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EN
On the basis of articles published in “Przegląd Zachodni” (“Western Review”) in the years 1945-1989 the author attempts a reconstruction of the image of Germans and Germany conveyed in them. The image changed depending on the intensity of censorship, transformations of the political system in Poland and foreign policy of the Polish People’s Republic. Immediately after the Second World War the account was highly negative and emotional, and amounted to equating all Germans with Nazis. Later on a revisionist picture of Germans and the FRG was sketched and contrasted with the good Germans from the “progressive” GDR. The latter image was evidently counterfeited. A marked change took place after 1970 and in the 1980s. Since criticism of the GDR was avoided, less and less was written about Germans from the GDR, whereas information about the FRG became more and more matter-of-fact. The analysis culminates in the conclusion that the authors of the researched texts gave priority to the Polish raison d’état, i.e. recognition of the finality and integrity of Poland’s western border, while texts on Germany and Germans contain a significant message about life in the Polish People’s Republic.
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2019
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vol. 51
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issue 1
EN
Po odzyskaniu wolności po 123 latach niewoli Polacy byli „upojeni wolnością”, jak powiedział Józef Piłsudski. W cieniu tej euforii zachodziły na ziemiach polskich ważne procesy społeczne i gospodarcze oraz występowały istotne zagrożenia zewnętrzne i wewnętrzne, które warunkowały odbudowę państwa polskiego w czasie rządów Tymczasowego Naczelnika Państwa (11 XI 1918 – 26 I 1919) oraz Naczelnika Państwa (26 I 1919 – XII 1922). After regaining their freedom after 123 years of subjection, Polish people were “inebriated with freedom”, as Józef Piłsudski said. It was in the shadow of this euphoria that important social and economic processes occurred, together with grave internal and external threats that conditioned the restoration of the Polish state under the Provisional Chief of State (11 November 1918 – 26 January 1919), and the Chief of State (26 January 1919 – December 1922).
PL
O ile poddać analizie sposób układania przez Polskę stosunków z sąsiadami w regionie, nasuwa się wniosek, iż pozostaje on pod presją syndromów, z którymi zdołały sobie poradzić – bądź odrzucić – kraje Europy. Nadal tedy pozostaje znalezienie się (ugruntowanie) w strefie bezpieczeństwa gwarantowanego integracją z Zachodem, ale równocześnie racjonalne i pragmatyczne ułożenie poprawnych (niekonfliktowych) stosunków ze Wschodem – Rosją, Ukrainą, Białorusią, krajami nadbałtyckimi, osobliwie Litwą. Oznacza to zdolność do racjonalnego i realnego pojmowania interesów narodowych, tj. racji stanu w konkretnych warunkach geopolitycznych – konkurencji, uzyskiwania przewagi bądź zawierania sojuszy czy kompromisów, dokonywania długofalowych wyborów.
EN
In analysing the mode in which Poland settled its relations with Russia, the conclusion comes to mind that Poland remains under the spell of the syndromes which were either disposed of, or dealt with by other European nations. The challenge to solidify Poland’s position within the safety zone that is vouched by the West, while establishing pragmatic, rational and conflict free relationships with the East – Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries, and particularly Latvia, remains. Thus, the ability to comprehend Polish national interests, or raison d’état, is required, taking into account realistic and rational arguments and the limits of the existing geopolitical situation where competition plays a substantial part. Poland should also take a long-term view securing its competitive advantages, entering into alliances and making compromises.
EN
In analyzing the mode in which Poland was settling its relations with Russia a deduction comes to mind that Poland remains under the spell of the syndromes which were either disposed of or dealt with by other European nations. Remaining is the challenge to solidify Poland’s position within the safety vault of heaven that is vouched by the West while establishing a pragmatic and rational and conflict free relationships with the East-Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries, particularly Latvia. Thus, required is the ability to comprehend the Polish national interests, that is the Polish raison d’état, in a realistic and rational manner within the limits of the existing geopolitical situation of the competition, securing sustained competitive advantages, entering into alliances or compromises and making a long-term option.
RU
Если подвергнуть анализу то, каким образом Польша строит свои отношения с соседями в регионе, напрашивается вывод, что их характер определяется давлением синдромов, с которыми смогли справиться – либо отказаться от них – страны Европы. Поэтому ей по-прежнему ничего иного не остается, как находиться в зоне безопасности, гарантированной интеграцией с Западом, но в то же время рационально и прагматично строить правильные (неконфликтные) отношения с Востоком – Россией, Украиной, Белоруссией, странами Балтии, особенно с Литвой. Это означает спо собность к рациональному и реальному пониманию национальных интересов, т. е. государственных интересов в конкретных геополитических условиях – конкуренции, обретения преимуществ или заключения союзов, достижения компромиссов, совершения долгосрочного выбора в различных областях.
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