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Regionalizm w teorii i praktyce

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PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest zagadnieniu regionalizmu w kontekstach teoretycznych i praktycznych. Zdefiniowano pojęcia region i sposoby jego delimitacji oraz regionalizm w aspekcie historycznym, ideologicznym i politologicznym. Przedstawiono trzy perspektywy regionalizmu, przedmiotowe i podmiotowe ujęcie regionalizmu, opisano cztery wymiary idei regionalizmu, dokonano klasyfikacji koncepcji regionalizmu, wyjaśniono pojęcie postawy regionalistycznej. Zwrócono uwagę na aspekty funkcjonowania regionalizmu w społeczeństwie informacyjnym i obszary wykorzystania Internetu dla rozwoju działań ruchów regionalnych. W części empirycznej poddano analizie przykład pochodzący z utorskich badań sondażowych zrealizowanych w populacji mieszkańców Rzeszowa. Wybór tego miasta łączy się z działalnością Towarzystwa Przyjaciół Rzeszowa, jako jednego ze starszych i prężnie działających ruchów regionalnych na Podkarpaciu. Zaprezentowano wyniki badań dotyczące motywacji i pochodzenia imigrantów do miasta wojewódzkiego, oceny kierunków rozwoju Rzeszowa na tle innych miast oraz rankingu nowych inwestycji. Przedstawiono osiągnięcia rozwoju miasta w aspekcie gospodarczym, kulturalnym, społecznym i ekologicznym widoczne w zestawieniu nagród i laurów zdobytych przez władze miasta w konkursach i rankingach w skali ogólnoświatowej, europejskiej, krajowej i regionalnej.
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The article is devoted to the issue of regionalism in theoretical and practical contexts. The notions of the region and the ways of its delimitation and regionalism in the historical, ideological and political aspects have been defined. The paper presents three perspectives of regionalism, subjective and objective approach to regionalism, four dimensions of the idea of regionalism, classification of the concept of regionalism, as well as the concept of regionalist attitude. Attention was paid to the aspects of the functioning of regionalism in the information society and the areas of using the Internet for the development of regional movements. In the empirical part, an example from the original surveys carried out in the population of Rzeszów was analysed. The choice of this city is connected with the activity of Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Rzeszowa [Friends of Rzeszów Association], as one of the oldest and dynamically operating regional movements in Podkarpacie. The paper presents the results of the research on the motivation and origin of immigrants to the provincial city, the assessment of the development directions of Rzeszów against the background of other cities and the ranking of new investments. Achievements of the city’s development in the economic, cultural, social and ecological aspects are presented in a form of a list of awards and laurels won by the city authorities in competitions and rankings on a global, European, national and regional scale.
EN
The analysis of the regional development of Ukraine processes testifies the existence of the certain negative tendencies including deepening of interregional contradictions, growing of the imbalances and aggravation of economic and social problems of regions. Among a number of reasons for this situation the main is the absence of the integrated efficient system of the state regional policy implementation. A common statement in discourse of the regional development in Ukraine is the opposition of East and West, that is explained, first of all, by the differences of the axiological and geopolitical preferences of their population, and, not in the last turn, by the policy of the regional elite. The strengthening of the regional polarization of public attitudes in Ukraine, as a rule, is the consequence of the redistribution of powers in terms of power or the regional elite. Among the factors of differentiation of regions of Ukraine the most essential are foreign, language and cultural orientations of citizens. The urgent task of the Ukrainian state lies in the formation of the state’s policy, directed on the creation of the unifying national system of values, which would respond the desires of every Ukrainian no matter irrespective of the place of his residence, political views or the language of the communication. To achieve this one should reject the use of the social political technologies, which are based on the “search of the enemy”, and proceed to political and legal education, modern integrative political technologies of the unifying character, and common goals of the further democratic development of the Ukrainian society. In the process of the political dialogue between the representatives of the different political parties one should avoid the problems which divide the society by religion, language or other cultural and historical signs.
EN
The study’s aim is to analyze the development of the voting attitudes of residents of Zaglebie Dąbrowskie in a comparative to electoral preferences in directly adjacent to Zagłębie communities historically belonging to Upper Silesia. The focus is on the ethnic division of Silesia. In the article author has analyzed the historical experience and the characteristics of electoral preferences of people from Zagłębie, taking into account different historical experiences, social and ethnic backgrounds of the area, charged to the results of the parliamentary elections in the years 2001–2011.
EN
The aim of the article is to present the approach of Central Asian elites to the region. The analysis was based on the statements and the official documents defining foreign policy strategies. Discourse analysis was the main research tool, semantic fields analysis was used for the statements’ categorization. I argue that the Central Asian presidents use the term Central Asia and identify with the region. Nonetheless, their narratives about the region differ significantly and do not form one consistent representation. There is no agreement at the level of defining the fundamental challenges that the region is facing, as well as choosing forms of cooperation within the region.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie podejścia centralnoazjatyckich elit do kwestii regionu. Rozważania oparta na wystąpieniach oraz kluczowych dokumentach definiujących strategie polityki zagranicznej. Analiza dyskursu była podstawowym narzędziem badawczym, analiza pól semantycznych posłużyła do kategoryzacji wypowiedzi. Autor argumentuje, że centralnoazjatyccy prezydenci używają terminu Azja Centralna i identyfikują się z regionem. Niemniej jednak ich narracje na temat regionu różnią się w znacznym stopniu i nie tworzą jednego spójnego obrazu. Brakuje zgody w zakresie determinowania podstawowych wyzwań, jakie stoją przed regionem oraz wyboru form współpracy regionalnej.
EN
The article reviews various approaches to the definition of «brand». The main emphasis is made on the definition of «state’s brand», which the author explains as: state’s brand - a set of characteristics (name, term, sign, symbol, picture, slogan, etc.), which combine an idea of the country for themselves, an exclusive and positive characteristics of the country and allocate it among other countries. It has been specified the objective components of country’s brand: features of the sectoral specialization of the country, the availability of export potential, territorial location and transport development, intellectual and innovative capacity and its compliance with the objectives of the country, the level of social development, the status of the production capacity and generated investment activity, etc. It is posted to review several types of national brand typology. Requirements for the successful advancement of the country in the world are specified. The basic functions to be performed by the successful brand are highlighted. Also it is taken into account the principles of successful positioning. Author highlighted the definition of «regional brand» and «political and communicative mechanisms». The importance of sensible information policy for the development and promotion of individual brands of the country is emphasized. The author points to the areas tourist attraction as a factor in building a successful brand of the country. The examples of national brands of Poland and Estonia are under analysis.
EN
The aim of this article is working out of the theoretical and methodological framework of the investigation of productivity and efficiency in the regional economics, namely: 1) definition of terms and explanation of the essence of concepts “productivity” and “efficiency” in regional economic science; 2) empirical interpretation and search of the most corresponding to the terminological background method of measuring of the productivity and efficiency of regions; 3) identification of theories capable to explain the phenomena of the productivity and efficiency of regions. The results of the authors’ research showed that the productivity of region is defined as it’s ability to create as many as possible products in time unit, while the efficiency is the economical term that takes into account the amount of the factors of production utilizied in the productional process. Productivity / efficiency of a region is not only the sum of the productivity / efficiency of elements functioning in this region, as contains a certain “delta” - synergy effect (for the factors of production), agglomeration effect (for economical subjects) or concentration effect (for industries of economy). Always economically backward Latgale region is not with the lowest productivity calculated by the GDP per 1 km2 of a region’s territory ñ by this indicator less successful in Latvia is Vidzeme region. But by the earning index, calculated taking into account the industry structure of employment in a region, exactly the Latgale region as usually occupies the last place in Latvia, and the Riga region ñ the first one. By the efficiency in Latvia the Riga region leads expectantly, almost 2 times exceeding the efficiency of Pieriga region, and more than 3 times, ñ the efficiency of Latgale region. But lowest efficiency in Latvia is not in the Latgale region, but once more in Vidzeme region. Classic theory of production, and also neoclassical theory of growth, theory of endogenous growth, models of “new economic geography” and approach of resources-assets-capital can be applied for the theoretical basis of the investigation of the productivity and especially of the efficiency of regions. The novelty of this research is an attempt of the authors ñ firstly in Latvian economic science ñ to investigate systematically productivity and efficiency of regions with equivalent presentation of terms in Russian, Latvian and English.
EN
In the late 20th – early 21st centuries, sociologists more and more frequently are using the theory of capital, the development of which was greatly contributed by Pierre Bourdieu. In the article, there are substantiated the necessity and the possibility to use the theory of capital evaluating and analyzing situations in different spheres of social life, including employment, labour migration. In 2012, the sociologists of the Institute of Social Research, Daugavpils University, carried out a research project “Aggregate Capital, Its Structure and Relation to Labour Migration”, where the theory of total capital was widely used. The project was aimed to evaluate the volume and structure of the total capital of Latgale region’s inhabitants, taking into account state’s needs for its social and economical development and different needs of region’s inhabitants, in particular connected to the labour migration. Using results of different studies aiming to examine the competiveness of employed part of Latvians as well as the role of different types of capital, hypothesis has been highlighted – basis for growth of the human capital (at the same time for the growth of financial and social wellbeing of region’s inhabitants) is the cultural capital of family. Executing the study basic hypothesis has been acknowledged: in the modern environment of the “society of knowledge”, having a high proportion of the services sector, the basis for the growth of the human capital (that in fact has a direct effect on the economical capital) is the cultural capital of personality. For the major part of economically active inhabitants the cultural capital is not only a source of social and moral benefits, but also a source of financial income. Also additional hypothesis has been proved – higher predisposition for the labour migration is more typical for economically active region’s inhabitants with fairly high amounts of some indicators of the total capital, especially physical capital, but with comparatively lower amount of the cultural capital, which could transform into the human capital, and further into the economical capital in Latgale or Latvia.
PL
W artykule podjęto próbę określenia czynników wpływających na konkurencyjność regionu. Poziom konkurencyjności odniesiono do regionu Warmii i Mazur. Dokonano przeglądu literatury przedmiotu, dotyczącego konkurencyjności regionu, a na bazie wyników empirycznych określono główne czynniki konkurencyjności regionu Warmii i Mazur.
EN
The aim of this article is to stipulate factors fostering region competitiveness. The level of such competitiveness is based upon the Warmia and Mazury region. The review of literature on region competitiveness was done. Based upon the research results the main factors fostering region competitiveness were evaluated.
PL
zróżnicowanie, wynagrodzenia, płace, województwo, region, działy gospodarki narodowej, przemysł, grupy zawodów, pracownik, pracodawca.
EN
diversity, salaries, wages, state, region, branches of the national economy, industry, professions, employee, employer.
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