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LA
Antiqua doctrina de mortuorum animis nova in corpora redeuntibus, quae a plerisque „metempsychosis”, a nonnullis autem „reincarnatio” vocatur, in Platonis philosophia morali magni momenti est. In operibus suis Plato doctrinam eam variis historiis mythicis exponit. Quid philosophus fabulis illis explicare contenderit, quales quaestiones nobis ante oculos posuerit qualesque solutiones dederit in hac commentatione cogitatur.
EN
The article describes key topics of discourse between a philosopher and an atheist Jean-François Revel and his son, Matthieu Ricard, a biologist and a Buddhist monk. It concerns similarities and differences between empirical science, philosophy and religion, mostly Tibetan Buddhism. They discussed status of consciousness and possibility of rebirth (reincarnation). The result of it was that both Revel and Ricard kept their positions. Ricard could not persuade Revel to his arguments, which his father regarded as propositions of faith.
EN
The present article analyses issue of tulku or people regarded as reincarnations of Tibetan masters. It shows meaning of the tulkus in Tibetan Buddhism, and character of traditional education of monks (all tulkus have to be monks during their school years). The main concern of the author is criticism of tulku educational system, both in Tibet and outside it. What was already mentioned by other authors (corruption, violence against young tulkus) in feudal Tibet is reproduced in Tibetan monasteries outside Tibet. Some young tulkus, especially those who have been recognized in the West, do not accept tulku system. Few of them quitted monkhood, and some even rejected Buddhism.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł analizuje zagadnienie tulku, czyli ludzi uważanych za reinkarnacje tybetańskich mistrzów. Pokazuje znaczenie tulku w buddyzmie tybetańskim i charakter tradycyjnej edukacji mnichów (wszyscy tulku muszą być mnichami w czasie nauki w szkole). Przedmiotem zainteresowania autora jest krytyka systemu edukacyjnego tulku, zarówno w Tybecie, jak i poza nim. Tekst pokazuje, że to, co było przedmiotem krytyki ze strony innych autorów opisujących feudalny Tybet (korupcja, przemoc wobec młodego tulku), nadal stanowi problem w klasztorach buddyjskich poza Tybetem. Kilku młodych tulku zrzuciło szaty mnisie, a część z nich porzuciła buddyzm.
EN
The aim of this article is to show what the standpoint of Christianity in first centuries was among pagan conviction and teaching about reincarnation and metempsychosis. The author of this dissertation analyses Tertullian’s treatise On the Soul in context of Plato’ Dialogues. The first part of article puts in order meaning of terms: life after the death, immortality, resurrection, metempsychosis, metensomatosis, palingenesis, reincarnation, pre-existence of the soul. In the second part are discussed most important aspects of Plato’ view on the soul. Then are presented arguments (15) which Tertullian used to criticize Plato’ teaching about ideas and theory of anamnesis and to overthrow theory of reincarnation and metempsychosis. The conclusion takes recollection of standpoint and documents of the Church with reference to discussed matters.
PL
Motyw maski – ważny wskaźnik zmian i przedmiot rozważań – należy do kultury XX wieku. Obraz maski i temat maskarady wykorzystują twórcy – przedstawiciele różnych tradycji narodowych – w wybranych formach gatunkowych. Maskarada wiąże się z kłamstwem, reinkarnacją, z problemami realnymi i nierealnymi, utratą własnej tożsamości. Popularność motywu maski w literaturze dwudziestowiecznej jest wyjątkowa: maska występuje na poziomie tematu, motywu, struktury obrazu, sposobu tworzenia utworu. Na przykład, w sztukach Kondrata Krapiwy pojawia się motyw maski i maskarada jako zespół zjawisk kulturowych w literaturze narodowej.
EN
The mask motif which became a significant element of the 20th century culture is not only an important indicator of paradigmatic change, but also a subject of reflection. Artists of different national and cultural backgrounds often use the image of the mask in various genre forms. Masquerade theme is associated with deception, reincarnation, the problems of the real and unreal, the loss of identity. The range of application of the mask motif in the 20th century literature is very wide: the mask may be present on the thematic or motif level, or on the level of image structure. For example, Kondrat Krapiva’s plays “Who Laughs Last,” “My Dear Fellow,” “The Gate of Immortality” use the mask motif, the masquerade theme as a complex of cultural phenomena of national literature.
Vox Patrum
|
2008
|
vol. 52
|
issue 1
593-605
PL
Artykuł w swej treści jest przypomnieniem głęboko zakorzenionych w kulturze Zachodu idei dotyczących eschatologii, które zostały wprowadzone do tradycji myśli europejskiej poprzez twórczość Platona. Obejmują one problemy związane z sądem pośmiertnym i retrybucją za czyny dokonane za życia, z reinkarnacją i preegzystencją. Uwzględniając główne idee antropologiczne zawarte w pismach Platona autor przedstawia te treści, które odnoszą się w nich do celu życia ludzkiego i losów człowieka po śmierci. W ramach tych ostatnich omawia zagadnienia związane z sądem - sędziowie i miejsce sądu, wyrok i miejsce przeznaczenia: Tartar i niebo, następnie zasadę retrybucji, wielkość i czas trwania kary, reinkarnację i powrót do nowego życia na ziemi, możliwość wpływania przez swoje postępowanie za życia na swe przeznaczenie po śmierci. Wreszcie po omówieniu obrazów mitologicznych została przedstawiona zasada oceny ich przydatności dla ukazania eschatologii człowieka. Opiera się ona na uwzględnieniu relacji między literackim mitem a wypływającą z niego nauką. Istotną dla zrozumienia tej relacji jest świadomość, że mit ma wymiar symboliczny, ponieważ nie może wyrazić całej prawdy. Zgodnie z określeniem podanym przez Apollodora jest on opowiadaniem zmyślonym obrazującym prawdę. Jako takie służy możliwie szerokiemu ukazaniu odbiorcy o prostym umyśle tego, do czego filozof dochodzi w abstrakcyjnym rozumowaniu, a tym samym pozwala przejść od tego, co jest w punkcie wyjścia obrazem zmysłowym do rzeczywistości niepostrzegalnej zmysłami.
EN
The theory of reincarnation is one of the elements of eastern religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism, however in recent decades this concept have become very popular in Europe and North America Greek philosopher Plato also believed in reincarnation, however his theory was criticized by Aristotle. This article discusses the main philosophical assumptions that need to be accepted by those who believe in reincarnation. Then these assumptions are compared with the concept of soul described by St. Thomas Aquinas. In Summa Contra Gentiles some arguments against the theory of reincarnation can be found. St. Thomas Aquinas believed that each soul can be connected only to one body, whereas Plato argued that the soul can travel from one body to another. People who believe in reincarnation often claim that the animals possess immortal soul. According to Aquinas animals do not have immortal soul. Plato believed that the soul loses memory while entering new body, yet according to St. Thomas Aquinas people don’t lose any memories when there are born but rather they start acquiring new information. This aspects are further explained and evaluated.
EN
The paper presents issues concerning the so-called “mystical” creative period of Juliusz Słowacki. By analyzing and interpreting one of the poems of the Słowacki – poem The history of Sofos and Helion, tried to identify the role of theological context on significance and meaning of the poem. The author of article, used a lot of references to religion (for example – to gnosis), as well as references to the wider cultural context.
EN
Present article aims at showing the supernaturalism conception of religious systems of the East against the background of Christian supernaturalism conception based on the Word of God and the conception of New Age Movement which is built on worldview of religious systems of the East. The base of this conception diff ers from the Christian one. It is a pantheist delineation of God, so it assumes there is no real border between Him and creature. This fact changes perception of character of the creation and idea of spirituality diametrically. Because this delineation premises an emanation of divinity, not the act of Creation without violation of the essence of God, it does not mention about the real identity of human being, Divine Mercy, or eternal life at all. For humane-self is illusive and Wight is coming up for process of consecutive reincarnations, which are dependent on karma. Ergo, spirituality of the East does not base on right of reprieve and techniques that are associated with the spirituality are peculiarly gnostic, connected with enlightenment of mind and nirvana, explained by entrants of New Age as stifling or transformation of perceptorium. These ideas have been present in western notion starting from ancient Greek thought through Jewish kabbalah, Christian Gnosticism, esotericism, illuminism, theosophy, anthroposophy and so-called potential of human’s mind development characteristic of New Age’s praxis. On the other hand, transcendental meditation, yoga, reiki or martial arts base on idea of socalled divine qi energy which with suitable techniques, poises, or meditation you can tap inside you or be fulfilled with to get specified benefits, therapic powers, inner harmony, etc. It is a cosmic delineation of God regarded as macrocosm and human regarded as a microcosm defined as a hologram of surrounding reality. What is more, according to religious systems of the East and New Age Movement, human is regarded as a small piece of divine mind and direct emanation of god. They need no God’s Epiphany, tenets, or religious system which would make knowable reality objective or would mediate between them and God. From the viewpoint of this world’s vision, there can’t be any objective truth, because everyone is in possession of it proportionately to their enlightenment. Hence cognitive relativism ant toleration towards different opinions or religious systems, for ultimate instance in this perception of God and the world is only Wight, not Epiphany or any religious authority.
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