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Problem badawczy

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EN
A problem is a question which concerns some lack of knowledge. A number of research problems types may be distinguished. The questions about facts are fundamental. However, they are particularly significant in natural sciences. In social sciences (e.g., what is the structure of the ruling elite in prerogative states?) their significance is considerably smaller. Then, there is the type of classificatory questions, i.e., these questions relate to the distinctive features of the class of beings, phenomena of facts fulfilment by being, phenomenon or fact. Indeed, the questions about relations between dependent and independent variables are the most prevalent in social sciences. The last type of questions is formulated on the basis of the model of antinomic behavioural ideal types. This type is characterized by the high extent of applicability to research (i.a., qualitative analyses). It is useful because offers frameworks to determining distances between being/phenomenon/ fact and its behavioural ideal type.
PL
Polish linguistic research into religious language has been developing dynamically after 1988. From the beginning, they have been conducted in a wide context, and although the process of their integration is limited, it has been consistently advancing. The research in religious language in the last fifteen years have concentrated in two tightly cooperating research centres: Kraków and Poznań. Religious language, as discussed in studies published there, is widely understood as a variety of standard language used in all situations related to the sacrum. The results of research initiated and conducted by the Zespół Języka Religijnego [Religious Language Group] and the proceedings of conferences organized by the Department of the Grammar of Contemporary Polish Language of the Institute of Polish Philology at the Adam Mickiewicz University, are published in a Teolingwistika series, and in continuing volumes of Język religijny dawniej i dziś [Religious Language Now and in History]. Researchers in religious language set many tasks for themselves. They search for reasons for the contemporary crisis of religious language in Poland. They are also faced with the fact that there is no dictionary of religious language, and no synthetic study that would describe religious language in a historical perspective. Researchers also want to investigate the language of young religious persons, and of new evangelism, and the influence of contemporary media on the ongoing changes in religious communication. It is particularly important that the research is not limited to the religious language used in Catholic Church in Poland.
EN
At the beginning of this article we characterize the current technological education in primary schools affected by the negative impact of school reform (2008–2012). We then further describe of the methodology of field of educational research: aims, methods, hypothesis and research sample. We analyze the main research tools: non-standardized educational practical tests and observation sheets. Based on statistical processing of the student results we verify the hypothesis of the research.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia klasyfikator problemów badawczych w naukach o zarządzaniu oraz będące podstawą jego opracowania definicje problemu oraz jego trzech rodzajów – problemów badawczych, naukowych i praktycznych. Wskazuje ponadto na metody służące do ich rozwiązywania. Wszystkie rozważania są prowadzone w kontekście filozofii nauki i metodologii ogólnej oraz dorobku nauk empirycznych i nauk o zarządzaniu. Zawarte w artykule propozycje pozwolą, jak się wydaje, na uporządkowanie tego elementu pracy naukowej.
EN
The article presents a classifier of the research problems in management sciences. It is based on the definitions of the problem and its three types – research, scientific and practical problems, and indicates the methods used to solve them in management sciences. Considerations are made from the perspective of the philosophy of science and general methodology, as well as considering the achievements of the empirical sciences and management sciences. The provided propositions are helpful for ordering the scientific problem being investigated in the paper.
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