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The Role of Covert Policing and the Use of Its Results in Criminal Proceedings Involving Unlawful Restraint for Ransom

100%
Niemczyk Z.
Internal Security
|
2017
|
vol. 9(1)
123-140
EN
The article is concerned with the subject matter of covert policing involving cases where a hostage is unlawfully taken and detained with the purpose of forcing other persons to act in a specific manner. Such activities, being among the most difficult procedures relevant to the work of law enforcement agencies, are usually conducted in conditions determined by a rapidly changing factual situation, high level of criminal conspiracy and the state of permanent risk to the hostage’s life, the saving of which is the ultimate objective of public officers. Due to these factors, covert policing related to this kind of cases — given its nature and its investigative potential — becomes extremely important. The author’s aim is to determine the essence and functions of covert policing, and in particular to present conditions which must be met to adequately process covertly obtained intelligence for the needs of criminal proceedings.
2

Jeńcy strony krzyżackiej po bitwie pod Koronowem

88%
Jóźwiak S.
Zapiski Historyczne
|
2010
|
vol. 75
|
issue 2
87-102
EN
If examining the course of the battle of Koronowo of 10 October 1410 comes up against serious restrictions due to scarce sources, then secondary aspects of the battle (such as the question of Teutonic enemy prisoners) are better known. The Teutonic army consisted predominantly of foreign regulars (from Germany and Silesia) and knights, courtiers and household members from the circle of Sigismund of Luxembourg. At least 300 enemy prisoners were captured, 68 of whom are known by their names. As the sources unanimously say, Władysław Jagiełło treated them courteously. He tried to convince them that Poland had acted right. Their names were recorded and they were allowed to go after a few days on the condition that they appeared with ransom in the appropriate place and time. All those measures probably were used in relation to foreign regulars and knights-courtiers of Sigismund of Luxembourg, as Teutonic brothers and Teutonic subordinates participating in the battle were not let go (seemingly, the latter group was not under the authority of the King, but the Polish knights who had captured them). The sources do not give clear data concerning the manner, time and conditions of releasing enemy prisoners from the battle of Koronowo. Beside the requirement to pay ransom, in some cases there were attempts to exchange Teutonic enemy prisoners for Polish knights captured by the Teutonic army (particularly in September 1410). The outcome is not known. The status of some prisoners caused problems to the Teutonic authorities too, as they had to give money for compensations, journeys to the place to leave ransom, and perhaps for ransom for regulars (but without paying them during their time of imprisonment). Knight-courtiers of Sigismund of Luxembourg were treated differently (as visitorsvolunteers), as the Teutonic authorities did not want to give them money for ransom. It led to prolonged conflicts and – according to the Teutonic authorities – to unfounded claims on their part. It seems that the major part of enemy prisoners from the battle of Koronowo (however not all of them) were given back their freedom within a few months after concluding the First Peace of Thorn (after 1 February 1411).
3
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PRZESTĘPSTWO PORWANIA LUB PRZETRZYMYWANIA DLA OKUPU W PRAWIE KANONICZNYM KOŚCIOŁA KATOLICKIEGO OBRZĄDKU ŁACIŃSKIEGO

75%
ARENT O.
Civitas et Lex
|
2014
|
issue 3
71-92
EN
Subject of this article is the legal research on actions of kidnapping or hostage- keeping for ransom, and in return release of the hostages. Likewise in polish criminal law and other penal law systems, also in catholic canon law this is a crime. The main point of the article is to illustrate the evolution of law regulations on these crimes, as well as dogmatic and legal analysis of can. 1370 and can. 1397 Code of Canon Law (CIC) from the year 1983, which are related to it. The article also relates to notification problem and expiration of prosecution.
4
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Formalnoprawne aspekty uprowadzeń w społecznym odbiorze policji, jako służby porządku publicznego zwalczającej przestępczość i zapobiegającej jej

63%
Maciejczyk R.
Studia Administracji i Bezpieczeństwa
|
2019
|
issue 6
63-73
PL
Uprowadzenia dla okupu budzą wśród polskiego społeczeństwa wiele emocji. Zazwyczaj powodują sprzeciw oraz oburzenie, szczególnie, gdy ofiarą staje się dziecko. Zwiększająca się przestępczość oraz zagrożenia bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego wskazują, jak ważna jest ochrona i obrona prawa jednostki do wolności. Przedmiotowe opracowanie wskazuje, jakie są podstawy prawne ścigania i wykrywania sprawców przestępstw oraz elementy pracy policji w procesie wykrywczym po uprowadzeniu dla okupu lub wymuszenia określonego zachowania.
EN
He ransom abductions give rise to many emotions among Polish society. They usually cause opposition and indignation, especially when the child becomes a victim. Increasing crime and threats to internal security indicate how important it is to protect and defend the individual’s right to freedom. This study shows what are the legal grounds for prosecution and detection of perpetrators of offenses and elements of the work of the police in the detection process after abduction for ransom or forcing a particular behavior.
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