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1

Przede wszystkim nie przeszkadzać

100%

Gasparski W.

Prakseologia

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2012

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issue 153

43-50

EN

Ethics is intended to help make decisions. It does this by pointing to theories that provide an argument for the recommended procedure. One can ask whether the maxim of „do unto others as you would have done unto you” refers to any act or is a hypernorm providing guidelines for other decisions. The practice of individual behavior is institutionally nested, as is the status of the norm „do not impose upon the others what is unpleasant to you”, and in addition – with reciprocity, ergo primum non nocere.

2

Mutual Vulnerability? Asymmetric Relationships in Biblical Anthropology

100%

Martos L. B.

The Biblical Annals

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 3

431-449

EN

The 2019 PBC document views relationships between parents and children, masters and servants, “shepherds” and “the flock,” civil authority and citizens as asymmetric. The structure of the document suggests that these relationship systems are based on shared human experience and a common theological foundation: they appear to repeat the pattern of the parent-child relationship and originate in the obligation to obey God. Using the document as a starting point, I would like to outline what the concept of asymmetric relationships can mean today. In search of common perspectives, I will compare New Testament texts with the interpretation of asymmetry in today’s social ethics discourse. The inequality and asymmetry of different persons and groups seem to be an undeniable fact, causing tension that can be resolved fruitfully by parties who take responsibility for each other in the presence of a “third.”

3

Gry a wzajemność

100%

Łukaszyński J.

Nauki Społeczne

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2013

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issue 2 (8)

210-226

EN

This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of games. Reciprocity is one of the central problems of numerous concepts explaining social relations. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and end with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of the meeting. What is common in various concepts of games is a condition of reciprocity. The principle of reciprocity holds a prominent position in various concepts of games. There are various concepts of reciprocity and various concepts of principle of reciprocity. Regarding concepts of games, the principle of reciprocity may be expressed as the norms of the social life inducing the people to symmetrical behavior.

4

Wzajemność i wdzięczność

100%

Łukaszyński J.

Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia

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2015

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issue 1(3)

134-151

EN

This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of gratitude. The rule of reciprocity basing on the psychological and social compulsion of giving and receiving gifts and services is one of the most important and permanent regulators of social, economic and political life. There are various concepts of reciprocity. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and ends with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of meeting. Regarding the concepts of gratitude, the rule of reciprocity may be expressed as the norms of social life inducing people to symmetrical behavior. The author points some of its factors.

5

Inkontrologiczna koncepcja wzajemności

100%

Łukaszyński J.

Nauki Społeczne

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2013

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issue 1(7)

112-131

EN

This paper presents the issue of reciprocity in the context of Andrzej Nowicki’s incontrology. Reciprocity is one of the central problems of numerous concepts explaining social relations. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and end with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of the meeting. In the theory of social exchange reciprocity pertains to exchange. In the philosophy of the meeting this is not the case for reciprocity. Reciprocity does not signify exchange. What is common in various versions of the philosophy of the meeting is a restrictive condition of current reciprocity consisting in mutual and permanent transformation of personalities in people meeting each other. By creating his own concept of the philosophy of the meeting, namely incontrology, Andrzej Nowicki became one of many eminent thinkers focused on reciprocity. Andrzej Nowicki discovered the value of reciprocity, as a historian of philosophy in philosophies developed by Giordano Bruno, Julio Cesare Vanini or Girolamo Fracastoro and others. The author of incontrology discerned the importance of the notion of reciprocity for Władysław Witwicki’s theory of kratyzm. He used this theory to create his own division of meetings with a portrait. Though Andrzej Nowicki was not involved in studies on the principle of reciprocity, it holds a prominent position in incontrology. Its positive version (Bronisław Malinowski’s do ut des) may be expressed in the following manner: I create so that you might create, too. “Whenever I take the risk of ridiculousness,” admits the originator of incontrology, “I write about myself and my achievements. I do so in order to spur ambition in my disciples and readers [...]. Try it and you might be able to do something like this as well if you want”.67 For Andrzej Nowicki the most important value is culture, the creator of which is a human being, a co-originator existing in objects created by him (works) and in other people’s minds. A human being exists in mutual relations between the authors, artists and audience of high culture.

6

Odpustenie ako recipročný vzťah

88%

Smreková D.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2018

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vol. 66

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issue 2

221-233

EN

This paper is a defence of the conception of forgiveness as a reciprocal action. This claim, though often taken for granted, deserves close examination. For J. Derrida, for instance, true forgiveness follows hyperbolic ethics, i.e. the ethics of “abundance” or “over-abundance” in which forgiveness is conferred unconditionally, regardless of the offender’s acknowledgement of his/her guilt. Contrary to this standpoint, and drawing on V. Jankélévitch and P. Ricœur, as well as on current debates on forgiveness, the paper tries to show that although guilt is transcended infinitely by forgiveness and its generosity, the forgiveness itself still must have a sense. And the latter is dependent on a personal face-to-face relationship between the one conferring forgiveness and the offender.

DE

Gegenstand des Aufsatzes ist die Verteidigung der These, dass die Vergebung ein auf Reziprozität beruhender Akt ist. Diese Behauptung ist nicht so selbstverständlich, wie es scheinen könnte. In den Intentionen der Überlegungen z. B. von J. Derrida wird die wahre Vergebung von der hyperbolischen Ethik geleitet, d.h. von der Ethik „des Überflusses“, des Übermaßes, die unbedingt verzeiht und zwar ungeachtet dessen, ob der Schuldige seine Schuld bekannte oder nicht bekannte. Im Gegensatz zu dieser Ansicht und ausgehend von Ansätzen von V. Jankélévitch, P. Ricœur, aber auch von aktuellen Diskussionen über die Vergebung soll mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag aufgezeigt werden, dass die Vergebung mit ihrer Großzügigkeit zwar die Schuld unendlich überschreitet, dabei aber Sinn haben muss. Und dieser Sinn ist bedingt durch die persönliche Beziehung „von Angesicht zu Angesicht“ zwischen dem Vergebenden und dem Schuldigen.

7

From Man as Predator to Man as Giver. Reflections on the Gift and the Self-Giving in Psychology

88%

Cavaleri P. A.

Journal for Perspectives of Economic Political and Social Integration

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2014

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vol. 19

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issue 1-2

155-163

EN

Considering the values and the cultural model today prevailing, all centred on narcissistic individualism and extreme competition, Chiara Lubich’s thought on gift and self – giving is likely to look ingenuous and absurd. However, this thought is confirmed in the secular culture of today and in particular in the psychological studies.

8

Conversion: non-réciproque – réciproque. Variantes syntaxiques

88%

Nkollo M.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

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2010

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vol. 37

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issue 2

15-27

EN

The present paper is devoted to the concept of reciprocity and to reciprocal expressions, which are divided into two main classes. Those belonging to the first of them signify reciprocity on their own, i.e. without any additional reciprocal markers. The other class contains expressions that acquire ability to refer to reciprocal states of affairs only as a result of appropriate transformations. Different reciprocal markers – grammatical, lexical and quantifying – are singled out and thoroughly characterized. Their use results in converting non-reciprocal signs into reciprocal ones. They are applied according to the part of speech of a modified term. The conclusion to be drawn from this analysis revolves around the discrepancy between morphological and syntactic means of reciprocal transformation. While the former ones are rather scanty, the latter are largely used in contemporary French.

9

Selfies and the Self

88%

Bruś T.

Autobiografia. Literatura. Kultura. Media

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2015

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issue 1(4)

117–126

EN

Film cameras made it possible for individuals to present themselves to others, to assume and feel agency, also to change it, to utilize agency to claim participation in diverse collectivities. Most recently, digital cameras have presented their users with astonishing ways to encourage but also to disseminate diverse acts of agency. In this paper the author proposes to bring to the fore the selfie (an emerging sub-genre of portraiture) as a new cultural product responsible for mediation, production, and transmission of subjectivities in the global mediascapes. Framing the subject in ways which defy ennobled aesthetic principles of photography, its cultivated artistry, selfies reconfigure and adapt ways the subject represent and understand themselves. This paper argues that selfies create visual spaces of novel modes of selfhood, of its certification and assertion.

PL

Selfie, znane również jako „selfik” czy „słiftfocia”, jest nowym rodzajem wizerunku, „autoportrecikiem” wykonanym telefonem komórkowym. Zdaniem wielu krytyków, ta „sztuka na wyciągnięcie ręki” (Jerry Saltz) rozwija się i przeobraża, zmieniając naszą samoświadomość, mowę ciała, społeczne relacje i sfery prywatności. W artykule autorka referuje stanowiska badaczy na temat nowych technologii wytwarzania tożsamości, zarysowując główne obszary tych badań, które odnoszą się do performatywnego wymiaru tworzenia wizerunku fotograficznego, praktykowania „tożsamościowego turyzmu”, a w szczególności definiowania autobiografii jako obrazu subiektywności należącego do społeczności wirtualnej.

10

Polskie koncepcje wzajemności. Wybrane problemy

88%

Łukaszyński J.

Społeczeństwo i Ekonomia

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2014

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issue 2 (2)

73-90

EN

Reciprocity is one of the central problems of numerous concepts explaining social relations. It starts from the ancient principle of reciprocity (do ut des − I give that you may give) and ends with contemporary theories of interactionism, theories of social exchange or the philosophy of the meeting. This paper presents selected problems of Polish conceptions of principle of reciprocity. There are two sorts of authors. The first sort of authors denies the value of the principle of reciprocity for contemporary social life (for example Z. Bauman and K. Szewczyk). The second refers to practical implications of the principle of reciprocity (for example M. Flis and J. Bierówka).

71%

Nowak-Far A.

Studia z Polityki Publicznej

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2017

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vol. 4

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issue 4(16)

11-29

EN

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) is a descriptive formula used to reflect on asymmetries in economic development and consequential conflict of interests arising between various states of the world. These asymmetries and conflicts of interests have their reflection in these states’ environmental policy mix – implemented domestically and pursued in the international context. The emerging map of mutual interests and dependences results from the consideration of external costs and benefits pertaining to respective national environmental policies. The EKC makes it evident that these costs and benefits cannot be evenly spread over all the states. This urges these states to adopt such interjurisdictional arrangements which are based on the identification of a possible multilateral exchange of economic policy favours and international financial transfers. Such an exchange, whenever occurs, has a generalized reciprocity formula. The function of such an arrangement is to make it possible for Nash equilibria to emerge, as such are most likely to produce the highest possible level of effectiveness in the long run. Such a behavior may not be cooperative in the short and medium term, yet the bottom-line cooperativeness is achieved because most states have similar if not the same long-term environmental goals.

PL

Środowiskowa krzywa Kuznetsa jest formułą opisu asymetrii uwarunkowań rozwoju gospodarczego i wynikających stąd sprzeczności interesów pomiędzy państwami. Owe asymetrie i sprzeczności znajdują odzwierciedlenie w realizowanej przez nie wewnętrznie i poszukiwanej w przestrzeni międzynarodowej policy mix w dziedzinie ochrony środowiska. Na mapie interesów i zależności naturalnie pojawiających się w kontekście ochrony środowiska muszą być uwzględnione korzyści i koszty zewnętrzne, które stwarza polityka ochrony środowiska poszczególnych państw. Z EKC wynika, że owe korzyści i koszty nie mogą być rozłożone równomiernie, co powoduje, że istotne jest zapewnienie takich rozwiązań międzyjurysdykcyjnych, które zapewniają identyfikację świadczeń opartych na wzajemności zgeneralizowanej i realizację ich w jakiejś formule wymagającej międzynarodowego porozumienia o wymianie świadczeń w postaci kooperatywnych elementów polityki ochrony środowiska oraz transferów finansowych. Wzajemność, o której w tym wypadku mowa, ma charakter zgeneralizowany. Jej funkcją jest zapewnienie takich równowag Nasha, które długookresowo zapewniają najwyższy poziom efektywności. Jakkolwiek wyzwala to pewien stopień niekooperatywności w krótkim i średnim okresie, to jednak nie jest ona zupełna, gdyż fundamentalne, długookresowe cele polityki środowiska większości państw są podobne.

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Przede wszystkim nie przeszkadzać

Mutual Vulnerability? Asymmetric Relationships in Biblical Anthropology

Gry a wzajemność

Wzajemność i wdzięczność

Inkontrologiczna koncepcja wzajemności

Odpustenie ako recipročný vzťah

From Man as Predator to Man as Giver. Reflections on the Gift and the Self-Giving in Psychology

Conversion: non-réciproque – réciproque. Variantes syntaxiques

Selfies and the Self

Polskie koncepcje wzajemności. Wybrane problemy

Zasada wzajemności. Wybrane problemy

Structures argumentales de prédicats N Prép N. Emplois réciproques et non réciproques

Friends doing business. An Explorative Longitudinal Case Study of Creativity and Innovation in an Italian Technology-Based Start-Up

Fiesta andina. Między sacrum a profanum

The pragmatist conception of altruism and reciprocity

A Path to a Countermovement? Forms of Integration in Polish Consumer Cooperatives

Les aspects évolutifs des exposants de la réciprocité médiévaux. Anciennes et nouvelles méthodes de recherche

What is new with mutual recognition in public law? A (post) pandemic reflection

Partnerské násilí mezi studenty vysokých škol: genderové rozdíly v páchání a viktimizaci

Środowiskowa krzywa Kuznetsa jako rama wzajemności świadczeń w polityce prawa