of travelling by rail in branch lines.
PL
W artykule zajęto się przemianami, jakie zachodziły w architekturze drugorzędnych stacji kolejowych na obecnym Podkarpaciu, m.in.: w Rozwadowie, Tarnobrzegu, Mielcu, Zbydniowie, Nadbrzeziu, Nisku, Strzyżowie, Czudcu, Boguchwale. Badaniami objęto dworce na liniach: Dębica – Nadbrzezie z odnogą do Rozwadowa, a także Jasło – Rzeszów. Na podstawie analizy planów została scharakteryzowana m.in. struktura przestrzenna poczekalni, pomieszczeń restauracyjno-barowych dla podróżnych, kas, mieszkań pracowniczych. Podjęto próbę nakreślenia przekształceń wnętrz stacji kolejowych pod kątem ich funkcji użytkowych. Na przykładzie stacji w Rozwadowie zaprezentowano m.in. plany budowy łaźni natryskowych dla wycofującego się wojska z frontu w 1916 r. W tekście zajęto się również próbą ukazania ekonomicznego znaczenia tzw. linii gospodarczych dla rozwoju obecnego Podkarpacia i warunków podróżowania koleją po liniach drugorzędnych.
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