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CS
Studie se zabývá analýzou cestopisné literatury o Spojených státech amerických v českém cestopisném diskurzu v období od sedmdesátých let devatenáctého století po první světovou válku. Argumentační osu tvoří dvě témata - reprezentace USA jako „země svobody“ a obraz „pravého Američana“. Kromě zpracování tohoto tématu si studie klade za cíl prozkoumat obrysy české identity v konfrontaci s americkým „jiným“. Metodologicky se tedy inspiruje saidovskými analýzami a zobrazováním „jiného“ v literatuře a kultuře. Studie argumentuje, že analyzovaní autoři (Josef Václav Sládek, František Herites, Josef Štolba, Jiří Guth, Josef Kořenský ad.) vidí USA jako inspirativní model svobodné a demokratické země. Stejně tak zobrazení „pravých Američanů“ je přes některé jejich negativní aspekty pozitivní. Jsou reprezentováni jako činorodí, pracovití a houževnatí jednotlivci, čestní a stateční. Autoři často kontrastují tyto pozitivní rysy amerického „jiného“ s „typicky“ českou malostí, absencí hrdosti, dynamičnosti a také údajnou závistivostí Čechů. I v těchto aspektech by si dle cestopisců Češi měli vzít z Američanů příklad. Jediným výraznějším pozitivním rysem Čechů v konfrontaci s Američany je jejich „kulturnost“ (rozvinutost v oblasti literatury, divadla, hudby, výtvarného umění apod.). Celkově můžeme konstatovat, že čeští cestovatelé v tomto období Spojené státy americké a její obyvatele obdivují a vidí je jako příklad hodný následování. Tento reprezentační modus také dokladuje postupný obrat českých intelektuálních a kulturních elit od východu na západ, ke kterému docházelo v tomto období.
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EN
The article discusses current theories of and opinions on “lingvoreálie” and proposes a new approach, based on a rejection of the dominant essentialist approaches which aim to define “lingvoreálie” with respect to their intrinsic characteristics, arguing instead for a view that focuses on their role in particular communicative acts. Based on an analysis of three real-life uses of “lingvoreálie” in advertising, the article proposes to expand the theoretical concept of “lingvoreálie” to include any linguistic expression that is given the role of expressing cultural identity in a given context, i.e. in a particular communicative situation.
EN
The present work focuses on two types of narrative perspective — cognitive and perceptual. The cognitive perspective is understood to comprise the ways in which the fictional world can be mentally conceptualized from the standpoint of the characters, or such a perspective is a manifestation of collective opinion, which of course is not the subject of this work. The perceptual perspective is understood to comprise sensual perception, through which the phenomena or events of the fictional world are filtered. Based on Wolf Schmid’s conceptualization, we distinguish two basic aspects of narrative perspective, the first being the way evens are perceived or understood, while the second is the way they are represented and realized within the narrative. Another essential feature is the function of both perspectives, which manifests itself not only in terms of what is filtered by these perspectives and what is reflected in the semantics but also reciprocally. It is then our primary task to follow the way both perspectives functionally determine each other. We perform an analysis of this phenomenon on the corpus of Jan Neruda’s and Jakub Arbes’s prose works, which were written at around the same time. Firstly we show how the identified types of perspective are realized in the prose works of both authors, who each represent a differing realist school in Czech literature. We then focus on their functional correlations and find that Neruda’s prose work is characterized more by situations in which a cognitive perspective on a rationally modal basis determines the perceptual perspective, so that sense perceptions or illusions are corrected by the rational cognitive framework, whereas in the case of Arbes’s prose works under review, the reverse is for the most part the case. The typologically different functional correlation method of both perspectives is manifested in the sphere of diegesis, narrative strategy and composition, as well as in the conception of the fictional time-space, for example. Just as the usage of the perspective type or of the functional correlations does not necessarily determine the narrative composition, nor does it necessarily relate to the overall general orientation of the work on the Romanticism-Realism axis. However, its individual segments (setting and characters) determined by the functional polarity of both perspectives may refer to one of these literary mainstreams of the period.
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EN
The will of the people expressed in elections legitimates the work of parliament, but the content of the laws does not necessarily match the will of the people since the parliament is not a perfect representation of the people. This gap can be filled by the law-applying authority, which can gain information about the people from its authority’s own sources and add it into the law in the process of interpretation. This article argues that this is exactly what the Constitutional Court does. It enriches the laws by new information, and thus not only completes the law, but co-creates it. The sources of information to which the Court has access are of a dual nature. Firstly, the source are parties to the proceedings who express their personal preferences (related to their own lives). The adoption of laws in Parliament is mainly based on external preferences (about the lives of other people) or on a conglomerate of both. Personal preferences thus could be exogenous information brought to the legal order by the Court. Another source are judges of the Constitutional Court, who brings know-how. However, the know-how itself is not always enough. Sometimes the judge has to eventually work with other exogenous elements such as moral judgments, expectations or political ideologies to decide the case.
CS
Vůlí lidu vyjádřenou ve volbách je poskytnout parlamentu legitimitu k jeho činnosti, ovšem obsah zákonů už vůlí lidu být nemusí. Parlament není dokonalou reprezentací lidu, proto ani výsledky jeho činnosti – zákony – se s vůlí lidu neshodují. Tato mezera může být vyplněna v rámci interpretace, kdy orgán aplikující právo z vlastních zdrojů získá další informace o lidu a prostřednictvím výkladu o ně zákony doplní. Článek navrhuje hypotézu, že právě to dělá Ústavní soud, že obohacuje zákony o nové informace, a tedy nikoliv jen dotváří právo, ale spoluutváří ho. Zdroje informací, k nimž má soud přístup, jsou dvojího druhu. Zaprvé jde o účastníky řízení vyjadřující své osobní preference (týkající se jejich vlastního života). Přijímání zákonů v parlamentu se totiž odehrává především na základě preferencí vnějších (preferencí jednotlivce o životě jiných lidí), anebo na konglomerátu osobních a vnějších. Osobní preference zjištěné soudem jsou tak exogenním vnosem do práva. Dalším zdrojem je samotný soudce Ústavního soudu, který přináší know-how. Nicméně samotné know-how mu alespoň v některých případech postačovat nebude, proto musí pracovat i s dalšími exogenními prvky, jako jsou morální úsudky, předsudky, očekávání a politické ideologie.
EN
The paper focuses on R. Weiner’s 1916 short story collection Lítice / Furies which captures his direct experience from the Serbian front. I present a reading of the story Crazy Silence from the broader perspective of war and the associated issues of perception and representation, language and imagination, pursued from the viewpoint of “the way of internalization”, i.e. the processes of metaphorical and allegorical transmutation of the war events, as well as from the viewpoint of the history and economy of sense-perception, as Weiner’s prose reflects the changes incurred by the impact of the military apparatus. The title of the story, Crazy Silence, denotes the central image of the text, linked with the key role of the auditory experience of soldiers in the field, confronted with a yet unknown “siege of hearing”, understood already at the time as an unmistakable perceptual characteristics of World War One. This war-time “mobilization of hearing”, as reflected in literature, is then situated within the broader context of transformations of sense-perception accompanying the processes of modernization, accompanied by the experience of “great noise” (F. Kafka). Our reading of Weiner’s text turns our attention to the question of the literary representation of this “siege of hearing”: how can one communicate the perceptions and attacks that fell on the ear during the war? Whereas, for instance, the Italian Futurists stopped at a direct imitation of the noises of the battlefield by means of onomatopoia, other authors pursued the path of metaphorical and allegorical capturing. The auditory perceptual experience in R. Musil’s The Blackbird and Weiner’s Crazy Silence launches the process of allegorization which creates a metaphorical image of the war, captured in the tension and the disturbing synthesis of the dispersed noise of killing technology and an epiphanic experience.
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