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The Impact of Relapse into Crime on the Degree of Offender’s Guilt in Canon Law and Polish Law

100%

Cichawa K.

Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego

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2019

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vol. 14

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issue 16 (2)

155-166

EN

Relapse into crime is disturbing for two reasons. First of all, it highlights the ineffectiveness of the penalty imposed on the perpetrator. Second, it is a violation of legal norms and legal order, which should be observed in every community. Both the ecclesiastical and secular legislator acknowledge the need to regulate the institution of recidivism. Both legal orders formulate criteria to be met for recidivism to occur. Both in canon law and Polish penal law, these criteria are cumulative. However, in canon law, recidivism is a circumstance that may aggravate the penalty for a prohibited act. Whether to increase the penalty will therefore depend on the judge’s prudent assessment. The secular legislature, on the other hand, does envisage higher penalties for re-offending but based on the type of recidivism in place. If it is ordinary special recidivism, whether to tighten the punishment is left to the judge’s discretion. In the case of multiple special recidivism, to mete out a more severe penalty is mandatory.

PL

Powrót do przestępstwa jest zdarzeniem niepokojącym głównie z dwóch powodów. Po pierwsze świadczy o nieskuteczności zastosowanej kary wymierzonej sprawcy przestępstwa. Po drugie jest obrazą norm prawnych i porządku prawnego, które powinny być przestrzegane w każdej społeczności. Zarówno prawodawca kościelny, jak i świecki dostrzega potrzebę regulacji takiej instytucji. W obu porządkach prawnych zostały określone przesłanki konieczne do zaistnienia recydywy. Zarówno w prawie kanonicznym, jak i polskim prawie karnym są to przesłanki łączne. Jednakże na gruncie prawa kanonicznego recydywa jest okolicznością, która może zwiększyć karę za popełniony czyn. Zwiększenie dolegliwości kary będzie zatem zależało od roztropnej oceny sędziego. Ustawodawca świecki natomiast uzależnia wymierzenie większej kary 166 od rodzaju recydywy, której dopuścił się sprawca. Jeśli była to recydywa specjalna zwykła zaostrzenie kary pozostaje fakultatywne. W przypadku recydywy specjalnej wielokrotnej wymierzenie surowszej kary jest obowiązkowe.

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Polityka lokalna w zakresie realizacji postulatów pomocy postpenitencjarnej

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Nowak B.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica

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2020

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issue 25

133-146

EN

The paper discusses the problem of post-penitentiary assistance as a form of support to prisoners who undergo a process of preparation to live at large and need help in their local communities. A major aim of post-penitentiary assistance is not only to prevent social exclusion of prisoners and their families but also their relapse into crime. Various assistance activities are undertaken to achieve this aim including those organised by post-penitentiary and local council institutions and district offices, welfare centres, culture and educational establishments and non-goverment organisations which function at the municipal level. These activities could be observed in particular Polish towns during the partition of Poland when schools and local associations undertook initiatives regarding assistance to prisoners. It is worth noting that in 1918-1939, various forms of support activities were organised by associations such as the ones mentioned above, including ”Patronat” and municipalities, welfare centres, museums, schools and local parishes. Nowadays, local policy plays an important role in post-penitentiary assistance, particularly when a sentence is served. Remand centres, correction institutions cooperate under various projects with local councils and non-government institutions to prepare convicts to live at large.

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W poszukiwaniu skutecznych metod resocjalizacji sprawców pozbawionych wolności na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki

87%

Szwejkowska M.

Archiwum Kryminologii

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2018

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issue XL

431-458

EN

In its introduction, the article characterises - in a most comprehensible way - themain objectives of criminal sanctions and their role in preventing crime, according tothe most commonly expressed opinions on the subject from American scholars. It isfollowed by a brief history of assessing the risk of committing an offence in the UnitedStates in recent decades. The risk assessment process was developed before World WarII as a tool to predict possible recidivism in the case of inmates released on parole, butit has been in more common use since 1980s. While the “What works?” movementinitially emerged in the United States, one needs to remember the publication of Robert Martinso’s report that created the “Nothing works” (concerning prison rehabilitation)doctrine. It aided the justification of severe changes in punitive prison policies inthe 1970s that continued well into the 1990s, with the slogans “tough on crime, toughon the causes of crime” being more prominent. It took more than a decade to reestablishsome hope in prison rehabilitation programmes and allow the paradigm shiftsto happen – from the retribution “being tough on offenders” policy to more creativeapproaches towards offenders. By constructive approaches to working with offenders,one means the use of effective methods and techniques to alter criminal behaviourof inmates to prevent their possible relapse into crime (crime prevention).The main goal of the article is to present the most fundamental system in the UScriminal justice system that is most commonly applied nowadays: the Risk-Need-Responsivity (RNR) model and its principles to offender assessment. The aforementionedprinciples were laid down by Canadian scholars, Donald Arthur Andrews andJames Bonta. In that model, “risk” means the identification of specific factors thatare associated with recidivism (in general, depending on a specific crime, e.g. sexualoffenders or offenders who committed violent crimes). Andrews and Bonta argue thata number of factors need to be considered in any comprehensive theory of criminalbehaviour, including biological or neurological issues, inheritance, temperamentand social and cultural factors, while also noting that criminal behaviour is a multifactorialissue. “Need” assesses criminogenic needs and targets them in prison treatmentprogrammes for elimination, while “responsivity” intends to maximise the offender’sability to learn how to combat possible recidivism through rehabilitative intervention,providing cognitive behavioural treatment – with the said intervention being tailoredto the learning style, motivation, abilities and strengths of the offender.Risk assessment is applied during different stages of the criminal procedure: beforesentencing and during the period of time when the criminal sanction is executed, i.e.while serving a custodial sentence. It must be noted that, in the US justice system, judgesare not the only people obliged to assess the potential risk of an offender relapsinginto crime in the future. Prison officers are also tasked with such assessment. Throughthe application of the RNR model, it is possible for the prison staff to divide inmatesinto specific groups, depending on security levels and adequate treatment programmes.In that case, the assessment tools based on the RNR model not only allow a predictionof a possible relapse into crime, but also a proper allocation of convicts to rehabilitationprogrammes provided within prisons. A convict undergoes an evaluation before andafter the treatment. Such evaluations are imposed on most prisoners, so performingthem does have an impact on the financial and human resources of a given penitentiaryunit.The most important question, “What works in prison?” is answered by the majorityof scholars through propositions of providing cognitive and behavioural skill programmesto the convicts. They have clear criteria to ensure that objectives, methods andapplication of rehabilitation programmes correspond with the needs of criminaloffenders. The conclusion of the research is meant to prove that providing offenders with such treatment (based upon the RNR model) may have a positive effect on re -ducing the risk of relapse into crime in the future. However, the appropriate methodsof treatment are based not only on psychotherapy (or, sometimes, on pharmacologicaltreatment), but also on education, vocational training, personal development, strengtheningself-control mechanisms and improving interpersonal skills.

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1 Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Politologica

1 Archiwum Kryminologii

1 Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego

1 2020

1 2019

1 2018

1 Cichawa K.

1 Nowak B.

1 Szwejkowska M.

The Impact of Relapse into Crime on the Degree of Offender’s Guilt in Canon Law and Polish Law

Polityka lokalna w zakresie realizacji postulatów pomocy postpenitencjarnej

W poszukiwaniu skutecznych metod resocjalizacji sprawców pozbawionych wolności na przykładzie Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki