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PL
Przedmiotem niniejszego artykułu jest problematyka środków ochrony prawnej funkcjonujących w systemie ochrony danych osobowych w sprawach karnych. W artykule przedstawiono znaczenie środków ochrony prawnej dla ochrony danych osobowych w sprawach karnych w świetle podstawowych celów dyrektywy. Zasadniczą część artykułu stanowi analiza, której poddano poszczególne środki ochrony prawnej przewidziane przez dyrektywę 206/680: prawo do wniesienia skargi do organu nadzorczego, prawo do skutecznego środka prawnego przed sądem od decyzji organu nadzorczego, prawo do skutecznego środka prawnego przed sądem przeciwko administratorowi lub podmiotowi przetwarzającemu oraz prawo do odszkodowania, poprzez porównanie przewidzianego w dyrektywie wzorca z polską regulacją.
EN
Abstract: The article deals with the issue of remedies in personal data protection scheme in criminal matters. It presents the relevance of remedies for the protection of personal data in criminal cases in the light of the fundamental objectives of Directive 2016/680. The main body of the article comprises an analysis of the remedies established by Directive 2016/680: the right to lodge a complaint with a supervisory authority, the right to an effective judicial remedy against a supervisory authority, the right to an effective judicial remedy against a controller or processor and the right to compensation by comparing the model provided by Directive 2016/680 with the Polish regulation
EN
The question of proportionality is undoubtedly an overriding concern of forma requirements in the modern private law – approaching form as a functionally motivated regulatory tool (designed to reach particular economic and social goals). A the goals in question and particular goals for their fulfilment (both formalities itself, as well as the consequences prescribed for their non-observance) are set forth generally, regardless of any particular legal dealing already made, the interdependence between these two spheres (“goals” and “means”) is being predetermined in equally abstract terms. This peculiarity – proper both (yet in different shape) for the requirements enacted through statute and stipulated by the parties – entails the need of assessment, whether formalities and effects of their breach remain actually proportional against the particular circumstances arising in their application. In some instances the balance in question can be distorted due to the occurrences and conditions existing both at the time of decision making or prior to it, as well as arising later on. In these cases emerges the need for restoring proportionality – and, if recognized, incentivizes to seek for remedial tools. The text summarizes the most common ways of maintaining and restoring proportionality, developed by the judiciary (in discourse with the doctrine) and statutory law, supplemented by the parties’ dealings. Upon these observations it attempts to identify the more common structures and concepts underlying the issue of proportionality in the field of formal requirements.
EN
The subject of the study is to present Polish legal regulations applicable in the case of a minor's demoralization. The ongoing cultural changes of a global nature are conducive to the moral degradation of young people. Human freedom has become the basic value inscribed in the human rights system. This freedom is often abused especially by young people. In addition, transferring human activity to cyberspace to a large extent limits the ability to control the activity of a young person. The aim of this work is to present the statutory definition of the concept of demoralization, its specific cases, and the course of proceedings before a family court in such cases. It is also important to show the attitude of the Polish legislator aimed at saving the minors, and not punishing them. Any penalties imposed on the minors are used as the final measures. The effect of the study is to present the substantive law and the system of dealing with minors before the family court in case of its demoralization.
EN
Modern Polish competition law has become highly regulated and codified over the twenty five years of its existence and this article will provide readers with information relating to its recent developments of 2015. Separate subsections present a review of provisions on remedies in infringement decisions as well as settlements. A considerable part of this paper is designed to outline the peculiarities that characterize Poland’s new provisions on fines. Further on, the paper introduces readers to newest trends in the area of concentration control between undertakings. In addition, an assessment of recent developments and suggestions for a further development of Polish competition law are reviewed in the EU context. The conscious intention of the author is to analyse whether the EU competition law pattern, often regarded as a model for Member States, has been used to develop Polish competition law. Has the latter been amended to look more, or less like EU competition law? Has Polish competition law shown the capacity to absorb the best elements of EU competition law into itself? How is the outcome aligned with the declared direction of these amendments?
FR
Le droit de la concurrence polonais moderne est devenu très réglementé et codifié au cours des vingt-cinq années de son existence et cet article fournit aux lecteurs des informations relatives à ses développements récents de 2015. Des sous-sections séparées présentent un examen des dispositions concernant les recours dans les décisions d'infraction ainsi que dans la procédure de transaction. Une grande partie partie de cet article vise à présenter les particularités qui caractérisent des nouvelles dispositions de la loi polonaise concernant les sanctions. Ensuite, l’article présente aux lecteurs les tendances les plus récentes dans le domaine du contrôle des concentrations entre entreprises. De plus, une évaluation des développements récents et la proposition des reformes possibles du droit polonais de la concurrence sont examinées dans le contexte de l'Union européenne. L’idée d’auteur est d’analyser si le modèle européen du droit de la concurrence, souvent considéré comme un modèle pour les Etats Membres, a été utilisé pour développer le droit polonais de la concurrence. Est-ce que le droit polonais de la concurrence a été modifié afin de rassembler le droit de l’Union européenne ou non? Est-ce que le droit polonais de la concurrence a démontré sa capacité à intégrer les meilleurs éléments du droit européen de la concurrence? Comment les résultats des modifications de la loi polonaise sur la concurrence correspondent avec les objectifs des changements?
FR
L’article examine la littérature sur les théories du préjudice dans les marches numériques ainsi que les difficultés spécifiques liées à la quantification du dommage dans le cadre d’une action en dommage concurrentiel. Ensuite, le développement timide d’une jurisprudence des actions privées sur les marches numériques dans l’Union Européenne est étudié en comparaison avec la pratique antitrust américaine, en faisant la distinction entre les plaintes introduites par des entreprises ou des consommateurs. Enfin, le document soulève les problématiques spécifiques à l’introduction d’actions en dommages et intérêts concurrentiels sur les marchés numériques, et explore les propositions suivantes : étendre la présomption du dommage aux abus de positions dominantes sur les marchés numériques, inciter les parties privées à requérir des injonctions et encourager la mise en oeuvre de remèdes dans le cadre d’actions privées.
EN
The paper reviews literature on theories of harm in digital markets, and the specific difficulties in quantifying the damage in private enforcement of competition law. The development of a tentative case-law on private enforcement in digital markets in the European Union is studied next, in comparison to the US antitrust practice, differentiating between businesses or consumers filing damages claims. Finally, the paper raises the specific issues posed by the digital economy for competition law claims for damages, and explores the idea of extending the presumption of harm also to abuse of dominance in digital markets, as well as making private parties aware of cease and desist injunctions or filing for private enforcement remedies.
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EN
The article focuses on potential legislation concerning a system of remedies in the recodification of civil procedure, which is currently being prepared. Firstly, necessity of recodification itself is emphasized as a consequence of recent recodification of private substantive law. Then the article focuses on system of remedies and remedial proceedings in general: their role, impact on procedural economy, basic principles (especially principle of two instances). The Constitutional court’s case law is critically assessed, since it forces the Supreme court into a position of regular third instance, which does not respect the role of the Supreme court and makes economic rationalisation of civil procedure impossible. The core of the article is a collection of proposals, which are to be dealt with while preparing the wording of new Civil Procedure Act. The author does not claim that all briefly introduced proposals should be accepted without reservation and made part of the new applicable legislation (some of them even could not be accepted at the same time), it is however necessary to consider them (among others) and think each one of them profoundly. The result of such consideration should be a procedure that would be modern, fast and able to secure effective (i. e. also fast) protection of private rights.
CS
Článek se věnuje potenciální úpravě systému opravných prostředků v rámci připravované rekodifikace civilního práva procesního. Úvodem je zdůrazněna nutnost provedení rekodifikace samotné jakožto důsledek proběhnuvší rekodifikace soukromého práva hmotného. Následně je pozornost věnována systému opravných prostředků a opravným řízení obecně: jejich funkci, vlivu na procesní ekonomii, základním zásadám (zejména zásadě dvojinstančnosti). Kriticky je hodnocena judikatura Ústavního soudu stavící dovolací soud do pozice regulérní třetí instance, čímž nerespektuje roli, jakou by měl Nejvyšší soud mít a neumožňuje dostatečné prosazení zásady procesní ekonomie. Jádrem článku pak je soubor tezí, návrhů, s nimiž je třeba se vypořádat při tvorbě nové právní úpravy opravných prostředků v rámci rekodifikace. Autor netvrdí, že všechny stručně nastíněné teze je třeba bez výhrad akceptovat a zapracovat je do nové úpravy (některé z nich by dokonce nebylo možné přijmout současně), je však třeba se s těmito (a případnými dalšími) návrhy vypořádat a při tvorbě nové právní úpravy každý z nich odpovědně zvážit. Výsledkem úvah by měl být proces moderní, rychlý a takový, který zajistí účinnou (tj. mimo jiné včasnou) ochranu soukromých subjektivních práv.
PL
W glosowanym orzeczeniu Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny stwierdził, że od postanowień wojewódzkich sądów administracyjnych odrzucających skargi z przyczyn formalnych w sprawach wszczętych przed dniem wejścia w życie nowelizacji Prawa o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi (co miało miejsce 15 sierpnia 2015 r.) przysługuje zażalenie, a nie skarga kasacyjna. Przedmiotowe zagadnienie prawne sprowadza się do właściwej wykładni źle sformułowanych przepisów intertemporalnych. W glosie zaprezentowano istotę środków odwoławczych w postępowaniu sądowoadministracyjnym i scharakteryzowano krótko ostatnią nowelizację Prawa o postępowaniu przed sądami administracyjnymi. Autor prezentuje stanowisko krytyczne w stosunku do tezy postanowienia Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego, wskazując, że sąd powinien rozstrzygnąć sprawę co do jej istoty. Pogląd ten został poparty odpowiednią argumentacją z uwzględnieniem konkurencyjnego orzecznictwa Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego.
EN
In the commented ruling the Supreme Administrative Court stated that the orders of the provincial administrative courts rejecting a complaint due to formal reasons in the cases brought before the entry into force of the amendment of the Law on Proceedings before Administrative Courts, which took place on August 15, 2015, are subject to a complaint, not a cassation appeal. This legal issue comes down to the accurate interpretation of incorrectly formed intertemporal provisions. The commentary describes the essence of the remedies in administrative court proceedings and briefly characterizes the last amendment to the Law on Proceedings before Administrative Courts. The author presents a critical stand against the thesis of the ruling of the Supreme Administrative Court, indicating that the court should decide the case as to its merits. This view has been supported by adequate reasoning considering the competitive jurisprudence of the Supreme Administrative Court.
EN
On 11 June 2013, the European Commission adopted a package of measures to tackle the lack of an efficient and coherent private enforcement system of EU competition law in its Member States. In particular, a draft Damages Directive was proposed in order to meet the need for a sound European approach to private enforcement of EU competition law in damages actions. The Damages Directive was ultimately adopted on 26 November 2014. This paper explores some aspects of private antitrust enforcement which have not received sufficient attention from the EU decision-makers during the long preparatory and legislative works preceding the Directive. The paper discusses also some of the remedies that have not been harmonised, and shows how these ‘gaps’ in harmonisation may limit the Directive’s expected influence on both the thinking and practice of private antitrust enforcement in Europe. It is argued in conclusion that further harmonisation may be needed in order to actually transform private enforcement of EU competition law before national courts.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia wybrane propozycje zmian zawarte w projekcie ustawy o zmianie ustawy o ochronie konkurencji i konsumentów oraz ustawy – Kodeks postępowania cywilnego. Wybrane rozwiązania zostały poddane analizie w porównaniu z analogicznymi rozwiązaniami przyjętymi w prawie Unii Europejskiej oraz w prawie wybranych krajów. Dodatkowo artykuł dokonuje oceny planowanych zmian w odniesieniu do postulatów doktryny. W podsumowaniu przedstawiono syntetyczną ocenę całego projektu ustawy nowelizacyjnej.
EN
This paper presents some of the changes proposed by the Draft Act Amending the Law on Competition and Consumer Protection of 2007. They are analyzed in comparison with analogous solutions adopted in EU law as well as in selected cou ntries. The article also assesses the planned amendments in light of the views expressed by Polish doctrine. The summary of the article contains a synthetic evaluation of the entire Draft Amendment Act.
EN
The article presents a critical analysis of changes introduced into the Polish Competition Act of 2007 by the Amendment Act of 2014. The declared purpose of the Amendment was mainly to increase the effectiveness of the enforcement of the antitrust prohibitions, including the introduction of conduct remedies in antitrust cases, the settlement procedure and fines for individuals, changes in the Polish Leniency Programme and inspection powers, as well as simplifying and shortening merger control proceedings. Considered in the paper is the thesis that some of these changes were not introduced properly; in particular, that the new provisions fail to sufficiently safeguard the rights of undertakings, and that the amendment is an inadequate step towards the convergence of the Polish competition law system with the enforcement rules of the EU and its other Member States. Further changes to the Polish Competition Act of 2007 are therefore needed. The paper does not cover changes introduced by the Amendment Act of 2014 to Poland’s consumer protection provisions.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje wybrane, najbardziej doniosłe materialne i procesowe zmiany, jakie wprowadzono w wyniku nowelizacji uokik. Omówione zmiany dotyczą w pierwszej kolejności kontroli i przeszukań prowadzonych przez Prezesa UOKiK. Następnie przedstawione zostały nowe instytucje w zakresie praktyk ograniczających konkurencję, takie jak: odpowiedzialność osób zarządzających, środki zaradcze oraz dobrowolne poddanie się karze. Na końcu omówiono zmianę z obszaru praktyk naruszających zbiorowe interesy konsumentów, tj. wprowadzenie możliwości wydawania przez Prezesa UOKiK ostrzeżeń publicznych.
EN
This article presents the most important changes in substantive and procedural provisions introduced as a result of the recent amendment of the Act on Competition and Consumer Protection. These changes concern, in the first place, inspections and searches carried out by the UOKiK President. The article considers also a number of new institutions in the field of anticompetitive practices, such as managers’ liability, remedies and settlement. Discussed subsequently are changes in the provisions on practices infringing collective consumer interests, that is, the power of the UOKiK President to issue public warnings.
EN
The article presents issues of the newly introduced legal remedy, which was introduced together with a new participant of the criminal process i.e. a court referendary under the act of 23 November 2013. To present more thoroughly the specificity of the discussed institution and to lead to further deliberations, a political position of the court referendary has been briefly described against the Polish law as well as activities entrusted to them in criminal proceedings. The procedurę of lodging and considering the objection has been analysed pointing at possible interpretative problems associated with it. Moreover, the deliberations concerning the legal nature of the objection to an activity of this judicial officer in criminal proceedings have been conducted as well as placing the regulations on submission of an objection in the criminal procedure act. Concluding de legeferenda analysis of the possibility to collect the regulations concerning the objection in one part of the code, and then to place them in the Code of Penal Procedure in case of the next amendment.
PL
W artykule poruszono problematykę stosunkowo nowego środka zaskarżenia, który został wprowadzony wraz z nowym uczestnikiem procesu karnego – referendarzem sądowym, na mocy ustawy z 23.11.2013 r. Dla dokładniejszego ukazania specyfiki omawianej instytucji oraz wprowadzenia do dalszych rozważań krótko przedstawiono pozycję ustrojową referendarza na gruncie polskiego prawa oraz powierzone mu w postępowaniu karnym czynności. Przeanalizowano tryb wniesienia i rozpatrzenia sprzeciwu, wskazując na ewentualne problemy interpretacyjne z tym związane. Ponadto przeprowadzono rozważania dotyczące charakteru prawnego sprzeciwu od czynności tego urzędnika sądowego w postępowaniu karnym oraz umiejscowienia regulacji dotyczących wniesienia sprzeciwu w ustawie karnoprocesowej. Konkludując, dokonano de lege ferenda analizy możliwości zebrania w jednej części kodeksu, a następnie umiejscowienia regulacji dotyczących sprzeciwu w k.p.k. w przypadku kolejnej nowelizacji.
EN
The 2008 issue of YARS contained an overview of EU law developments in the period of time from 2004 to 2007. This overview covers the years 2008-2009. It confirms that State aid cases remained numerous (6 in total) and that the Commission’s enforcement activities in the area of State aid control continued at a similar pace as before. With respect to other areas of competition law and policy, the overall picture shows a relatively high level of scrutiny in mergers (5) and antitrust cases or inquiries (2). Moreover, EU Courts adopted several decisions in Polish cases, notably in the regulatory field (electronic communications) and State aid control (partial annulment in Huta Częstochowa (Operator) as well as the rejection of a request for interim measures in Technologie Buczek). The regulatory court cases show the Commission’s consistency in pursuing Member States in their failure to implement or to correctly implement the EU Electronic Communications package. In the state aid related Huta Częstochowa (Operator) judgement, the General Court (GC, formerly the Court of First Instance, CFI) partially annulled the scrutinised Commission decision since the Commission failed to identify the actual benefit related to the receipt of the aid in question. The jury is still out in the case concerning Technologie Buczek because the interim measures judgement says little about the potential outcome of the pending main appeals.
FR
Le YARS de 2008 contenait un aperçu des développements du droit de l'UE pendant la période de 2004 à 2007, alors que celui-ci couvre les années 2008-2009. Il confirme que les cas d'aides d'État sont restés nombreux (6 au total) et que la mise en œuvre du contrôle des aides d'État par la Commission a continué au même rythme. En ce qui concerne les autres secteurs du droit de la concurrence et de la politique de concurrence, le nombre de contrôles des concentrations et des cas ou des enquêtes antitrust est relativement élevé (2). En outre, les cours de l'UE ont rendu plusieurs arrêts dans des cas polonais, notamment dans le domaine réglementaire (communications électroniques) et du contrôle d'aides d'État (l'annulation partielle dans Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) ainsi que le rejet d'une demande de mesures provisoires dans Technologie Buczek). Les arrêts dans le domaine réglementaire montrent la cohérence de la Commission dans les actions contre les États membres qui ont manqué à leur obligation de mettre en oeuvre, ou de mettre en œuvre correctement, le Paquet Télécom de l'UE. Dans l'arrêt Huta Częstochowa (opérateur) concernant les aides d'État, le Tribunal (précédemment le Tribunal de Première Instance, TPI) a partiellement annulé la décision de la Commission puisque la Commission n'a pas réussi à identifier l'avantage réel de la réception de l'aide en question. Le jury est toujours en train de délibérer dans le cas concernant Technologie Buczek parce que l'arrêt sur les mesures provisoires dit peu sur les résultats potentiels des appels principaux en cours.
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