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EN
The text is devoted to consideration on the morally desirable way of clarifying the ambiguities identified in a previous part of the double voice. So it contains deliberations on meaning and authority of biological material donor informed consent. Considering research on human corpses the author focus on two questions: why deceased patient’s premortem preferences should be taken into account at all and whether “an advance research directives” of that kind should take a form opt-in or opt-out arrangements? Whereas when it comes to research on biological samples the most important question is what type of actual – not presumed – consent meet ethical standards.
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BEZDOMNOŚĆ — CO WYNIKA Z DANYCH

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EN
What do we know about homelessness in contemporary Poland? For a few years more and more research is carried out on the subject, currently available statistics has shortcomings of the data, but we can get a picture of social reality. In Poland is around 30 thousand homeless people in total, of which 20 thousands living in shelters for the homeless during the winter. Homeless people live mainly in highly urbanized regions. Territorial distribution, intensity of the aid offered and costs vary depending on the region. Unfortunately on average less than 1% of homeless population has succeeded in struggle with homelessness and achieved independency.
EN
The article discusses the state of research on liturgical monody of the Armenian Apostolic Church. This monody is a collection of musical and literary works, coming mostly from the period from the fifth to the fifteenth centuries and performed during the liturgy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. In the Middle Ages khaz (neumatic) systems were developed for recording the melodies of monody, but most of the systems have been forgotten. In the nineteenth century in several centers of Armenian culture, melodies of that monody were written down from the oral tradition with the so-called new Armenian notation. Studies of the monody since the eighteenth century were followed by both researchers of Armenian origin, as well as other nationalities, but to this day no university has established any entity, which could be regarded as a center for research on liturgical monody of the Armenian Apostolic Church. In the world literature no monograph has been written, which would include general issues concerning the liturgical monody of the Armenian Apostolic Church. There are several lines of research on this monody: history, theory and khazology (neumology), retrieving, processing and cataloging sources, the study of medieval commentaries on sacred music, the study of various kinds of the monody, and finally performance practice in the liturgy of the Armenian Apostolic Church. There are difficulties in conducting research on this monody, including scattered sources and limited contact between researchers from Armenia and other countries. The final conclusion of the work is that the issues concerning the Armenian Apostolic Church monody not yet been sufficiently studied.
EN
The text covers the issue of the admissibility of conducting research using human biological material derived from human corpses and removed (amputated) parts of the human body or material obtained during medical procedures carried out for other purposes. The author analyzes the issue of the admissibility of conducting research and the necessary consent of the entity from which the material originates, as well as the nature of legal opposition to the ex mortuo collection of cells, tissues and organs. The test is a double voice and includes considerations based on Polish legal solutions, which are complemented by an ethical perspective that is an immanent part of the study.
EN
This article briefly describes the Polish press from the years 1795–1815 and discusses the trends and results of research carried out in this field by historians after 1945. The citation analysis was widely used to evaluate the research achievements. Researchers showed little interest in the press of that time. Only 49 scholars in total worked in this area and they published 61 works cited 118 times within the parent discourse (history of the press) [including 42 times below the half-life period]. Kazimierz Ossowski (5 works) [8 citations] and Marian Kallas (6 works) [7 citations] could boast the greatest achievements in this field. The works published by Tadeusz Łepkowski [10] and Jerzy Łojek [3] also deserve attention. The greatest achievement in the analyzed area is a monograph by K. Ossowski "Prasa Księstwa Warszawskiego” (Warsaw, 2004). Other topics received much less attention. One also lacks synthetic analyses for the period 1796–1806 and monographs of the then leading newspapers, especially "Gazeta Warszawska” and "Gazeta Korespondenta Warszawskiego i Zagranicznego”
EN
Until 1945 former East Prussia /Ostpreußen/ was relatively homogenous in terms of culture. Germans, native Mazurians and Warmiaks dominated, Poles lived in the southern part of Warmia and Mazury, the Jewish minority inhabited towns and the Old Believers /‘starovyery’/ lived in the area of the Piska Forest /Puszcza Piska/. The evacuation of German civilians fleeing the advancing Red Army in January 1945 marked the beginning of a post-war expulsion of Germans from East Prussia, which was endorsed at Potsdam Peace Conference in July/August 1945 by the Big Three (Stalin – Churchill – Truman). Those who decided to stay here were soon forced to ‘claim’ their nationality. Polish authorities, just like their German predecessors, were aiming at an ethnic unification of the region. Following some political decisions the majority of the remaining German population were displaced and Warmiaks and Mazurians had to pledge their allegiance: either German or Polish. At the same time Polish settlers began to pour in. By the end of 1948 ca. 330 thousand had come from central Poland and slightly over 115 thousand of so called ‘resettlers’ had arrived from pre-war Eastern Borderlands /Kresy Wschodnie/. In addition, 55 thousand Ukrainians were later relocated to the region under so called ‘Operation Vistula’. Considerably smaller representations of Belorussians, Lithuanians and Romani community members closed the list of new settlers1. Germans had to conceal their national identity.
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EN
Changes to foreign trade conditions also bring about changes to the main transport routes and directions. Lithuanian transport companies must perfect their ability to adapt in a shifting environment, to predict and readjust to the possible changes in the flow of goods, and expand the capability to build a new foundation and appliance of transportation technologies. To support this, a questionnaire researching transport must be made. This article covers an analysis of planning and conducting the research and the data processing methodology used to determine the main directions of the flow of goods of Lithuanian transport companies, as well as criteria concerning competitiveness among the companies.
EN
Znalezienie równowagi pomiędzy życiem zawodowym i prywatnym może być trudne. Niniejszy artykuł jest nieopartą na dowodach listą nieformalnych, anegdotycznych sugestii dla osób pracujących zawodowo, które próbują znaleźć równowagę pomiędzy licznymi rolami w pracy oraz wychowywaniem dzieci. Pragnę podkreślić, że nie twierdzę, iż jest to oparta na dowodach metoda osiągnięcia optymalnej równowagi między życiem zawodowym i prywatnym; niniejszy artykuł jest przykładem nienaukowego ujęcia i zawiera listę dziewięciu sugestii, które, mam nadzieję, będą dla niektórych pomocne. Jestem dyplomowanym psychologiem klinicznym pracującym w USA. Na pierwszym miejscu jestem profesorem nadzwyczajnym na średniej wielkości uniwersytecie, na drugim klinicznym psychologiem w tej społeczności. Jestem mężatką, mam jedno dziecko, i jestem w pełni świadoma, że sugestie mogą być najbardziej pomocne dla osób ze zbliżoną sytuacją rodzinno-zawodową. Na dziewięć proponowanych przeze mnie sugestii składa się: 1) Skupiać się na jednym zadaniu naraz; 2) Rozsądnie wykorzystywać czas, kiedy dziecko jest w przedszkolu; 3) Ustalić parametry dla zawodowego e-maila; 4) Zlecić komuś najbardziej nielubiany obowiązek domowy; 5) Wyznaczyć głównego rodzica na różne okresy; 6) Bawić się ze swoim dzieckiem/dziećmi; 7) Wyjeżdżać na urlop wypoczynkowy; 8) Nauczyć się mówić „nie” oraz 9) Dbać o własne zdrowie psychiczne. Każda z tych anegdotycznych sugestii jest kolejno omówiona, wskazuję również empiryczne artykuły do pogłębienia wiedzy dla osób zainteresowanych.
EN
The field of language teaching, both TESOL and ESP, is undergo- ing rapid changes. It is responding to new educational trends and paradigms and institutions face new challenges connected with changes in the curriculum, national tests and student needs. As a result, language teachers need to update their professional knowledge by taking on new roles, such as those of teacher- researcher. The purpose of this paper is to present new developments in the area of general language teaching research, with a particular focus on meth- ods of qualitative research that might be found useful while examining certain aspects of teaching in the field of ESP, such as case studies, action research, interviews or observations. The presentation of research methods is followed by a review of research practice focused on pedagogical issues published in re- cent years in ESP journals, such as English for Specific Purposes, The Asian ESP Journal or Journal of English for Academic Purposes. Of major interest are articles on Legal English. The article concludes with suggestions for further study.
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PL
Child welfare is defined as satisfactory living conditions or health, happiness and prosperity. However, child welfare can be analysed in different perspectives. One can rely on certain data or theoretical models that go beyond the data. Some relate to the prospects for health or to the rights of the child. There are many contextual indicators of child welfare. The general trend of the considerations in the text lies in moving away from the quantitative assessment of negative and positive indicators.
EN
Child welfare is defined as satisfactory living conditions or health, happiness and prosperity. However, child welfare can be analysed in different perspectives. One can rely on certain data or theoretical models that go beyond the data. Some relate to the prospects for health or to the rights of the child. There are many contextual indicators of child welfare. The general trend of the considerations in the text lies in moving away from the quantitative assessment of negative and positive indicators.
EN
The article is empirical and constitutes a qualitative analysis of students’ attitudes towards the implementation of the subject of Security Education in upper secondary schools to which they attended. The research attention was focused on the form of conducting classes, issues raised on the subject, assessment of their usefulness and proposals for improvements presented by students. The self-assessment of self-attitude towards the subject and level involved in the acquisition of the core curriculum was also presented.
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Ask: Research and Methods is an open access, peer-reviewed academic journal devoted to the methodology of social science research. ASK was first published in 1995 by the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Before 2008, ASK followed the tradition of other Polish language scientific journals by publishing short English language summaries of the articles. These summaries, available in the back issues of ASK, cover only a small portion of what the article is about. To provide more information about advances in Polish methodology as published in ASK from the early stages of the post-Communist era to the mid-2000s, we decided to translate the abstracts themselves. Funded by a grant from the Ministry of Science and Higher Education, we translated into English all abstracts published in ASK from 1995 to 2007.
EN
In Hungary in the event of disasters and technical rescue, the interventions and rescue services of fire protection are carried out by the fire department and the firefighters within the system of disaster management. The circumstances and the tasks that await them cannot be predicted. Although there are regular trainings and drills, the annual statistics clearly show that accidents do occur during interventions despite their caution and protective equipment. One of the aims of the research was increasing the safety of firefighters. The statistics about deployment and injuries of firefighters with a span of 11 years (between 2000 and 2010) were collected and analysed, then a conclusion was drew. The currently available protective equipment and methods which are the most suitable and in accordance with the current potentials were identified. The negative effects on fire fighters working - especially in closed space - resulting from the use of protective equipment as well as the ways of reducing risks of interventions was studied too. Based on one of the research findings, there are more ways to increase safety of both the fire fighter and the rescuee, thus the safety of the intervention. These ways include finding a more modern alternative of protective equipment, preparing firefighters for the circumstances in confined space is drilling in as life-like circumstances as possible and the use of devices which are currently not standard in firefighting.
EN
Modern reality is ambivalent, heterogenous, ambiguous and unpredictable. The living conditions it creates aren’t easy for adolescing people forced to realize many developmental tasks. Among theese tasks is forming a mature vision of reality. This article presents the postmodern view of the world from the perspective of young people, based on research conducted on high school graduates. It shows young people as very reflective, critical towards certain aspects of postmodernity but at the same time, due to highly developed adaptational skills, able to find their place in the world and make use of its possibilities.
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The aim of this article is to present the results of a study on the level of financial knowledge among staff at local public administration offices. The study was conducted using the technique of Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) on a representative sample of commune level offices in the Podkarpackie Province. Study participants described a definite strength of financial knowledge within the work tasks that they do, however they indicated that their actual knowledge level is intermediate, and to a great degree their actions are based on general knowledge rather than specialist knowledge. The article presents a diagnosis of the level of financial knowledge among staff at local public administration offices at the commune level in the Podkarpackie, describing the most common barriers to gaining financial knowledge and preferences in the forms of learning.
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The Polish University Abroad (PUNO) carried out a research aimed at analysis of the approach of young Polish immigrants living in the UK to the independence issues. The point was to identify the way people perceive the 100th anniversary of Polish independence. 191 people were surveyed – 62% of them were women and 38% were men. The majority of respondents were from 26 to 39 years old. Poland, to the respondents, seems to be related to: family, homeland and home. The image of Polish diaspora in the UK provides a lot of inspiration for further research about Poles and their attitude to most important national traditions.
EN
The paper deals with author’s pilot experiments using the eye tracking method for the primary school children examination. This method enables to gain a large amount of research data based on the tested people’s eye movements monitoring. In the paper, there are processed chosen research data of four gifted students’ examination in the context of their mathematical and logical intelligence.
EN
The paper fits into the area of research over educational contexts of popular culture, which is a voice in a discussion focused on possible ways of “using” rock lyrics in formal education, on critical education through rock narratives, on a category of co(being). This paper is intended to familiarize with research on educational contexts brought by rock narratives also about involving a Recipient in the discussion on the presented issues.
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