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Refleksje na temat niektórych problemów współczesnej kryminologii

100%

Kossowska A.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2002

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issue XXVI

7-16

EN

There seems to a pressing need for a discussion about contemporary criminology and the challenges confronting it in today’s world to be undertaken among the practitioners of this discipline. The article signposts some of the many topics around which this discussion should center. One might, for instance, ask whether the findings of studies carried out to date are still applicable in analysis of contemporary crime which has become different in kind and degree and occurs in an immensely more complicated social reality. Many authors have indicated concern about the standard and range of theoretical discussion in contemporary criminology. Questions are also being asked about the utility of the accomplishments of theoretical criminology for description of contemporary crime and its underlying causes in the societies of late modernity. A feature of contemporary societies is the ubiquity of threats from crime defined as both an objective fact and a subjective element ofthe social consciousness. It is not only that victimization by crime is becoming increasingly widespread (which is an objective fact); a crime-driven sense of menace and fear is also spreading. This is exerting a self-evident influence on the organization of private and communal life and the functioning of formal social control. The ubiquity of fears of crime helps to boost support among the public for the doctrine of law and order in its various forms. In societies afflicted by high crime rates there has been a spread of attitudes of frustration, hostility and anger towards criminality, offenders and so-called “liberal” policies on crime. Acceptance of an expansion of the extent of formal social control (meaning in effect tougher sentencing of criminals) is on the rise. Tendencies toward politicization of the menace of crime can be very clearly observed. The adoption of tougher policies on crimo is leading in many countries to an extraordinary growth of the prison population, but has done nothing to reduce crime or abate fears. Some people talk of a “crisis of penology”. Given this situation (politicization of the problem), it might be asked whether criminology is still a socially useful discipline. Another question (and source of concern) has to do with criminologists’ ability to analyze crime in circumstances of social change. Misgivings on this matter are aroused by a tendency to concentrate on description of contemporary crime (e.g. in countries in the process of transition) than on investigation of its causes. There are, therefore, grounds for wondering about the utility of traditional criminological theories and the possibilities of accounting, at the theoretical level, of the factors underlying contemporary changes in crime. At a time of manipulation of the public’s fears of crime can criminologists make any effective contribution to formulation of policies in this field? What should the research priorities in an age of so-called “new threats” from crime? Is tere still a place for investigation of the issue of norms and values (especially in the context of the differences’ between criminals and non-criminals)? How is the state of criminology affected by internationalization of crime, advances in communications and globalization? It seems obvious that it is time embark on research projects of a cross-cultural nature – but is cooperation between criminologists hailing from decidedly differing cultural backgrounds feasible? Lastly, does criminology’s accomplishments to date entitle us to draw conclusions about contemporary crime?

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Starość znana i nieznana – wybrane refleksje nad współczesną starością

89%

Dubas E.

Rocznik Andragogiczny

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2013

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vol. R. 2013

135-152

PL

W tekście autorka podejmuje refleksje nad stanem wiedzy naukowej i społecznej świadomości na temat procesu starzenia się i starości. Szczególnie zwraca uwagę na te zagadnienia, które ukazywane są w sposób niepełny i które powinny być przedmiotem dalszych badań i analiz naukowych. Zalicza do nich fragmentaryczną wiedzę o cielesności, psychiczności i duchowości człowieka starszego, trudne tematy egzystencjalne, m.in. doświadczenie śmierci i osamotnienia, zagadnienia wymagające „weryfikacji”, np. kult młodości i zewnętrzności, potrzeby osób starszych, opieka i pomoc w starości, rola rodziny, odniesienie do rozwoju i aktywności, zmiany i pośpiechu, przewidywalność i przygotowanie do starości, a także tzw. gerontologiczne tabu: zaprzeczanie starości i duchowości, odsuwanie kwestii przemijania i transcendencji, towarzyszenie w drodze człowiekowi starszemu. Ukazuje potrzebę traktowania starości jako wartości.

EN

In the text the authoress has reflections on the state of scientific knowledge and social awareness of the topic of ageing process and old age. She particularly pays attention to the issues which are shown in an incomplete way and which should be the subject of further scientific studies and analyses. They include fragmentary knowledge of corporeality, mentality and spirituality of an elderly person, difficult existential topics, among them the experience of death and loneliness, issues requiring “verification”, e.g. the cult of youth and outsideness, the needs of the elderly, care and help in old age, the role of a family, the attitude to development and activity, change and hurry, predictability and preparing for old age and also the so called gerontological taboo: denying old age and spirituality, pushing away the question of passing and transcendentalism, accompanying an elderly person in their journey. She shows the need of treating old age as value.

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Biblioteczna mediacja pod lupą

36%

Wojciechowski J.

Biblioteka

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2019

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issue 23(32)

9-40

EN

The role of libraries in society, even though the fundamental guiding principles of librarianship remain as valid as ever, requires a rethinking and revaluation of these roles and their corresponding functions. Though there is no immediate threatof all of these roles being wiped out, still we are all prone to succumb to informationism: a non-discerning, vacuous faith that information has power when disseminated, which emphasises measurement over meaning. As a result, the myths of automation and digital hyperawareness are still to be confronted and overcome. The intermediate role of the library in communication is still as essential as ever, but now offered new services require a provision of adequate conveniences for these services. Thus, more organised order has to be introduced into the library’s overall information offer that additionally has to be verified and validated. This, in turn, requires libraries to be linked in a system. There is no doubt that traditional tasks performed by libraries, such as creation of catalogues (viewed as a highly co-ordinated effort) and further development of library research and public information, remain as valid as before. The electronic offer is only one of a number of the strong links in the transmission of information. Libraries must still support institutional forms of education and spontaneous self-education, whereas automated remote education should be treated with utmost caution by them. Appropriate support given to science and knowledge, beside interlibrary offer of printed resources, triggers a need to create a synergy between repositories and to employ library subject specialists. The final effect of communicationprocesses should provide an opportunity for creative reflection and second thoughts, additionally aided by our emotional self-awareness, facilitated by literature in general and by fiction in particular. This, in turn, makes libraries more responsive to particular tasks and assignments. Prejudices and biases that can have a negative impact on viewing libraries as a place of recreation that enables people to manage their own free time and allows them to unwind and relax should also be rejected: libraries can, and in fact should, serve this purpose as well. The same applies to their involvement, as wide as possible, in direct programs and initiatives that run alongside regular library’s services and aim at giving support and facilitate contact within the academic environment and support local integration.

PL

Rola bibliotek w społeczeństwie, pomimo kontynuacji, wymaga nowych przemyśleń. Nie grozi im zanik, ale paninformacjonizm oraz mity automatyzacji i digitalnej hiperświadomości trzeba koniecznie przezwyciężyć. Biblioteczne pośrednictwo w komunikacji jest nadal niezbędne, ale usługi wymagają znacznych udogodnień. Ogólna oferta informacyjna potrzebuje uporządkowania i weryfikacji, a do tego konieczne byłoby powiązanie bibliotek w system. Oczywiście trzeba kontynuować przedsięwzięcia bibliograficzne, tworzyć (w skoordynowaniu) katalogi oraz rozwijać biblioteczne, środowiskowe informacje użytkowe. Oferta elektroniczna to tylko jedno z ogniw informacyjnej transmisji. Biblioteki muszą nadal wspierać instytucjonalne formy edukacji oraz samokształcenie spontaniczne, natomiast odnosząc się ostrożnie do kształcenia zautomatyzowanego. Wsparcie nauki, obok międzybibliotecznej oferty zasobów piśmienniczych, wymaga tworzenia repozytoriów oraz zatrudniania bibliotekarzy dziedzinowych. Finalnym efektem procesów komunikacyjnych powinny być nowe i kreatywne refleksje, wsparte emocjonalnie, czemu sprzyjają zwłaszcza literatura piękna i ogólnie: piśmiennictwo. To zaś wyznacza bibliotekom powinności szczególne. Trzeba też odrzucić uprzedzenia wobec zadań rekreacyjnych, umożliwiających wszak zagospodarowanie czasu wolnego oraz odreagowanie zmęczenia i znużenia: biblioteki mogą i powinny służyć temu także. Jak również możliwie licznie i bogato realizować bezpośrednie programy ponadusługowe, dla wsparcia środowiskowych kontaktów i miejscowych integracji.

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1 Kossowska A.

1 Wojciechowski J.

Refleksje na temat niektórych problemów współczesnej kryminologii

Starość znana i nieznana – wybrane refleksje nad współczesną starością

Biblioteczna mediacja pod lupą