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EN
a traditionally used psychopathological symptom in the context of new findings published in the literature is described. Anhedonia is defined as a symptom in psychopathology that is primarily a part of depressive syndrome and is defined as an inability to feel pleasure. Théodul Ribot introduced the term into the scientific literature at the end of the 19th century. The term anhedonia appears only rarely among the criteria in the official classification of psychiatric disorders but it is nevertheless often mentioned in clinical and pre-clinical research publications. Research works evaluating anhedonia are coming mainly from the field of affective disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders and addictions. Preclinical research and application of newer methods in human and animal research have led to the identification of various components of positive hedonic experience (reward) at the level of neuronal circuits and neurotransmitter systems. New concepts such as liking and wanting, consummatory and anticipatory anhedonia have been introduced, extending and refining the traditional understanding of this symptom but not yet adopted in clinical practice. Based on the synthesis of current knowledge, the authors propose a framework for applying new findings and definitions to psychopathological consideration of anhedonia as presented in different mental disorders.
SK
V práci je opísaný vývoj pojmu anhedónia ako tradične užívaného psychopatologického symptómu v kontexte s novými poznatkami publikovanými v odbornej literatúre. Anhedónia je v rámci psychopatológie vymedzená ako symptóm, ktorý je predovšetkým súčasťou depresívneho syndrómu a opisuje sa ako neschopnosť pociťovať radosť. Do odbornej literatúry zaviedol tento termín Théodul Ribot na konci 19. storočia. Samotný pojem anhedónia sa v texte oficiálnych klasifikácií psychických porúch vyskytuje už len ojedinele, no napriek tomu je často uvádzaný v publikáciách z klinického aj predklinického výskumu. Sú to predovšetkým práce z oblasti afektívnych porúch, schizofrénie, porúch osobnosti a závislostí. Vyvinulo sa viacero hodnotiacich prostriedkov, ktoré umožňujú kvantifikáciu hedonického prežívania. Aplikácia novších metód viedla k identifikácii rôznych zložiek pozitívneho prežívania (odmeny) charakterizovaných rozdielnou aktivitou v špecifických neuronálnych okruhoch a neurotransmiterových systémoch. Postupne sa obsah pojmu anhedónia od originálneho opisu odchyľoval a rozvíjal. Zaviedli sa nové termíny ako liking a wanting, konzumačná a anticipačná anhedónia, ktoré podstatným spôsobom rozširujú a upresňujú tradičné chápanie tohto symptómu, no ešte nie sú osvojené v klinickej praxi. Na základe syntézy súčasných poznatkov navrhujú autori rámec, ako aplikovať nové zistenia a definície psychopatologickej analýzy anhedónie pri rôznych psychických poruchách.
PL
W artykule autor podejmuje próbę wykorzystania koncepcji dynamicznych zdolności i rutyn do opracowania polityki wynagrodzeń w firmie. Dla realizacji celów artykułu zastosowano prosty schemat wnioskowania dedukcyjnego. Opierając się na opisie dynamicznych zdolności i rutyn, zaproponowano trzy podstawowe wytyczne dla konstrukcji systemu wynagrodzeń. Pierwsza dotyczy kryteriów wynagradzania. Druga opisuje sposób tworzenia struktury i doboru form, typów wynagrodzeń. Trzecia poziomu płac. Ich treść sugeruje sposób projektowania systemu wynagrodzeń, który, w pewnym zakresie, różni się od dotąd opisywanych w literaturze.
EN
In this article the author undertakes an effort to apply the concept of dynamic capability and routine to develop a company remuneration policy. In order to achieve this target, the article applies a simple scheme of deductive reasoning. Three basic recommendations are proposed for constructing the system of rewards. They are based on a description of the dynamic capability and routine concept. The first concerns pay criteria. The second describes ways of developing structure and selecting forms and types of compensation. The third looks at pay levels. Their content suggests the way in which the remuneration system should be designed, which, in a sense, is different from that described in literature to date.
EN
This essay of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is contemplating about the role of human species in the universe, and comes to the conclusion that humans, blessed (or cursed) with a powerful mind and consciousness, should be committed to the future, should feel responsible for the sustainability of our evolution and development. Besides developing a realistic notion of ourselves (not only greed and sex, but cooperation, altruism and spirituality are also specific to us), and we need to find alternative forms of responding to the imperatives of genes, instincts, and traditional conditioning. The only way of our survival is to find new, meaningful sources of passion and joy, and make sure that they at the same time support ecological health, diversity, social justice, as well as for the complexity of consciousness, and offer us a meaningful alternative of competitive consumption and materialism.
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