Search results

1

Restriction of the Right of Ownership of Real Property due to Environment Protection in Light of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland

100%

Gaczyńska K.

Polish Journal of Political Science

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2023

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vol. 9

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issue 1

4-20

EN

Nowadays, there is a noticeable trend aimed at ensuring broad protection of the natural environment – both for the sake of preserving biodiversity and the quality of life of the future generations. However, the related activities of public authorities and private entities often involve limiting the rights of property owners. The Polish Constitutional Tribunal has ruled on the conflict between property rights and conservation of nature. The Tribunal has pointed out that the principles of sustainable development require an appropriate balance between environment protection on one hand and social and civilizational development on the other. In accordance with the previous jurisprudence of the Tribunal, the article will present the limits set for the state's environment policy in certain specific areas by the Constitution. It is acceptable to establish mechanisms to control the exploitation of plantings belonging to real property. Property owners may be required to obtain permits for their removal, and in the absence of such permits, they may be punished with forfeiture of timber or a fine. However, it is incompatible with the principle of proportionality and infringes the right of owners by arbitrary restrictions or imposed automatically sanctions, without the possibility of taking into account the circumstances. Moreover, the Tribunal has pointed out that the Constitution does not allow disproportionate narrowing down of the possibility to seek compensation for restrictions in the use of real property for the sake of environment protection. Only the two-year deadline for submitting claims in this respect has been considered too painful – too short and impossible to be reinstated for justified reasons.

2

Projekt stanowiska Sejmu w sprawie o sygn. akt SK 39/151

100%

Oplustil K.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2016

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issue 3(51)

232-268

EN

This draft position of the Sejm concerns the constitutional complaint of 7 July 2015. In the proposed draft position the author claims that the contested Article 136 paras. 3 and 4 of the Act on Real Property Management insofar as it does not provide for the right of the previous owner to demand the return of the property acquired by the State Treasury or a municipality by way of a civil contract, concluded into in the course of the negotiations preceding the initiation of the expropriation, if the property has become unnecessary for a public use, is incompatible with Article 21(2) and Article 64(1) and (2) in conjunction with Article 32 (1) of the Constitution. The procedure for the remainder should be discontinued pursuant to Article 40(1)(1) of the Constitutional Tribunal Act of 2015 due to the inadmissibility of the judgment.

3

OPIS KOŚCIOŁA I PROBOSTWA W SZADKU W POŁOWIE XIX W.

100%

Szkutnik P.

Biuletyn Szadkowski

|

2015

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issue 15

69-87

EN

The description consists of two documents depicting the state of real property, size of the area and the income of the parish in Szadek in 1858. These documents were drawn up under a decree of the government of the Polish Kingdom. The first of them describes the church and the buildings belonging to the parish. It lists in 19 points the real estate comprising the church property. Each description states the size of a building, its condition, material that it was built of and the value of insurance in case of fire. The second document describes the parish land in Szadek, Bobownia and Ogrodzim. It contains information about the size of each piece of land, its character, and type of land use (e.g. arable land, meadow, vegetable and fruit garden, waste land, road, water reservoir, built up area). The presented documents enrich our knowledge about the history of the Szadek parish, providing information on its possessions in the middle of the 19th century.

4

Land Politics in Hungary between the Two World Wars

100%

Peres Z.

Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa

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2011

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vol. 4

95-107

EN

The paper discusses the Hungarian legislation that regulated the ownership referring to real property in the period between the World Wars. The discussion included also the review of the law on colonization and division of the land, as well as the law on bank loans offered to those who were professionally engaged in farming. In addition, the authoress made an analysis of the archaic institution of fideicomissum. While depicting the background of legislative efforts of the time, the authoress recalled the developments that took place prior to the discussed changes in the ownership relationships. Therefore she discussed also the 19th century reforms that abolished serfdom and serf labour, introduced the land and mortgage register etc.

5

Odpowiedzialność gminy w związku ze zmianą lub uchwaleniem miejscowego planu zagospodarowania przestrzennego na tle orzecznictwa Sądu Najwyższego

100%

Popardowski P.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2012

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vol. 10

212-224

EN

The aim of the article is to present the essence and function of the municipality responsibility to the owner (perpetual usufructuary) of the real property related with the adoption or amendment of the local master plan pursuant to Section 36 of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development of 27 March 2003. The aim of the Author is also to highlight essential interpreting problems concerning Section 36 of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development which have been revealed under the ruling of the Supreme Court. The paper describes in detail which legal and financial results does the local master plan bring for a person when coming into force. The Act determines the extent of the allowable entitlement of the owner of the real property to make use of their right, but it also may influence the value of the real property included in such a plan. As a result, entering into force of the local master plan may affect the owner’s right to make use of the real property and decrease its value. The above implications constitute the basic reason for ascribing responsibility to municipality pursuant to Section 36 of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development. In attempt to analyze the legal character of the municipality responsibility pursuant to Section 36 of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development, it was also referred to rules of the Supreme Court. According to that some essential interpreting doubts were highlighted which were evident in the rules of the Supreme Court concerning the local master plan. They referred to: 1) the concept of damage and ways of assessing its value, 2) the stipulation for units entitled to assert their claims pursuant to Section 36 (1 and 3) of the Act on Spatial Planning and Development, 3) interpretation of requirements for municipality responsibility.

6

PERMITTED SELF-HELP AS AN INSTRUMENT OF PROPERTY PROTECTION

88%

Trendel D.

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Finansów i Prawa w Bielsku-Białej

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2017

|

issue 3

EN

The paper indicates instruments of possession protection as well as description of their distinctive or dependent character. The differences between an owner-like and a subsidiary owner have been defined. Self-help nature was shown as an operating tool without authorities' approval. A time relationship nature was described, which must occur between threat and action. Moreover, a variety of rights concerning real property and movable property was mentioned. Also a distinction between self-help and self-defence was indicated. The development of self-help in Poland was described, as well as its progress from ancient times. Additionally, self-help was defined and its publication in provisions of Civil Code. Persons authorised to possession protection, were mentioned, including a term of owner, co-owner, holder, and a holder of precarium. The paper also describes premises concerning infringement of movable property and real property possession, as well as immediacy. Also a legal nature of an aggressor and a person entitled to protection was discussed.

7

LEGAL AND THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF PROPERTY TAXES

88%

Żywicka A., Wołowiec T.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2016

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vol. 2627

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issue 34

195-222

EN

A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is levied by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located; it may be paid to a national government, a federated state, a county or geographical region, or a municipality. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent and mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value. There are four broad types of property: land, improvements to land (immovable man-made objects, such as buildings), personal property (movable man-made objects), and intangible prop-erty. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property, and tax is assessed in proportion to that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use. Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residen-tial, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one (ad valorem tax) relies upon the fair market value of the property being taxed for justification, and the other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhance-ment called a “benefit” for its justification

8

Investing on the Polish Market of Condo-Hotels and Apart-Hotels – Selected Legal Issues

88%

Badura E.

Review of European and Comparative Law

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2021

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vol. 44

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issue 1

155-179

EN

The institutions of a condo-hotel and apart-hotel are not defined in Polish legislation. However, ownership issues of such facilities are not entirely outside statutory regulations. Legal diversity, the absence of an unambiguous definition and of transparent statistical data, combined with the interchangeable use of the terms “condo-hotel” and “apart-hotel” by investors and operators of such facilities may raise concerns about the proper functioning of the market for this type of investment in Poland. The risks of investing in condo-hotels and apart-hotels in Poland can be divided into several basic categories.

9

Sale of real estates as future goods in different legal systems

88%

Kunicki P.

Studia Prawnicze

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2010

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issue 3-4(185-186)

191-219

EN

In this article the author presents the construction and functions of a contract of sale of future goods, in particular pertaining to real property under construction. The sale of future goods contract guarantees the buyer that he will obtain the property right of the sold good automatically upon its existence (or sometimes at a later stage), the seller, that he will sell this good to the buyer. Consequently, the buyer may gain from the fact that the seller will not sell such goods to a third party and the seller may gain the price paid upon the signature of the contract, which will enable him to finance the construction of the future good. Such benefits of the sale of future goods contract can also be used in order to sell real property that is under construction. The guarantee and financing function of the sale of future goods contract is especially important in real property development projects. Polish regulations incorporated in the Civil code enable parties to conclude sale of future goods contracts. Upon the signature of such a contract, the buyer obtains the right to acquire the ownership right of the future good. The ownership right is transferred onto him at the time when the buyer obtains the possession the now existing future good. Regulations pertaining to sale of real property differ substantially in most European countries. The analysis in this article indicates that the sale of real property under construction has been regulated in some countries and that constructions such as VEFA (France) have had a positive impact on these legal systems.

10

Z prawnej problematyki nabycia służebności przesyłu przez zasiedzenie

75%

Hasińska I.

Studia Iuridica Agraria

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2016

|

vol. 14

389-400

EN

Ownership is the main property right which gives the fullest control over a thing and, simultaneously, imposes the obligation to respect that control. The situation is totally different in respect of limited property rights. The limited property rights entitle a person to exercise some rights, which are typically given to an owner, on another person’s thing. The right of transmission easement constitutes a special, separate type of easement and it limits the ownership. The introduction of that right was a legislator’s response to the postulates made by transmission entrepreneurs to regulate the use of the real estate on which distribution equipment has been or is planned to be constructed. The possibility to acquire transmission easement by acquisitive prescription still causes numerous disputes both in the doctrine and among legal practitioners. That claim raised by the entrepreneurs entails the necessity to prove that the transmission entrepreneur and their legal predecessors used another person’s real estate in exactly the same way as it would have been used by the person who is entitled to the transmission easement (from 2008) or to an easement analogical (similar) to the transmission easement (until 2008), namely by using permanent and visible facilities which in this case are designed to transmit electrical energy (energy transmission, equipment maintenance, checkups and repairs).

11

Wpływ nieuregulowanych stanów prawnych nieruchomości na proces ustalania odszkodowań za nieruchomości wywłaszczone pod drogi

75%

Trembecka A.

Świat Nieruchomości

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2017

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issue 2(100)

23-30

PL

Uregulowania zawarte w ustawie o szczególnych zasadach przygotowania i realizacji inwestycji w zakresie dróg publicznych w istotny sposób przyspieszyły proces wywłaszczania nieruchomości pod drogi. Usprawnienia te nie dotyczą jednak odszkodowań, które ustalane są w odrębnych postępowaniach, w odległym czasie i w praktyce napotykają na problemy geodezyjno-prawne. Na mocy tej ustawy podmioty publicznoprawne uzyskują prawo własności nieruchomości lub ich części także w odniesieniu do nieruchomości o nieuregulowanym stanie prawnym, tj. wówczas, gdy nie jest wiadomo komu jest to prawo odbierane. Celem opracowania jest analiza wpływu nieuregulowanych stanów prawnych wywłaszczanych nieruchomości na proces ustalania odszkodowania. Tezą badawczą artykułu jest stwierdzenie, że nieuregulowany stan prawny nieruchomości powoduje konieczność zawieszania postępowań odszkodowawczych w celu ustalenia zasięgu i podmiotów wywłaszczanych praw. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań postępowań odszkodowawczych na terenie Krakowa w okresie 2014-2016 r. podjęto próbę zidentyfikowania problemów występujących w praktyce w szczególności spowodowanych niewyjaśnionym stanem prawnym nieruchomośc wywłaszczanych pod drogi. Wskazano na zasadność wprowadzenia precyzyjnych uregulowań prawnych, dotyczących trybu postępowania w takich sytuacjach, co pozwoliłoby wyeliminować niejednolitą praktykę a także rozbieżną linię orzecznictwa sadowoadministracyjnego. Dodatkowym problemem jest brak uregulowań. co do zasad ustalania odszkodowania w przypadku obciążenia nieruchomości wieloma ograniczonymi prawami rzeczowymi.

EN

The regulations contained in the Act on Special Rules for the Preparation and Implementation of Investments in Public Roads have significantly accelerated the process of real estate expropriation for roads. These improvements, however, do not apply to compensations, which are determined in separate proceedings much later, facing surveying and legal problems. Under this Act, public entities gain ownership rights to real properties or their parts, also with regard to real properties with undetermined legal status, i.e. when it is not clear who is deprived of this right. This study aims to analyse the influence of undetermined legal status of expropriated real properties on the process of determining compensation. The research thesis of this article is the statement that undetermined legal status makes it necessary to suspend compensation proceedings in order to determine the extent and entities of the expropriated rights. Basing on the performed studies regarding the compensation proceedings conducted in Krakow in the period of 2014-2016, an attempt was made to identify the problems existing in practice, especially those related to the undetermined legal status of real properties expropriated for roads. The author emphasises the need of introducing precise legal regulations concerning the procedure in such situations, which would allow to eliminate non-uniform practice as well as discordant judgments of administrative courts. The additional problem is the lack of regulations on the rules for determining compensation if a given real property is subject to numerous limited property rights.

12

Majątki instrukcyjne na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego: stan badań oraz postulaty badawcze

63%

Danieluk J.

Rocznik Lituanistyczny

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2017

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vol. 3

PL

Majątki instrukcyjne stanowiły szczególny rodzaj własności ziemskiej. Pierwotnie należały do skarbu państwa lub zostały skonfiskowane uczestnikom powstania styczniowego. Były one odsprzedawane na podstawie Instrukcji z 23 lipca 1865 r. osobom pochodzenia rosyjskiego, jako zachęta do stałego osiedlania się w zachodnich guberniach Cesarstwa. Majątki instrukcyjne stanowiły przedmiot zainteresowania historyków polskich, rosyjskich, białoruskich i litewskich, zajmujących się polityką narodowościową władz carskich na ziemiach byłego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego w drugiej połowie XIX w. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie aktualnego stanu badań nad majątkami instrukcyjnymi oraz postawienie nowych hipotez badawczych. So-called ‘instruction estates’ were a special type of landed property. Originally, they belonged to the State Treasury or were confiscated from participants in the January Uprising of 1863–1864. They were sold out under the ‘Instruction of 23 July 1865’ to persons of Russian origin as an incentive for them to permanently settle in the Western Gubernias. ‘Instruction estates’ have attracted the interest of Polish, Russian, Belarusian, and Lithuanian historians specializing in the ethic policy of the tsarist authorities in the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the second half of the nineteenth century. The article’s purpose is to show the present state of research into ‘instruction estates’ and put forward new research hypotheses.

13

Określanie wartości nieruchomości

63%

Stawecki M.

Studia Administracyjne

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2018

|

issue 10

99-113

EN

The assessment of real property value is made, irrespective of the nature of the value, as a result of valuation of the real property. Real estate appraiser is authorized to conduct these actions and he gives in writing his opinion regarding the value of the property in the form of appraisal study. The way of assessing the value of real property i.e. choosing the right approach, method as well as techniques of property valuation is made by the above mentioned entity taking into account especially the purpose of the valuation, type and location of the property, the function it was assigned to in the local plan, technical infrastructure equipment level and utilities as well as available data regarding the prices of similar properties. The whole process of real property valuation should be proceeded by a thorough analysis of real estate market including the comprehensive price analysis based on all data available. However, the scope of this market must be assessed with taking into account the differences appearing in the territory of a given town or city.

PL

Określenia wartości nieruchomości dokonuje się, bez względu na rodzaj tej wartości, w wyniku jej wyceny. Do czynności tych upoważniony jest rzeczoznawca majątkowy, który sporządza na piśmie opinię o wartości nieruchomości w formie operatu szacunkowego. Sposobu określenia wartości nieruchomości, tj. wyboru właściwego podejścia oraz metody i techniki szacowania nieruchomości dokonuje ww. podmiot, uwzględniając w szczególności cel wyceny, rodzaj i położenie nieruchomości, funkcję wyznaczoną dla niej w planie miejscowym, stopień wyposażenia w urządzenia infrastruktury, stan jej zagospodarowania oraz dostępne dane o cenach nieruchomości podobnych. Proces wyceny nieruchomości powinien być poprzedzony wnikliwą analizą rynku nieruchomości, w tym wszechstronną, opartą na wszelkich dostępnych danych, analizą cen występujących na tym rynku, przy czym obszar tego rynku musi być określony z uwzględnieniem różnic występujących na terenie danego miasta.

14

OGRANICZENIA EGZEKUCJI SĄDOWEJ NIERUCHOMOŚCI ROLNYCH NA TLE ZMIAN W USTAWODAWSTWIE O OBROCIE PRAWNYM NIERUCHOMOŚCIAMI ROLNYMI

51%

Ziajka A.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

|

2018

|

vol. 2

|

issue XVIII

235-244

PL

Wraz z wejściem w życie ustawy ograniczającej egzekucje z nieruchomości rolnych doszło do wprowadzenia do polskiego porządku prawnego chaosu. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd oraz analizę orzecznictwa sądów w zakresie prowadzenia egzekucji z nieruchomości rolnych. W pierwszej części przedstawiono definicję ustawową nieruchomości. W części głównej artykułu szczegółowo przedstawiono egzekucję z nieruchomości rolnych po wejściu w życie nowelizacji ustawy. Wskazano, jakie warunki strony muszą spełnić, aby w drodze wyjątku uzyskać prawo własności do nieruchomości rolnych zgodnie z prawem. Analizie poddano fakt, iż zgodnie z polskim ustawodawstwem prawo pierwokupu jest przyznane tylko współwłaścicielom nieruchomości rolnych.

EN

The article provides an overview and analysis of the case law of courts in the field of execution concerning agricultural real estate. In the first part shows a statutory definition of real property. Thereafter, the main part of the article presents in detail an execution concerning immovable property after entering into force on amendment act. The article points out the conditions which have to be fulfilled in order to exceptionally obtain the ownership of agricultural real estate in accordance with law. Regulation were analysed in view fact, that pursuant to the Polish legislation, the right of pre-emption is granted only to coowners of agricultural real estate.

15

Sytuacja prawna wspólnot gruntowych w przeddzień wejścia w życie ustawy nowelizacyjnej

51%

Rudol K.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

vol. 61

325-342

EN

Common lands (commons) are the relics of transformations that occurred in Poland during the 19th century as feudalism drew to an end, nevertheless some commons can be traced back more than 600 years. The essence of common land is the right of the residents of a given village to participate in the common land through the use of land constituting common land in accordance with its intended purpose. The only requirement of such participation is to possess a farm or a domicile, as defined in the statue. The management and administration of commons is regulated by the Common Lands Act (“Act”) dating back to 1963. The statue does not give a definition of common land, but enumerates conditions that agricultural, forest and water areas shall fulfil in order to be considered as the common land. The Act contains mechanisms intended to determine a legal or natural persons’ right to use a particular common, as well as its shares in particular common land. It also contains regulations relating to the development of commons, having to be made by the special partnerships, gathering all participants of the common land. Since the Common Lands Act was implemented, the political, social and economic situation in Poland has radically changed. Today, the Act is inadequate to properly address the current and future use of the commons. Thus, the legislator has made an attempt to change such a situation. The result of the actions taken is a bill to amend the Common Lands Act, developed on the basis of assumptions for the above-mentioned bill, adopted by the Council of Ministers on November 6, 2012. Once enacted, the proposed amendments are intended to implement a new set of rules to determine the legal status of the commons, as well as to determine legal title to such common lands. This article examines the legal situation of common lands on the eve of the Common Lands Act amendment as well as basically analyses the suggested changes in this legislation.

16

Przeniesienie własności lub użytkowania wieczystego nieruchomości dokonywane w aktach założycielskich fundacji, niepublicznej szkoły wyższej i handlowej spółki osobowej

51%

Gurgul S.

Rejent

|

2022

|

issue 3 (371)

9-25

EN

This analysis presents legally substantive and formal prerequisites of a) creating a foundation, non-public school of higher education and commercial partnership, b) obtaining legal personality by foundations and schools of high er education and obtaining legal capacity by partnerships. However, first and foremost, this analysis presents some particular problems related to the transfer of ownership right or perpetual usufruct right to the property to the abovementioned entities by their creators; this is about whether the said transactions are both binding and dispositive or only dispositive. Moreover, it includes the explanation concerning the role of a notary performing the transfer of ownership or perpetual usufruct right to the property.

17

Określenia nieruchomości w źródłach rzymskiego prawa klasycznego

51%

Świrgoń-Skok R.

Ius Novum

|

2022

|

vol. 16

|

issue 2

213-226

EN

This paper has discussed a variety of terms used in classical Roman law to denote land,namely: praedium, fundus, locus, possessio, villa, ager, solum. Apart from those, terminologyused for land in the classical law period comprised: res quae solo continentur/tenentur (thingsrelated to land), res solo cohaerentes (things attached to land) or simply res soli (real property), while the term res immobiles, meaning real property, appeared in the sources of Roman lawas late as in the post-classical period.The analysis of the selected sources of Roman law indicates that the scope of those terms was wider or narrower, which means that they sometimes coincided or overlapped, and asa result they were sometimes used interchangeably. The terminology in this respect fluctuated, and the scope of individual terms was being determined by Roman jurists when resolvingindividual cases. The preserved sources of Roman law indicate that although attempts were made to define individual terms used in respect of land, Roman lawyers did not fully developa complete division of land into individual categories.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawione zostały terminy, jakie występowały w rzymskim prawie klasycznym na oznaczenie gruntu jako nieruchomości. Były używane m.in. takie określenia, jak: praedium, fundus, locus, possessio, villa, ager, solum. Ponadto prawnicy okresu klasycznego używali dla oznaczenia gruntu jako rzeczy nieruchomej jeszcze takich sformułowań jak: res quae solo continentur (tenentur) (rzeczy pozostające w związku z gruntem), czy też res solo cohaerentes (rzeczy połączone gruntem), albo po prostu res soli (nieruchomość). Natomiast termin res immobiles, oznaczający nieruchomość, pojawił się w źródłach prawa rzymskiego dopiero w okresie poklasycznym. Analiza fragmentów źródłowych prawa rzymskiego wskazuje, że zakres tych pojęć był szerszy lub węższy, co powodowało, że niekiedy pokrywały się one lub krzyżowały w swoim znaczeniu i stąd też czasami stosowane były zamiennie. Terminologia w omawianym zakresie była dość płynna, a zakres pojęciowy poszczególnych określeń juryści rzymscy precyzowali przy rozstrzyganiu poszczególnych przypadków prawnych. Zachowane źródła prawa rzymskiego wskazują, że podejmowane były wprawdzie przez jurysprudencję próby zdefiniowania poszczególnych określeń gruntu, ale kompletnego podziału na poszczególne kategorie gruntów jako nieruchomości prawnicy rzymscy do końca nie wprowadzili.

18

Zaspokojenie wierzyciela w umowie przewłaszczenia na zabezpieczenie nieruchomości

51%

Hypiak P.

Rejent

|

2023

|

issue 4 (384)

11-37

EN

The purpose of the transfer of real property for security is ensuring the possibility of satisfying the claims of the creditor. Unlike a mortgage, it allows the creditor to be satisfied without the need for performing a long procedure. However, there are serious doubts and threats related to transfer ownership of real property for security. In particular they relate to the issue of over-collateralization and regulating the method of satisfying of the creditor. In order to combat abuses related to the practical application of agreement transferring ownership of real property for security was introduced Art. 3871 of the Civil Code. However, it does not provide debtor sufficient protection against the actions of creditor. Additionally, the meaning of this article is questionable due to the amendment of art. 388 of the Civil Code. For all these reasons, it seems necessary to regulate the transfer of ownership of real property for security as whole, including professional and consumer circulation.

19

K protiprávnosti vědomého zásahu do obligačního práva na nabytí nemovitosti

38%

Frössel A.

Právník. Teoretický časopis pro otázky státu a práva (The Lawyer - Scientific Review for Problems of State and Law)

|

2019

|

vol. 158

|

issue 10

934-950

EN

This article examines the violation of third-party claims in the Austrian law of damages, specifically regarding real estate property. The central question is whether a person becomes liable for intentionally interfering with contractual rights when acquiring real estate property. In order to answer this question, I first discuss typical cases and give an overview on the topic from a comparative point of view. Then, I show that there are two conflicting opinions in the literature: The first argues that contractual rights are specifically protected legal positions within the financial assets of the creditor and that these are concrete and delimitable and therefore protected under § 1295 para 1 ABGB in case of intentional interference. The second argues that the contractual right is only a relative position, equal to mere financial interests, and is therefore only protected against particularly severe interference, especially when the tortfeasor acts contra bonus mores. Finally, I argue that the concept of a differentiated protection of legal interests and positive norms within the Austrian legal order support the first of the two opinions.

CS

Článek analyzuje otázku porušení obligačních práv třetí strany podle rakouského deliktního práva, zejména ve vztahu k nemovitému majetku. Ústředním problémem je, zda ten, kdo úmyslně porušuje (poškozuje) smluvněobligační práva třetí osoby týkající se nabývání nemovitého majetku, je deliktně odpovědný. Pro zodpovězení této otázky je třeba prvně analyzovat typické případy takovýchto zásahů a podat srovnávací přehled způsobů jejich řešení. V literatuře existují dva základní koncepty k řešení této otázky. První z nich argumentuje tím, že smluvní obligační práva jsou zvláště chráněným právním statkem, a proto podléhají režimu § 1295 odst. 1 rakouského občanského zákoníku (ABGB), tedy deliktněprávní ochraně. Druhý názor tvrdí, že smluvní právo je právo relativní, a proto je chráněno jen proti zvlášť závažným zásahům, zejména jestliže škůdce jedná v rozporu s dobrými mravy. Článek na základě hodnocení obou koncepcí se přiklání k první z nich.

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