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Problem reprezentacji w teoriach poznania ucieleśnionego

100%

Newton N.

Avant

2012

vol. 3

issue T

66-82

This paper looks at a central issue with embodiment theories in cognition: the role, if any, they provide for mental representation. Thelen and Smith (1994) hold that the concept of representations is either vacuous or misapplied in such systems. Others maintain a place for representations (e.g. Clark 1996), but are imprecise about their nature and role. It is difficult to understand what those could be if representations are understood in the same sense as that used by computationalists: fixed or long-lasting neural structures that represent the sensory stimuli that caused them (e.g. neural response patterns in the visual cortex), or whose “meaning” is fixed innately or in early development for particular functions (e.g. the body schemas for Meltzoff and Gopnik 1993). The paper proposes a distinctions between, on the one hand, neural patterns, traces of sensory activation that while not in themselves representations are available for representational activity, and on the other the act of representing, which is what gives representational content to neural patterns.

Typy wypowiedzi intonacyjnych w języku litewskim

67%

Kundrotas G.

Slavica Wratislaviensia

2012

vol. 156

139 – 150

The general functionality of intonation is characterised by its ability to perform different functions — representational, expressive (emotional), appelative and stylistic. From the viewpoint of the systematic analysis, intonation is perceived as a whole consisting of its separate elements — intonation contours, intonation center, syntagmatic segmentation and pause. The degree of functionality of intonation and at the same time of every system member is determined by the interaction of all concrete linguistic elements (lexis, grammar, intonation, and context). In one case intonation may be the only means of content expression (e.g. model type of a sentence), in other cases — content is best conveyed by lexical-grammatical linguistic units. The investigation has demonstrated that intonation contours are characterized as having the greatest functionality in the Lithuanian language. They are able to perform the majority of functions attributed to intonation as well as to be present in different situations of speech act. Compared to other elements of the system, intonation contours are distinguished by a variety of non-emotional and emotional realizations of utterances, frequency of use, function of affect making as well as cases of intonation synonymy. The conducted study has shown that the functional possibilities of all seven contours differ — IKL-3 is distinguished by the greatest possibilities of expression, IKL-7 — the least possibilities of expression.

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1 Avant

1 Slavica Wratislaviensia

2 2012

1 Kundrotas G.

1 Newton N.

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Problem reprezentacji w teoriach poznania ucieleśnionego

Typy wypowiedzi intonacyjnych w języku litewskim