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EN
The proposal aims to highlight the semiotic elements of the discourse that refer to the symbolic ones of representations, and that transform the therapy in an exercise of professional dominion aimed to modify the perception of the self of the female patient through the subversion of specific emotional script. The mapping of the emotional scripts of shame and modesty, in their performative evolution, will be useful to demonstrate how and through what relational strategies the medicalization performs a gender violence which leads to exclude and self-stigmatise the sick woman, considered a “half woman”. The reflection that has its incipit in the ascertainment that the female body has been and keeps being a means of “male dominion” and object of “symbolic violence” as well as physical, and favors unexpected articulations related to a female body affected by breast or uterus cancer with often devastating effects on the woman’s self-perception. This proposal provides a reflection on the effects of experience of female cancer in the emotional sphere and in the gender relations of 36 Italian and stranger women. The research aims at discussing the role of medical therapy as a social practice of male domination that imposes a traditional representation in which female beauty is equivalent to the physical integrity and full functioning of specific attributes sexed (uterus that creates, breast that feeds). The focus of research is an analysis particularly focusing on the transformations of perception of body as Körper and the emotions which, cross-sectionally, constitutes the self-perception of Leib.
EN
Many travelers-writers have described the characteristics of the areas visited from a critical point of view, with wit and sense of observation. One of the most significant and unknown works concerning this literary current is the tale of the trip from Paestum to Policastro made in 1828 by C.T. Ramage: his sketchbooks are not only a description of the evidence of the past and of the archaeological remains of the Ancient Greece, but a small geo-history of the Cilento (shortly before its insurrection of that same year), as the first stage of a journey that returns a fresco of the South of Italy as it was before the process of Italian unification, respect to its agricultural landscapes, customs and dietary habits, attitudes, superstitions, society, culture, religious and political afairs, comparable with the present context of the same territories.
EN
While political scientists and communication scholars have long been interested in the relationship between democracy, media and public opinion, still too little attention has been focused on how these concepts and institutions are perceived by different actors functioning in the public sphere. This paper argues that the kind of idea of public opinion persists in society depends on the model of democracy adopted by various public actors, the historical context of the idea and the agendas measuring public opinion. Based on in-depth (n = 32) and focused group (n = 36) interviews this study shows that the way people look at different theoretical concepts depends not only on their different representations but also on the roles they play in the public sphere. Representations of public opinion expressed by lay people, politicians and journalists seem to be mutually exclusive. The paper explores the way Polish democracy persists despite these controversies.
EN
Digital games are a medium of constantly growing socio-cultural significance, which strengthens and expands their potential to influence players. Participation in digital games, however, is indirect and thus accomplished through an avatar – a hero, an object or a more abstract structure that allows the player to impose his will in the game world. At the same time, male avatars embody a specific type of masculinity, symbolically affecting the user. This mutual interaction can be of particular importance in shaping the ideas and views around one’s masculinity or its patterns in the cultural and social dimension. In this sense, players learn from games how to be a man. This article constitutes an attempt at capturing the leading types of masculinity among the main protagonists of the most popular digital games. The study shows that many popular games reproduce the stereotypical narratives of dominant masculinity as understood by Zbyszko Melosik. The article contains an attempt at indicating the reasons for this state of affairs and the possible consequences for the players.
EN
The aim of this paper is to discuss the concept of distributed cognition (DCog) in the context of classic questions posed by mainstream cognitive science. We support our remarks by appealing to empirical evidence from the fields of cognitive science and ethnography. Particular attention is paid to the structure and functioning of a cognitive system, as well as its external representations. We analyze the problem of how far we can push the study of human cognition without taking into account what is underneath an individual’s skin. In light of our discussion, a distinction between DCog and the extended mind becomes important.
EN
This paper reflects upon the nature/culture dichotomy while focusing on mountain landscapes understood as ideal places for a better life. Taking as example a region in the Swiss Alps, it analyses the motivations that lead mostly urban people to settle in mountain regions for the last three decades. Drawing on long-term multi-sited fieldworks in Swiss alpine villages, it highlights new forms of migration, not directly for economic reasons, as well as the representations of mountains as a trendy ‘culturalised’ natural place for living, especially for middle and upper urban classes. While giving voice to the research participants to understand the change in values and preferences towards mountain areas, this article enlightens the underlying factors behind amenity-led migration, lifestyle migration and multi-locality. It demonstrates how the nature/culture divide is being reshaped in the contemporary Swiss alpine context, where nature has become a cultural project.
PL
Digital games are a medium of constantly growing socio-cultural significance, which strengthens and expands their potential to influence players. Participation in digital games, however, is indirect and thus accomplished through an avatar – a hero, an object or a more abstract structure that allows the player to impose his will in the game world. At the same time, male avatars embody a specific type of masculinity, symbolically affecting the user. This mutual interaction can be of particular importance in shaping the ideas and views around one’s masculinity or its patterns in the cultural and social dimension. In this sense, players learn from games how to be a man. This article constitutes an attempt at capturing the leading types of masculinity among the main protagonists of the most popular digital games. The study shows that many popular games reproduce the stereotypical narratives of dominant masculinity as understood by Zbyszko Melosik. The article contains an attempt at indicating the reasons for this state of affairs and the possible consequences for the players.
Studia Slavica
|
2013
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vol. 17
|
issue 2
97-110
EN
The author focuses on texts with plot placed in the 19th century or connected to the events from the period. The order of the texts proposed by the author might in reader awareness support the process of forming the century historical representations of steam and electricity. The writers are especially interested in the period of national revival (tetralogy of Vladimír Macura), interaction between romanticism and progress (Václav Vokolek), Austro-Prussian War from 1866 (Jan Žáček, Vladimír Körner, Vladimír Macura) or decline of the age (Ladislav Fuks). Analysed works represent traditional model of historical prose as well as its postmodern variations. The texts prove that the age when Czech historical myths and stereotypes were established and strengthened (Jiří Rak) is still attractive and current subject.
Porównania
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2023
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vol. 33
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issue 1
437-451
EN
The article refers to the book Representations and Constructs of Childhood in the Literature and Culture of the 20th and 21st Centuries, edited by Alicja Dąbrowska, Robert Mielhorski and Beata Morzyńska-Wrzosek, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2022. This is a collective monograph devoted to the presentation of the image/figure of the child in fictional and intimate literature, literature for adults and for children, as well as in textbooks, theatre, photography, congratulatory cards, and painting. The way the child is portrayed in the art space is changing. Contemporary portrayals of the child fluctuate between representation and construction of his or her image, but the conviction of the creators and the awareness of the audience that any presentation is closer to creation than to “mimetic representation” seems to prevail. The authors present a wide range of approaches, which makes the book under review an interesting read.
PL
Artykuł odnosi się do książki Reprezentacje i konstrukty dzieciństwa w literaturze oraz kulturze XX i XXI wieku, red. Alicja Dąbrowska, Robert Mielhorski, Beata Morzyńska-Wrzosek, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kazimierza Wielkiego, Bydgoszcz 2022. To zbiorowa monografia poświęcona prezentacji obrazu/figury dziecka w literaturze fikcyjnej i intymistycznej, literaturze dla dorosłych i dla dzieci, a także w podręcznikach, w teatrze, fotografii, kartach gratulacyjnych, malarstwie. Sposób ukazywania dziecka w przestrzeni sztuki zmienia się. Współcześnie portrety dziecka wahają się między reprezentacją a konstrukcją jego obrazu, ale zdaje się przeważać przekonanie twórców i świadomość odbiorców, że każdej prezentacji jest bliżej do kreacji niż do „mimetycznego odwzorowania”. Autorzy prezentują szeroki wachlarz ujęć, co omawianą książkę czyni ciekawą lekturą.
EN
The aim of our article is to present a study of representations of the French language among Polish high school students. Given the small percentage of pupils learning French as Foreign Language (FFL) in Poland compared to the European average (33.17% of middle school students and 23.0% of high school students in Europe against 3.3% of middle school students and 10.8% of high school students in Poland (Eurydice 2017, GUS 2018), we wondered about the role that impressions relating to French can play in the choice or rejection of FFL by young Poles. Before presenting our research results relating to this problem, we give a brief description of the Polish sociolinguistic and educational context, then we approach the notion of representation / image of languages. Next, we move to the description of the methodological framework of the empirical study that we conducted with Polish-speaking high school students (learners and non-learners in FFL) before presenting the discussion of the results. On the one hand, we examined the impressions relating to French (defined as linguistic, aesthetic, cultural, social and political phenomenon), on the other representations relating to its usefulness.
EN
The article deals with the subject of knowledge about Serbia and the Serbs in Poland at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. This knowledge was reconstructed on the basis of travel reports, memoirs, notes published both in the press and the books. The collected materials allow us to observe the slow evolution of the representations of the Serbs. The first reports and news can be counted as exotic presentations in the orientalizing mode of the Balkans, but over time new motifs were emerging, highlighting certain similarities between the Poles and the Serbs, such as history, slavic origin, and peculiar combative features of character. The aim of this article is to present to contemporary audience the unknown images and perceptions of the Serbs in the Polish press.
PL
Artykuł podejmuje temat wiedzy o Serbii i Serbach w Polsce na przełomie XIX i XX wieku. Wiedza ta została zrekonstruowana na podstawie opisów podróży, wspomnień, notatek publikowanych zarówno w ówczesnej prasie, jak i książkach. Zebrane materiały pozwalają zaobserwować ewolucję w przedstawianiu Serbów. Pierwsze relacje można zaliczyć do przedstawień egzotyki w nurcie orientalizacji Bałkanów, jednak z czasem pojawiają się nowe motywy podkreślające pewne podobieństwa między Polakami i Serbami, np. historię, słowiańskie pochodzenie oraz specyficzne wojownicze cechy charakteru. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie współczesnemu odbiorcy nieznanych ówczesnych obrazów i percepcji Serbów w polskiej prasie.
PL
Zagadnienia prawnej doniosłości badań due diligence oraz oświadczeń i zapewnień składanych przez strony w umowie (lub poza nią) stanowią – z punktu widzenia praktyki obrotu gospodarczego – jedną z najistotniejszych kwestii w obrębie prawa kontraktów. Pomimo tego nadal nie wypracowano na gruncie prawa polskiego klarownych reguł odnoszących się do tej materii. Artykuł stanowi próbę udzielenia odpowiedzi na wiele kluczowych pytań z tego zakresu, w tym w szczególności na pytania o prawne znaczenie inkorporowania określonego oświadczenia lub zapewnienia do umowy; skutki złożenia w umowie (lub poza nią, ale w związku z zawieraniem umowy) niezgodnych z prawdą oświadczeń i zapewnień. Kwestie te stanowią bowiem przedmiot istotnych sporów w doktrynie, z uwagi na brak jednoznacznej regulacji prawnej. W artykule analizie poddano poglądy prezentowane w dotychczasowej literaturze oraz w orzecznictwie, co pozwoliło na przedstawienie w końcowej części tekstu ogólnych wniosków de lege lata i de lege ferenda.
EN
The issues concerning legal significance of due diligence audits, as well as of warranties and representations made by the parties in the contract (or outside it) constitute – from the point of view of business practictioners – one of the most important questions with respect to contract law. In spite of it, so far no clear rules regarding these questions have been developped under Polish law. The paper is an attempt of answering several major questions regarding the said issues, in particular the questions on: legal significance of incorporating a particular warranty or representation to the contract; consequences of making (in the contract or outside it, but in connection with conclusion of the contract) untrue warranties and representations. The said issues are currently subjects of fundamental disputes among Polish lawyers due to lack of unambiguous legal regulation. The paper includes analysis of the views that have been presented in the legal literature published so far, as well as in the jurisprudence; the said analysis leads to presenting basic de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions in the final part of the paper.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza sposobów ukazywania kryzysu uchodźczego na Twitterze. Trwający kryzys jest jednym na najbardziej popularnych tematów twitterowych w ostatnich latach. Celem badań jest wyłonienie reprezentacji najbardziej kluczowych kwestii dokumentowanych w krótkich tekstach, filmach i zdjęciach publikowanych przez organizacje humanitarne. Media społecznościowe i technologie komunikacyjne dają im możliwość zakwestionowania i przeciwstawienia się dominującym aktorom politycznym i wzmóc mobilizację zorganizowanej sfery publicznej.
EN
The purpose of the article is to analyse the ways in which the refugee crisis is portrayed in the Twitter domain. The ongoing refugee crisis has been one of the most popular trending topics on Twitter last years. The aim of the research is to extract representations of the most concerning issues of the crisis documented via texts, films and photographs published by humanitarian organizations. Social media and communication technologies present an opportunity for them to challenge powerful political actors and enhance the mobilisation of an organized public sphere
PL
Artykuł bada wybrane filozoficzne aspekty powieści Solaris Stanisława Lema. Twierdzę, że zachodzi interesujące podobieństwo pomiędzy historią „solarystyki” – fikcyjnej dyscypliny naukowej opisywanej przez Lema a historią kognitywistyki. Pokazuję, że obie dyscypliny przechodziły przez podobne etapy, starając się opisać swój przedmiot (odpowiednio, planetę Solaris oraz świadomość ludzką). W dalszej części artykułu skupiam się na dwóch problemach zidentyfikowanych w kognitywistyce, które można bezpośrednio odnieść do wątków obecnych w Solaris: problemie wykrywania istot myślących oraz problemie reprezentacji umysłowych. Kończę artykuł przyglądając się tajemniczym gościom, którzy prześladują bohaterów powieści i pokazuję, że mogą oni być zinterpretowani jako modele heurystyczne rozważane w teoriach uploadu.
EN
The paper analyses selected philosophical aspects of Stanisław Lem’s Solaris. I argue that there is an interesting similarity between the history of “Solarist studies” –the fictional scientific discipline depicted by Lem and cognitive science. I show that both disciplines go through similar stages as they try to describe their main subject (the planet Solaris and human consciousness respectively). In the further part of the paper, I focus on two problems identified in cognitive science that can be directly related to the themes found in Solaris: the problem of the detection of intelligence and the problem of the notion of mental representations. I finish the paper by looking at the mysterious guests that stalk the main protagonists and show that they can be understood as heuristic models that are taken into account in the theories of mind uploading.
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The Concept of Legal Motivation

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PL
Zrozumienie motywacyjnego charakteru prawa i jego mechanizmu jest kluczowe dla poznania wpływu prawa na zachowanie jednostek w społeczeństwie. W niniejszym artykule zaproponowano nowatorskie podejście do motywacji prawnej. W tym celu w pierwszej kolejności przeanalizowano podejście do motywacji w ramach psychologii i prawa. W dalszej części przedstawiono zarys koncepcji motywacji prawnej oraz przeanalizowano jej podstawowe elementy: wyobrażenia oraz emocje. W proponowanym podejściu zostały wyróżnione motywacja prawna intuicyjna i pozytywna. Podstawą rozróżnienia motywacji prawnej na intuicyjną oraz pozytywną jest posiadanie lub brak wyobrażeń zasad normatywnych. Proponowana w artykule koncepcja motywacji prawnej pozwala przyjąć szerszą perspektywę na motywacyjne działanie prawa.
EN
Understanding the motivational effect of the law and its mechanism is crucial for examining the impact of law on individual’s behavior in society. In this paper a novel approach towards legal motivation is proposed. For this aim, the author first introduce the approach to motivation in psychology and law. In the following section the concept of legal motivation is outlined. The basic elements of the concept are analyzed, in particular representations and emotions. The proposed approach distinguishes between intuitive and positive legal motivation. Distinction of legal motivation is based on the possession or lack of representation of normative facts. The concept of legal motivation proposed in the this paper allows adopting a broader perspective on the motivational effect of law.
EN
The aim of this article is to present the results of research carried out within the European perspective on Literature, Culture, Language and Certification (EpoLCLC) project, according to three main axes: contemporary reading practices and the image of French literature among contemporary readers in a sociological approach; reading strategies of foreign language texts in a psycholinguistic approach; the place of translations and the representation of the role of the literary translator among contemporary readers in the light of conceptions related to cultural transfers and the global circulation of literature. The analysis and interpretation of the data collected during the course of the project will make it possible to compare the image we have of literature and the reader in our time with a set of real practices and beliefs, as defined by the people questioned during the study. More generally, it will be a question of drawing up, again from the data collected, a portrait of the European student as a reader and of defining the place that French and Francophone literature occupies in his or her daily practices.
PL
W tekście przybliżam wybrane zagadnienia i problemy wyłaniające się przy próbie analizy pop/kulturowego dyskursu o seksualności osób niepełnosprawnych. W tym celu posługu­ję się szeregiem narzędzi metodologiczno-teoretycznych, takich jak: kulturowy model niepełnosprawności, analiza kulturowa, teoria krytyczna (critical theory) elementy etnografii i crip theory.
EN
In the following article, I outline some of the issues and problems that one may encounter while attempting to analyse the pop/cultural representations of disabled people’s sexuality. Towards this end, I employ a variety of methodological and theoretical tools, such as e.g. cultural model of disability/cultural analysis, critical theory, elements of ethnographical research and crip theory.
Forum Filologiczne Ateneum
|
2019
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vol. 7
|
issue 1
357-367
PL
Artykuł przedstawia analizę różnych metod przedstawienia (reprezentacji) krajobrazów Prowansji w twórczości Aldousa Huxleya, zarówno w powieściach, takich jak Niewidomy w Gazie czy Czas musi stanąć, jak i w esejach, takich jak „Muzyka nocą”, czy „Drzewo oliwne”. Do analizy zostały użyte narzędzia badawcze opracowane przez naukowców związanych z tak zwanym ‘zwrotem przestrzennym’ (‘spatial turn’), a w szczególności koncepcji ‘krajobrazów polisensorycznych’ (‘polysensory landscapes’), podczas gdy reprezentacje krajobrazów Prowansji są rozpatrywane w kontekście biografii Huxley oraz sytuacji politycznej we Francji, oraz na świecie w latach trzydziestych dwudziestego wieku.
EN
The paper focuses on the analysis of different ways in which Aldous Huxley chose to represent Provençal landscapes in his novels, such as Eyeless in Gaza or Time Must Have a Stop, as well as in his essays, such as “Music at Night” or “The Olive Tree”. The analytical tools which have been developed by scholars of the so called ‘spatial turn’ have been used (particularly the notion of ‘polysensory landscapes’), while Huxley’s representations of Provence are considered in the context of Aldous Huxley’s biography and the political situation in France in particular and in the world in general in the 1930s.
EN
Uses and Abuses of the Past. The Politics of History and Cultures of Remembrance in East-Central and Southeastern Europe (1791 to 1989) The ‘long’ 19th century and the wars of the ‘short’ 20th century decisively shaped the cultures of remembrance of the national societies and nation-states of East-Central and Southeastern Europe. The national liberation movements, the wars of 1912/14–1918, the founding of new states in 1918–19, the turn to authoritarian rule in the late 1920s and the war years of 1939/41–1944/45 continue to shape – together with the legacy of communism and medieval myths – the collective memory of contemporary Poles, Hungarians, Slovaks, Czechs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Serbs, Macedonians, Croats and others. If Oskar Halecki and Jenő Szűcs have identified a historical meso-region of a ‘wider’ East-Central Europe characterized by common structural features, one can also identify a post-imperial and post-communist ‘community of memory’ between Plžen and Poltava, Tallinn and Thessaloniki. This shaping of the past in people’ s minds has taken place in a threefold manner. First, the individual memory of quite a number of people who had experienced World War II, the interwar period and even the ‘three’ Balkans Wars is still alive. These memories differ substantially depending on ethnicity, political affiliation back then, and on present-day political needs. Those hunted during the Second World War record rather different memories than those who participated in ethnic cleansing, for example. There have been floods of memoirs written about the recent past throughout the region. Second, in these until rather recently non-literate but ‘oral’ societies family memory continues to play an important role – a role that was strengthened considerably under the decades of communism when memories not compatible with the official master narrative were suppressed. And third – and perhaps most importantly – the post-1989/91 governments’ uses and abuses of the past are primarily an iteration of the ‘politics of history’ propagated by governments of the interwar period and earlier.
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