Search results

1

Jaka jest tożsamość wielkopolska?

100%

Cichocki P.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2012

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issue 1(342)

87-99

EN

The present paper takes up the discussion concerning the regional identity in Wielkopolska on three distinct but overlapping planes. Firstly, the author characterizes the available survey data pertaining to the sense of connectedness to the region. Secondly, the question of structure and range of those regional bonds is posed. In the final section, some arguments are put forward concerning the functionality of regional identity with respect to the overall developmental challenges faced by Wielkopolska. The analyses lead to the conclusion that while the existence of comparatively strong regional bonds seems undeniable, this set of socially shared beliefs remains weak both in terms of its structure and content. In this sense, what remains the challenge for the research on regional identity in Wielkopolska is not so much the diagnosis of the commonly held subjective auto-stereotypes, as rather the question of the ways in which the regional identity could be enriched and strengthened.

2

Edukacja regionalna a przemiany społeczności przemysłowych – tworzenie tradycji jako wyzwanie edukacyjne – na przykładzie Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego

80%

Rusek H.

Pogranicze. Studia Społeczne

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2017

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vol. 30

EN

Many regions of Europe are witnessing the reconstruction of regional identity, especially in places where radical social, cultural and economic changes occur. Economic restructuring is a factor of particular importance – it has always affected the stability of units such as a region, town and sometimes even a country. In Poland, this is well visible in the Silesian Voivodship, including in one of its sub-regions, the Dąbrowa Basin, presented in the paper. This young region, created as a result of 19-century pan-European industrialization, is inhabited mainly by descendants of immigrants from rural and small-town areas of Lesser Poland (Małopolska). Attempts have begun in many local groups and circles to strengthen the region’s identity – a process often accompanied by the creation of this identity and by inventing and hand-picking passages of the region’s history that serve this purpose. This poses a significant challenge for regional education where a serious dilemma appears: how to tackle invented tradition, how to evaluate it and what functions to assign to it.

3

Who am I? Identifications and social identities Upper Silesia case

80%

Szczepański M. S., Śliz A.

Nauka

|

2018

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issue 1

EN

For centuries, identity has been an important existential issue, because it organizes human relation with the world. Identity is not only one man's being in a biological sense, but the principle of social and cultural order. The identity is the self-awareness, the result of the social actor's involvement in a variety of network connections which are forming a human being together with the biological dimension. Thus, the identity, on the one hand, is a kind of Erikson's tradition, namely the sense of being human, on the other hand interactionist tradition, modification of identity through a process of interaction. Contemporary world, the world of confronting cultures, raises the need for analysis of identity within many cultures, which has been shaped by continuous contact with different values, norms, patterns of behaviour. Upper Silesia has been our empirical reference point for the discussion on social (regional) identity. Identity of Upper Silesia is the result of a long and complicated history and present day. This identity is created by Polish, German, Czech and Jewish a cultural elements.

4

The Discovery of Alsatian Space in the Regionalist Art Historiography of the First Half of the 20thCentury

80%

Trifescu V.

Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 2

241-254

EN

Our paper tries to analyse the way in which the regional identity of art historiography in Alsace came into being in the 20th century. Similarly to Transylvania, Alsace represented a highly disputed territory, being claimed by two hostile nations. We shall focus upon the regionalist point of view, which used to be overshadowed by the official nationalist discourse of the centres, Paris and Berlin. We shall examine the way in which a regional identity was invented through works of art. Regionalist art historians did no longer speak of the existence of French or German art in Alsace, but of the existence of an Alsatian art individualized within European art. We shall also emphasise the role the genius loci and regional geography played in forging this new identity.

5

Současné úkoly etnologie při vnímání etnografického regionu veřejností (na příkladu Lašska)

80%

Michalička V.

Národopisný věstník

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2011

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vol. 28_(70)

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issue 2

25-30

EN

This contribution will contemplate the issue of the contemporary tasks of ethnology with respect to the perception of ethnographic region in the general public. Particular attention will be paid to the role of professional coverage of one-of-a-kind regions in the process of formation of specifics of the given regions and in the promotion of regional identity. During the first half of the 20th century, there were attempts to created regional monographs that affected the perception of the local regions by the local people. regions that lack more complex coverage by professional ethnographers provide free and unrestricted space for numerous ethnologists and business entities. It often leads to the creation of a fake image of cultural history of the region. Moreover, local people identify themselves with the false interpretation and presentation. the contribution aims to assess the situation, taking as an example the ethnographical region of Lašsko, in case of which the insufficient professional coverage of the topic led to numerous interpretations that distorted cultural awareness in many citizens of the region.

6

Kształtowanie tożsamości regionalnej mieszkańców Podkarpacia - zarys problematyki

80%

Hejda D.

Dydaktyka Polonistyczna

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2018

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issue 4 (13)

162-170

EN

The article contains terminological findings regarding regional identity. The author explains what the formation of regional identity consists in. It discusses selected elements of the cultural identification of the Podkarpacie region, which cognition may form the basis of regional education.

7

Proměny způsobu života na Hlučínsku v mezigenerační perspektivě

70%

Kubátová H.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2014

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vol. 101

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issue 2

209-231

EN

The study resumes selected results of qualitative research of cross-generational transformations of lifestyle in the region of Hlučín. Its goal is to contribute to the knowledge of the situation when modernization influences in the area of lifestyle meet traditional, often conservative values.

8

Gruomota: the influence of politics and nationalism on the development of written Latgalian in the long nineteenth century (1772–1918)

70%

Gibson C.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

|

2013

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issue 43

EN

Gruomota: the influence of politics and nationalism on the development of written Latgalian in the long nineteenth century (1772–1918)Latgale, the southeast region of Latvia, has a distinct ethnoregional identity largely due to the wide- spread use of the Latgalian language/dialect. The status of Latgalian as a language/dialect is highly politicised in Latvia today, yet this is not only a twenty-first century phenomenon. Since its inception as a written language in the mid-eighteenth century, the development of written Latgalian has been strongly influenced by politics and nationalism. This is an exploratory paper, which traces the impact of politics and nationalism on the development of written Latgalian throughout the long nineteenth century, a period in which the region was administered by three political regimes (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Russian Empire, First Republic of Latvia). Transnational perspectives are used to contextualise the development of written Latgalian with the development of other written languages in the vicinity (Belarusian, Latvian, Lithuanian, and Samogitian), and to open up the field for further comparative studies on the development of non-national written languages/dialect. Latgale is a borderland region often neglected in mainstream Latvian scholarship, and by extension, even more so outside Latvia. This paper hopes to go some way to rectifying this. Gramota: wpływ polityki i nacjonalizmu na rozwój łatgalskiego języka literackiego w długim wieku XIX (1772–1918)Łatgalię, południowo-wschodni region Łotwy, cechuje odrębna tożsamość etniczno-regionalna, przede wszystkim z racji powszechnego na tym terenie używania języka/dialektu łatgalskiego. Status łatgalskiego jako języka/dialektu stanowi w dzisiejszej Litwie w dużej mierze kwestię o wymiarze politycznym, aczkolwiek nie jest to zjawisko, które pojawiło się dopiero w XX stuleciu. Łatgalski już od czasu swych narodzin jako język literacki w połowie XVIII wieku pozostawał pod silną presją polityki oraz nacjonalizmów. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu prześledzenie oddziaływania polityki i nacjonalizmu na kształtowanie się literackiej odmiany języka łatgalskiego w ciągu „długiego wieku XIX” – okresu, w którym region ten podlegał administracji rządowej sprawowanej przez trzy systemy polityczne (Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów, Imperium Rosyjskie, Pierwsza Republika Litewska). Spojrzenie na omawiane zagadnienie z perspektywy ponadnarodowej pozwala stworzyć kontekst rozwoju łatgalskiego języka literackiego w odniesieniu do innych języków literackich formujących się w bliskim jego sąsiedztwie (białoruskiego, łotewskiego, litewskiego i semigalskiego), jak też otworzyć pole dla kolejnych studiów porównawczych nad kształtowaniem się nienarodowych języków/dialektów literackich. Łatgalia stanowi region pograniczny, zwykle zaniedbywany przez główny nurt nauki łotewskiej, a tym bardziej w dociekaniach naukowych poza granicami Łotwy. Niniejszy artykuł ma za zadanie choć w pewnej mierze stan ten naprawić.

9

Wybrane koncepcje regionu w socjologii polskiej

70%

Poniedziałek J.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

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2015

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issue 46

EN

Selected concepts of the region in Polish sociologyThe aim of this article is to present the most important concepts of region in Polish sociology. It is also description of inspirations derived from XIX centuries ethnography and as well as sociology which focused its attention on regions before World War II. Early concepts developed by historiography and ethnology, that underlined such differentiators of region as social awareness and distinct folk culture, were used in sociology which developed in the interwar period in Poland. After World War II the most of sociological studies of regions based on definitions of a phenomenon which described it as a private homeland of regional community that is integrated by regional identity. Such community lives at a territory which is a type of physical container for identity and culture. A region is physical space in which a regional community meets its needs, it is a concept of region used by an inclusive and Marxist version of modernization theory. The first concepts mentioned above emphasized regional awareness superstructured on regional patterns of satisfying needs, while the latter objectively existing structure of a regional economy and society. Recently an institutional perspective has been developed. Such theoretical perspective makes us see a region in terms of relational qualities of regional space, institutions, society and created in public discourse symbols and myths. Wybrane koncepcje regionu w socjologii polskiej Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie najważniejszych koncepcji regionu w polskiej socjologii. To również opis inspiracji pochodzących z XIX-wiecznej etnografii oraz socjologii, zainteresowała się regionem jeszcze przed II wojną światową. Wczesne koncepcje rozwinięte przez historię i etnologię, podkreślające takie wyróżniki regionu jak społeczna świadomość oraz specyficzna ludowa kultura, używane były przez rozwijającą się w okresie międzywojennym socjologię. Po drugiej wojnie światowej większość socjologicznych studiów nad regionem wykorzystywała koncepcję regionu, w której definiowano go jako prywatną ojczyznę regionalnej społeczności, która integrowana jest przez regionalną tożsamość. Taka zbiorowość zamieszkuje terytorium traktowane jako fizyczny pojemnik tożsamości i kultury. Region to przestrzeń fizyczna, na której regionalna zbiorowość zaspokaja swoje potrzeby, to koncepcja regionu wykorzystywana przez integralną i marksistowską wersję teorii modernizacji. Pierwsze ze wspomnianych ujęć podkreślało ważność regionalnej świadomości nadbudowanej nad regionalnymi wzorami zaspokajania potrzeb, drugie obiektywnie istniejące struktury regionalnej gospodarki i zbiorowości. Ostatnio rozwija się perspektywa instytucjonalna, która każe widzieć region w kategoriach relacyjnych związków przestrzeni, instytucji, zbiorowości regionalnej oraz wytwarzanych w publicznym dyskursie symboli i mitów.

10

Tożsamość śląska i jej przemiany pod wpływem globalizacji

70%

Sagan R.

Studia Etnologiczne i Antropologiczne

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2014

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vol. 14

253-271

EN

The article presents the results of research concerning the Silesian identity in Katowice. The results obtained allowed the point group of residents of the city, whose identity is subject to change strongest today. Spatial analysis of the data also identified areas similar to each other in terms of the perception of the individual elements of the Silesian identity. Distinguished: os. Witosa, Podlesie and Szopienice-Burowiec as neighborhoods where most residents are attached to the region and the regional identity is strongest.

11

Symbole w społeczności regionu Zagłębia Dąbrowskiego

70%

Walancik M.

Studia Edukacyjne

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2018

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issue 49

121-143

EN

The author attempts to characterize the region of Zagłębie Dąbrowskie, a region on the border between Silesia and Lesser Poland in geographical and cultural sense. He draws attention to the symbolism of the region and its acquaintance and significance in regional identity.

12

Identities with Historical Regions – are they Adapting to Modern Administrative Division? The Case of Ukraine

70%

Gnatiuk O., Melnychuk A.

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2019

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vol. 26

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issue 1

175-194

EN

Historical regions remain the most common basis for the formation or promotion of regional identities in Europe. However, regions and regional identities are in the process of constant formation and can change significantly in line with new conditions. In this paper we focused on the changes of the spatial spread of identities with historical regions in Ukraine in comparison to the initial boundaries of those. The results show that identities with historical regions are markedly adapting to modern administrative boundaries. At the same time, the symbolic value of historical regions constitutes an essential element of identity building in contemporary administrative regions.

13

Obraz Zakonu Krzyżackiego w ikonografii podręcznikowej Polski, Niemiec, Litwy i Rosji w XX wieku

70%

Lewandowska I.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2020

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issue 1(307)

98-120

EN

The article was written on the basis of source materials gathered for the purposes of the international project “Pruzzenland [ziemie pruskie]. Porównawcza analiza regionalnych konstrukcji tożsamości w podręcznikach szkolnych Niemiec, Polski, Litwy i Rosji,” executed in the years 2010–2013 by the Georg–Eckert–Instytut in Braunschweig (Germany) and the Institute of History and International Relations at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in cooperation with partners in Russia (Moscow) and Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas). The research aims at a comparative analysis of school handbooks that were one of the most important means of shaping the identity of the young generation in the 20th and 21st centuries. A total of 740 handbooks in four languages was analysed. The resulting two monographies, one in Polish and one in German, differ slightly in terms of content but are based on the same source material. The works analyse several main topoi: Prussian landscape, specificity of Prussian tribes, battle of Grunwald, issues of religion, canon of important figures across the ages, migrations in the 20th century, history of education and contemporary Polish education regarding the region. Since both monographes do not use the available illustrative materials extensively, this text analyses the image of the Teutonic Order in handbook iconography. The library search that preceded the writing process consisted in analysing scanned pages from handbooks gathered within the project. Not all 288 handbooks included therein regarded the Middle Ages or the modern times, which chronologically encompass the operations of the Order. Some of those publications have very general titles and only browsing through them allowed for the identification that they actually regard later times.

14

Roviny novodobé lužickosrbské etnické identity

61%

Šatava L.

Český lid: etnologický časopis (Český lid: Ethnological journal)

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2016

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vol. 103

|

issue 3

419-436

EN

The text concentrates on issues concerning the beginnings, development and current situation of the Sorbian ethnicity and ethnic identity in the region of Lusatia (Germany) from 1800 to the present. The given phenomenon is observed throughout the course of the 19th century which: 1) accelerated the transformation of Sorbs into the modern era ethnic group, enabling them to undergo a relatively successful “national revival”; 2) the same period, however, saw the acceleration of the language and ethnic assimilation (Germanization). Furthermore, attention is paid to the development, specifi c features, quests, possibilities and limits in the field of Sorbian ethnic consciousness in the 20th and 21st centuries; emphasis is laid on the present-day situation. Closer analyses and ensuing interpretations focus on social and psychological factors of the given problem range, as well as on political connotations. A dichotomous situation between the primordial and (post) modernist approaches to understanding ethnicity in Lusatia is also commented on in detail. Finally, the role of Sorbian elements as the common denominator of Lusatian regionalism is dealt with as well.

15

Komodifikace venkova a utváření identity regionu

61%

Delín M., Pospěch P.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2016

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vol. 52

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issue 2

209-235

EN

This paper focuses on the commodification and marketisation of Czech rural areas and on the consequences these processes have for regional identities. Through a case study of a Local Action Group (LAG), the paper traces the construction of rurality and the ways in which rurality is employed as an identity tool and a market commodity. The study is grounded in a constructivist approach in rural sociology, emphasising the multiplicity of meanings ascribed to the rural by stakeholders. The study highlights the identity politics produced by rural development programmes and the implications these have for defining regional borders and for the very notion of ‘rurality’. Commodification gives rise to a sphere of cultural economics, whereby the past and natural and cultural heritage are sold on the market. The establishment of a certified brand of regional products is an important tool of cultural economics. Two layers of identity are traced in the study of this process (and of the activities of the LAG in general). The paper argues that the tension between the layers of marketised identity and quasi-natural identity reflects the tension between professional and lay discourses of rurality.

16

National and Regional Identity in Kaliningrad Oblast from the Cross-border Perspective

61%

Zieliński M. J.

Lithuanian Foreign Policy Review

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2015

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vol. 34

|

issue 1

109-134

EN

The article analyses the notion of national and regional identity of contemporary inhabitants of Kaliningrad Oblast, as seen by local government officials, NGO activists and researchers living and working in the Polish cities of Elbląg and Gdańsk. For the purposes of the article, nine in-depth interviews were chosen conducted. The article takes into account interviewees’ opinions based on their experience, everyday cooperation with institutions and private contacts with individuals from Kaliningrad Oblast. The main question addressed is to what extent inhabitants of Kaliningrad Oblast are perceived to be different from their compatriots from other regions of Russia in matters constituting national community: narrative of history, tradition, symbols etc. The role of the Local Small Border Traffic Agreement (LBTA) between Poland and Russia, which has served as an important means of facilitating cross-border contacts, was also evaluated. The article demonstrates that despite come regional peculiarities the most prevailing level of identity in Kaliningrad Oblast is that related to the feeling of belonging to the Russian nation.

17

Fenomen śląskiej etniczności jako postkolonialna emancypacja

61%

Geisler R.

Border and Regional Studies

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2015

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vol. 3

|

issue 2

105-116

PL

Fenomen śląskiej tożsamości narodowej czy etnicznej pojawił się w rezultacie rozwoju demokracji w Polsce pod koniec XX wieku. Zainicjowane w tym czasie procesy rozwoju organizacji społecznych i politycznych na szczeblu lokalnym i regionalnym przyczyniły się do ewolucji świadomościowej ich członków. W kontekście historycznych uwarunkowań regionu Śląska, zainicjowano debatę publiczną na temat poczucia identyfikacji narodowej/etnicznej mieszkańców tegoż regionu. Kreowanie tejże tożsamości oparte zostało na mobilizacji społecznej zaproponowanej przez liderów. Artykuł wykorzystuje postkolonialną perspektywę teoretyczną do analizy rosnącej identyfikacji ze śląską tożsamością narodową.

EN

Silesian national or ethnic phenomena appeared as result of democracy development in Poland at the end of XX century. That time started processes of development of social and political organizations at local and regional level caused to evolution of consciousness their members. In the historical context of Silesia, there initiated the public debate on national/ethnic identity of inhabitants’ in the region. Creation of such identity based on social mobilization proposed by leaders of organization. The paper analyse increasing silesian national identity in the postcolonial perspective.

18

Pole, habitus i imago regionis: propozycja alternatywnego podejścia do analizy regionu

61%

Gąsior-Niemiec A.

Studia Regionalne i Lokalne

|

2004

|

issue 4(18)

13-36

PL

Odnosząc się do polskiej regionalizacji z perspektywy integracji europejskiej i globalizacji, artykuł proponuje model analizy regionu oparty na myśli teoretycznej Pierre'a Bourdieu i Anssi Paasiego. Kluczowe kategorie modelu to region jako pole społeczne nowej generacji, wytwarzany w jego obrębie habitus regionalny oraz imago regionis nowa forma tożsamości regionalnej. Główny proces analizowany za pośrednictwem modelu to wielofazowa instytucjonalizacja regionu, w wyniku której zyskuje on swoistą tożsamość. Tożsamość ta funkcjonuje z jednej strony w wymiarze marketingu terytorialnego, z drugiej zaś wchodzi w interakcję ze wzorami mentalnymi i behawioralnymi w ramach regionalnego habitusu, warunkując potencjał adaptacyjny i innowacyjny regionalnej społeczności. Proponowane podejście z jednej strony pozwala ujmować region w perspektywie zmiany globalnej, z drugiej zaś strony zwraca uwagę na możliwość lokalnej modyfikacji warunków, w których się ona dokonuje. Podtrzymując znaczenie czynników społeczno-kulturowych w analizie regionu, jednocześnie umożliwia wyjście poza wąsko pojętą perspektywę tożsamości kulturowej, która dominuje w socjologicznie zorientowanych badaniach nad regionami.

EN

Referring to the Polish regionalization from the perspective of European integration and globalization, the paper proposes a model of regional analysis based on theoretical conceptions of Pierre Bourdieu and Anssi Paasi. Region as a social field of new generation, regional habitus constructed within it and an imago regionis as a new type of regional identity are the key concepts of the proposed model. Multi-stage institutionalization of region, which results in an idiosyncratic regional identity, is the main process analysed by means of the model. The identity functions on the one hand at the level of territorial marketing, on the other it interacts with mental and behavioural patterns constitutive of regional habitus, conditioning adaptive and innovative potential of regional communities. The proposed approach enables to see region in the perspective of global change on the one hand, while on the other, it draws attention to possibilities of local modification of the conditions, within which it is implemented. While it sustains the weight of socio-cultural factors in regional analyses, at the same time it makes it possible to reach beyond narrowly conceived perspective of cultural identity, dominant in sociologically minded studies of regions.

19

Subjects of the empress. Wider context of regional history education on East Prussia and identity processes in contemporary Kaliningrad oblast

61%

Zieliński M. J.

Sprawy Narodowościowe

|

2018

|

issue 50

EN

Subjects of the empress. Wider context of regional history education on East Prussia and identity processes in contemporary Kaliningrad oblastPolitical, economic and social changes brought about by the dissolution of the Soviet Union have had a significant impact on Kaliningrad Oblast, the empire’s westernmost territory of geostrategic importance. Formerly belonging to the German province of East Prussia, the region was meant to become Sovietised completely. The end of the Cold War led to a complete bankruptcy of such policies. At the turn of the 80s and 90s the emergence of a grass-roots interest in the officially forbidden parts of the Oblast’s history made the question of the relation between its pre-war and post-war past up-to-date. Its topicality was strengthened after the 2005-2006 commemorations of founding the city of Königsberg and Kaliningrad Oblast, in which both central and regional authorities were heavily involved. This paper aims at identifying how elements of the history of East Prussia have been selected, interpreted and incorporated into the regional history education course books in contemporary Kaliningrad Oblast. It argues that the growing criticism of the course books’ contents has been related to Russia’s domestic situation since the 2012 presidential election and the tensions with the West after 2014. Both events have hastened the process of forming and cementing the so-called new Russian conservatism which has had a growing influence on the Baltic semiexclave. Poddani cesarzowej. Szeroki kontekst regionalnej edukacji historycznej na temat Prus Wschodnich a procesy tożsamościowe we współczesnym obwodzie kaliningradzkimZmiany polityczne, gospodarcze i społeczne spowodowane rozpadem Związku Sowieckiego wywarły głęboki wpływ na obwód kaliningradzki, najdalej wysunięty na zachód obszar imperium o dużym znaczeniu geostrategicznym. Obwód, wcześniej wchodzący w skład niemieckich Prus Wschodnich, miał zostać całkowicie zsowietyzowany. Koniec zimnej wojny doprowadził do bankructwa takiej polityki. Na przełomie lat osiemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych pojawienie się oddolnego zainteresowania oficjalnie zakazanymi częściami historii obwodu spowodowało, że pytanie o stosunek między jego przeszłością przedwojenną i powojenną stało się bardzo aktualne. Ten stan został wzmocniony po uroczystościach związanych z założeniem miasta Królewiec i obwodu kaliningradzkiego w latach 2005-2006, w które zaangażowały się zarówno władze centralne, jak i regionalne. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu prześledzenie, w jaki sposób elementy historii Prus Wschodnich zostały wybrane, zinterpretowane i włączone do podręczników poświęconych historii regionu we współczesnym obwodzie kaliningradzkim. Autor argumentuje, że rosnąca krytyka treści podręczników związana jest z sytuacją wewnętrzną Rosji po wyborach prezydenckich w 2012 roku oraz rosnącymi napięciami w stosunkach z państwami zachodnimi. Obydwa wydarzenia przyspieszyły proces kształtowania i krzepnięcia tak zwanego nowego rosyjskiego projektu konserwatywnego, który wywiera coraz większy wpływ na bałtycką półeksklawę.

20

Languages and Dialects as Part of Regional Identity and Cultural Heritage (on the Example of the Czech Republic)

61%

Šimečková M.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2022

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vol. 32

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issue 2

114 - 124

EN

The aim of the paper is to determine whether languages and their territorial dialects are intangible cultural heritage or not. Excerpts from the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage have been argued, as well as specific entries on the UNESCO lists, in which languages and dialects appear as intangible cultural heritage independently or as part of more complex items. The definition of intangible cultural heritage, as formulated in the aforementioned Convention, has been found to entirely correspond to the nature of dialects – these are considered by the general public as part of cultural heritage, passed down from generation to generation, reshaped by various threatening factors, and they provide people with a sense of identity and continuity. Several options for the preservation of dialects in terms of their documentation and presentation by dialectologists and laypersons were presented. At the same time, attention was drawn to potential consequences of active protection through legislation channels, especially to the undesirable conservation of a certain state without taking into account natural language development and to the need for canonization leading to the creation of an artificial language hyper-standard.

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