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EN
The article concerns attitudes of voters and political parties towards the right to civil partnerships for same-sex couples. Although, over the years, several attempts have been made to introduce draft laws on relationships in Poland, none of them was successful. The following political parties and groupings were analyzed: Prawo i Sprawiedliwość, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe, Platforma Obywatelska RP, Nowoczesna of Ryszard Petru, KW Kukiz '15 and Koalicja Zjednoczona Lewica. Studies have confirmed that the portioning of support for the right to a same-sex registered partnership divides the Polish political scene. The position of the examined parties on the legalization of same-sex relationships coincides with the beliefs of voters. The majority of parties and voters of the left supported the right to enter into partnerships, right-wing parties and their voters were against.
EN
This article focuses on the comparative analysis of the concepts of right and left in Spanish and Polish. The author begins the article by providing a precise definition of a language stereotype based on the research by Bartmiński, explaining its features that differ from the meaning of the prototype presented in cognitive research and prooving that both concepts can complement each other. By connecting them, we can create a full picture of semantic concepts, especially those of strong cultural connotations. The next step is to compare the symbolism connected with the above mentioned concepts and the comparative analysis of their cultural connotations, showing the similarities and differences between those concepts in the selected languages.
EN
In the last decades, various forms of parenthood (alternative, non-standard) have been discussed as an important topic. The attention of human sciences experts is particularly focused on the quality of life of a child growing up in such a family. It is evaluated whether there is a reason for not accepting such a family constellation. The ways of creating such a family formations are rarely discussed, although they play an important role in the quality of life of children, families and the whole society. Ways to create such families are patchwork families, adoption, foster care and 3rd party reproduction. Our text concentrates mainly on using reproductive technologies. Alternative family formations have always emerged and will emerge in the future. However, our analysis shows that the institutional support of their creation (creation, not their functioning) brings serious legal, ethical and psychosocial problems, for example, trafficking in body parts, women and children.
EN
This article presents a historical perspective to create legislation towards the Jewish community. The article discusses three legal systems - secular system, a mixed system and religious system in relation to the institution of marriage. This perspective allows us to understand the processes associated with the creation of a multicultural society and the problems associated with it.
EN
The article is devoted to analysis of various countercultures aspects. The Author hypothesizes that the forms of contemporary politics are the result of two fundamentally interrelated strategic vectors. First is built upon a politics of ressentiment, setting “ordinary” folks against the socio-cultural elite which constututed to the "new right" movement. Second vector is originated of counterculture of the 1960s. The author states that counterculture exist without a singular identity. It is a space of hybridity and heterogenity. On the other hand counterculture is related to the concept of contemporary ambivalence as well it transforms of affective experience of everyday life. Another feature of counterculture is connected with the conviction that counterculture stands against of dominant culture. Also the author puts counterculture movements against various aspects of new american modernity including reconstruction of the practice of the hegemony, as well as through popular culture and reconstruction of the "left" and "right" idelogy and practice.
EN
According to the philosopher of three critics, hospitality postulates the immanent sense of feeling of respect for the natural law basis of the same hospitality that presents, according to the thinker of Koenigsberg, as not being the result of any external conditions, the sensitive area, but preferably, appears as inner feeling that occurs by reason. Meanwhile, the hospitality depends on the magnitude and direction of “Practical Reason” ( Vernunft praktische ). The host comes from the exercise of moral law. The hospitality, according to the philosopher of Koenigsberg, is according to the autonomy of the will ( Wille ). However, our position relates to hospitality, the thought of pure philosophy, as a heteronomy of the Other as stranger or host. In view of Kant, the hospitality is a deontologism to the host. The Kantian abroad is not an absolutely Other, but a citizen of the world regardless of what their origin, their territorial origin. She should be treated as a person,as an end in itself. In fact, the act that constitutes the meaning of hospitality should be a motivated act rationally. The place of universal hospitality is the Earth’s surface. The common possession of the surface of the earth is therefore a right. In this Kantian hospitality there is a duty, but as understood as an expression of culture, that was expressed by Derrida.
EN
Political parties that operate in the public space are classified, inter alia, according to the criterion of their ideological convergence (Mair, 2010; Gallagher, Laver, Mair, 2011). If we look at the convergence through the prism of the values declared by the parties, then the adaptation of Shalom H. Schwartz’s circular model makes it possible to explain many correlations. Ideological convergence must then be considered a derivative of the rules of compliance and conflict that Schwartz described. These become the starting point, the basis for selecting further axioms and, consequently, a guideline (imperative) in constructing political agendas. The article aims to show that the mentioned rules define party agendas, and the circular model can be used for analytical purposes. The manifestos of the pirate parties selected from 11 countries were used as an example. The method applied in the article is the meta-value matrix. Adapting the Schwartz model, it should be seen as a qualitative content analysis method.
EN
The article presents diff erences between the electorate and political parties programs in a political right point of view according to the principle of same-sex couples to certificate their relations. Parties of the left such as the Democratic Left Alliance (Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej) and Palikot`s Movement (Ruch Palikota) tried to support the idea of the same-sex couple partnerships however they didn’t try to make them equal with the ordinary marriages. The voters of those parties where more often ready to accept the same-sex couple partnerships, nevertheless the right side pulls in the opposite electorate. Most of the Civic Platform (Platforma Obywatelska RP) voters didn’t support the same-sex couples partnership idea, that kind of attitude dominate the Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość) electorate too. Nowadays the aversion to the same-sex couples rights can be clearly seen among the whole society. During the 2011 campaign also clearly become the increase of support for the same-sex couples partnership over the previous year especially in political left wing of electorate. Social ratio to the main aspects of the article divines polish political parties as much as the most of the voters, creating a big line between the left and the right side of polish politics.
EN
Should we be afraid of the truth? This question is important not only for the world of philosophy, but also politics. Reluctance to fixed and immutable foundation used to characterize the left . This right has traditionally appealed to what is permanent, unchanging, universal, in what social order should be rooted. And for that it is criticized. It has been suggested that we should reject the right-wing chains, reject universalism, to become free and head toward postmodernism. Postmodernism today seems to give hope for further development, including policy based on new narratives – particularly left-wing. Postmodernism, as it is seen by Grzegorz Lewicki, seems to be close to the critical theory that can help us in the liberation and emancipation. Closer analysis, however, allows us to see that also in critical theory there is a desire to discover the truth about what is reality. It also allows to see that the category of truth is not as bad as it is painted. It is not necessary to get rid of the reference to the category of truth, because truth is not the problem in itself. We can still keep it without sacrificing what was the best in postmodernism. If we are successful, then there might be the chance to reconcile the left with the right.
PL
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie argumentów na rzecz rezygnacji z utrwalania w nauce o polityce trzech stereotypów dotyczących lewicowości, centrowości i prawicowości. Pierwszy z nich polega na klasyfikowaniu podmiotów politycznych przez wskazywanie na ich miejsce na osi lewica–centrum–prawica. Podstawą drugiego jest przekonanie, że lewicowość, centrowość i prawicowość można zawęzić do określonych płaszczyzn rywalizacji (na przykład do poglądów na gospodarkę, kształt państwa, religię). Trzecim stereotypem jest „dogmat”, że konflikt o wartości polityczne został zapoczątkowany w okresie rewolucji francuskiej. Autor uzasadnia swoje stanowisko w odniesieniu do psychologicznej teorii Shaloma H. Schwartza oraz kołowej struktury wartości politycznych.
EN
The aim of the article is to give arguments against the presence of three stereotypes in political science concerning leftism, centrism and rightism. The first one involves the classification of political entities by indicating their place on the left-centre-right axis. The second is based on the belief that leftism, centrism and rightism can be narrowed down to specific levels of competition (e.g. views on the economy or religion). The third stereotype is “dogma” that the conflict over political values was initiated during the French Revolution. The author explains his position with reference to the psychological theory of Shalom H. Schwartz and the circular matrix of meta-value.
EN
The case of Poland perfectly illustrates the scale of discrepancies between researchers who, on the one hand, criticize the specific nature of the Polish version of the left-right split, but on the other emphasize its important role in the process of identifying political and social actors and the ability of dichotomy to organize political life. Political actors define themselves in a specific way, allowing voters to recognize these acts of self-positioning and rely on them to make electoral decisions. The purpose of this paper is to problematize these divergences in two ways. First, by showing that the origin of this ‘problem’ lies in the assumptions underlying the theory of rational choice. It is claimed that it is the positivist ontology and epistemology underlying the paradigm of rational choice that produced ‘the problem’, which – from the perspective of interpretative approaches – constitutes an inherent part of political life. Secondly, by applying the assumptions of constructivism to the study of the left-right division in order to investigate the role of dichotomy in the political communication processes and construction of political order.
PL
Przypadek Polski doskonale pokazuje skalę rozbieżności pomiędzy badaczami, którzy z jednej strony krytykują specyficzny charakter polskiej wersji podziału lewica–prawica, a z drugiej strony dostrzegają jednak jego ważną rolę w procesie samoidentyfikacji aktorów politycznych i społecznych oraz zdolność do porządkowania życia politycznego – partie definiują się w określony sposób, a wyborcy trafnie owo pozycjonowanie rozpoznają i w oparciu o nie podejmują decyzje wyborcze. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest sproblematyzowanie owych rozbieżności w dwojaki sposób. Po pierwsze, poprzez ukazanie, iż u genezy tego „problemu” tkwią założenia związane z teorią racjonalnego wyboru. To pozytywistyczna ontologia oraz epistemologia leżące u podstaw paradygmatu racjonalnego wyboru pozwoliły na sformułowanie problemu, który z perspektywy podejść interpretatywnych byłby raczej nieodłączną częścią życia politycznego. Po wtóre, poprzez zastosowanie do badaniapodziału lewicowo-prawicowego założeń konstruktywizmu w celu zbadania roli, jakie pełni omawiana dychotomia w procesach komunikowania i konstruowania porządku politycznego.
|
2017
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vol. 15
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issue 2
175-185
PL
The reception of common law in the United States was stimulated by a very popular and influential treatise Commentaries on the Laws of England by Sir William Blackstone, published in the late 18th century. The work of Blackstone strengthened the continued reception of the common law from the American colonies into the constituent states. Because of the large measure of sovereignty of the states, common law had not exactly developed in the same way in every state. Despite the fact that a single common law was originally exported from England to America, a great variety of factors had led to the development of different common law rules in different states. Albert W. Alschuler from University of Chicago Law School is one of the contemporary American professors of law. The part of his works can be assumed as academic historical-legal narrations, especially those concerning Blackstone: Rediscovering Blackstone and Sir William Blackstone and the Shaping of American Law. Alschuler argues that Blackstone’s Commentaries inspired the evolution of American and British law. He introduces not only the profile of William Blackstone, but also examines to which extent the concepts of Blackstone have become the basis for the development of the American legal thought.
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Content available

Etyczne fundamenty konsultingu

63%
Prakseologia
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2009
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issue 149
133-150
EN
Consulting in our times faces a number of problems, thus it needs a philosophical reflection and constant ethical evaluation. This is even more justified, as roots of consulting are based on practical philosophy, that from sophists to stoics underwent a number of changes, creating consulting models, ethical theories, and ground for advisory role of philosophy. Practical philosophy demonstrates itself as an opportunity to overcome a number of problems that consulting faces, and to set principles of professional standards.
PL
Rozważania zawarte w niniejszym artykule powstały w okresie wzmożonej aktywności ustawodawczej zarówno rządów poszczególnych państw, jak i organizacji międzynarodowych w czasie pandemii COVID-19. Celem artykułu jest charakterystyka i próba analizy wybranych instrumentów prawnych w dobie kryzysu gospodarczego oraz uzasadnienie przyjętej tezy o potrzebie działań ukierunkowanych na pobudzenie gospodarcze, szczególnie w sektorze mikroprzedsiębiorców. Metody wykorzystane w artykule stanowią kombinację podstawowych metod badawczych, zgodnie z zasadą pluralizmu metodologicznego, zastosowane zostały metody formalno-dogmatyczna, przez którą autor rozumie wykładnię systemową, językową i funkcjonalną oraz metoda prawno-porównawcza. Metoda formalno-dogmatyczna jest dominująca w zakresie omówienia powstałych regulacji, zaś metoda prawno-porównawcza pozwala dostrzec różnice pomiędzy przyjętymi rozwiązaniami. Wyniki analizy, dane gospodarcze oraz wnioski płynące z podjętych rozważań pozwalają potwierdzić tezę o potrzebie i skuteczności wdrażanych odgórnie instrumentów prawnych w przypadku większości gałęzi gospodarki.
EN
The considerations contained in this article were created during the period of increased legislative activity of both governments of individual countries and international organizations during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the article is to describe and attempt to analyze selected legal instruments in the time of economic crisis and to justify the adopted thesis about the need for measures aimed at economic stimulation. The methods used in the article are a combination of basic research methods in accordance with the principle of methodological pluralism, formal and dogmatic methods have been used, by which the author understands a systemic, linguistic and functional interpretation, as well as a legal-comparative method. The formal-dogmatic method is dominant in the discussion of the resulting regulations, and the legal-comparative method allows to notice the differences between the adopted solutions. The results of the analysis, economic data and conclusions drawn from the considerations allow to confirm the thesis about the need and effectiveness of top-down legal instruments implemented in most sectors of the economy.
EN
In the article the author describes the types of leadership in one of the polish political parties, the right wing party. The article's introduction includes reflections on the topic of ‘leadership' and ‘the right' as concepts. Following the introduction, the article examines the theoretical qualities of leadership in conjunction with the activities of Jaroslaw Kaczynski. The author also draws attention to the differences between the party's leadership in the right and left wing groups, taking into account regulatory and organizational determinants. Additionally the author notes the tendency of right wing leaders towards authoritarianism. This was pointed out by the author as being an unfavorable type of political culture for that kind of right wing leadership. The author mentions that the strong personality of Jarosław Kaczyński has a definitive influence on the types of leadership that Polish right-wing parties take on. He also points out the potential threat that kind of leadership poses, with respect to electoral weakness in the right-wing party.
EN
The article aims to analyze the leadership of Marek Jurek - the founder and the chairman of the Prawica Rzeczypospolitej (Republic's Right Wing). The author characterizes Jurek's journey to party leadership, his political convictions, the social-demographic charac-teristics of the leader, the type of leadership he employs, his status in the party structures, and his means of reaching his goals. M. Jurek is also a leader of a party now outside the parliament, the party that strictly refers to the teaching of the Catholic Church. Jurek defines the party as Christian-conservative. Emphasizing such issues as absolute prohibition of abortion, M. Jurek is also against: the legalization of same-sex partnerships, in vitro fertilization, and Poland's accession into the Euro Zone. He can be classified as a intellectually astute leader.
17
63%
PL
W artykule autorzy dokonują analizy międzynarodowych aktów prawnych, a zwłaszcza postanowień Konwencji o prawach dziecka pod kątem relacji dziecka z rodzicami. Wskazując na podmiotowość dziecka i przedstawiając katalogi praw dziecka przeprowadzają dowód na konieczność zaakceptowania prawa dziecka do rodziców rozumianego jako prawo dziecka do odpowiedzialności rodzicielskiej. Analizie towarzyszy przegląd historycznych koncepcji dotyczących funkcjonowania dziecka w społeczeństwie i rodzinie. Autorzy odwołują się do pojęcia odpowiedzialność rodzicielska spotykanego w ramach powszechnego systemu ochrony praw człowieka oraz systemu Rady Europy. Omawiają reguły wypracowane przez Komisję Europejskiego Prawa Rodzinnego (CEFL), które komisja ta przedstawiła w dokumencie „Odpowiedzialność rodzicielska w świetle europejskiego prawa rodzinnego”, chcąc przyczynić się do umocnienia wspólnych wartości europejskich dotyczących praw i dobra dziecka oraz dążąc do harmonizacji prawa rodzinnego w Europie. Treść tego pojęcia jest konfrontowana z terminem władza rodzicielska, którym posługuje się polski prawodawca opisując relacje dziecka z rodzicami. W artykule przedstawiane są różnice między tymi pojęciami oraz ich teoretyczne i praktyczne konsekwencje. W ostatniej części artykułu autorzy na podstawie przykładów ilustrują problematykę właściwie rozumianego prawa dziecka do rodziców i niedoskonałości prawa polskiego zarówno w aspekcie jurydycznym, jak i legislacyjnym. W tej części przedstawiają wnioski de lege ferenda związane ze zmianami w kodeksie rodzinnym i opiekuńczym oraz w przepisach proceduralnych.
EN
The authors analyse the international instruments, in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child to determine the child’s relationship with parents. Indicating the subjectivity of the child and presenting the catalogues of the rights of the child they prove the necessity of accepting the right of the child to both parents, understood as the right of the child to parental responsibility. The analysis is followed by a review of historical concepts concerning the functioning of the child in a society and the family. The authors refer to the concept of “parental responsibility” occurring within the universal system of human rights protection and system of the Council of Europe. The text discusses the rules established by the Commission of European Family Law (CEFL) and presented in the document “Principles of European Family Law regarding Parental Responsibilities”, in order to promote the development and strengthening of the common European values relating to the rights and interests of the child and aiming for harmonization of family law in Europe. The content of this concept is confronted with the term “parental responsibility”, is used by the Polish legislators for describing the child’s relationship with parents. The article presents the differences between these concepts as well as theoretical and practical implications. In the final part the authors illustrate the problem of properly understood the notion of the rights of the child to both parents and imperfections in the Polish law, both in juridical and legislative aspect. Present are also de lege ferenda findings, associated with changes in the Family Code and procedural rules.
PL
Autor prezentuje różnice w poglądach i wartościach ideologii lewicowej i prawicowej. Odwołując się do tradycyjnego, dychotomicznego podziału pokazuje zupełnie inne założenia, podejścia do konkretnych spraw i cele obu ideologii. Odnosząc się do deklaracji młodzieży przedstawia portret młodych Polaków, którzy w zdecydowanej większości nie potrafią określić swoich preferencji ideologicznych. Nieliczni młodzi jednak należą do partii, stowarzyszeń, grup politycznych czy ruchów społecznych. W artykule rekonstruowane są propozycje wysuwane przez dwie, znane i popularne młodzieżowe organizacje o wyrazistych ideowych preferencjach. Autor opisuje ich krytyczny stosunek do demokracji a także wysuwane propozycje jej naprawy. Oba środowiska, mimo iż, upominają się stale o „urzeczywistnienie” demokracji, walczą o zupełnie inny porządek społeczny.
EN
The author presents differences in the views and values of the left and right wing ideologies. He shows the variety of assumptions and attitudes towards specific issues and goals by referring to the traditional, dichotomous distinction. The author focuses on the political identifications of the youth according to their declarations. Most of them are politically alienated and unable to clearly define their political views. Few are members of political parties, political organizations or social movements. The article presents reconstructed proposals and values of two, well-known youth political associations. Both have radical and distinct ideological preferences. The author analyses their critical attitudes towards democracy and a recipe for its deficits. Despite their stand for the true realization of democracy, both groups fight for different social order
EN
The strongest version of the conscience-statutory law conflict, known from antiquity, is found in the events of the twentieth century. The effects of ethically outrageous political or normative decisions made, for example, by the Nazis or the Soviets, caused huge moral dilemmas. The international community’s account for these decisions and their consequences after World War II inspired the building of a system of human rights in the spirit of international iusnaturalism. This system, respecting the freedom of conscience in the well-known triad of freedom of thought, conscience, and religion, also favoured the positive recognition of the human right to conscientious objection. Recognition of the right to conscientious objection ran from the positive and legal recognition of the freedom of conscience, through the theoretical and legal separation of the right to conscientious objection, to the recognition of this right in a legal institution, known as the conscience clause, which takes the form of a provision allowing the possibility of failure to perform an action due to the so-called motives of conscience. The process of gradual recognition of the right to conscientious objection in the legal order, understood in this way, is defined in this study by the term “institutionalisation of the right-conscience conflict”. This institutionalisation takes various forms and does not always lead to the provision of sufficient legal protection to those wishing to exercise their right to conscientious objection. However, legal recognition of the possibility of non-application of the law in force due to conscientious objection always generates a number of challenges for the coherence of the legal system. In this work, a research task was undertaken using the dogmatic-legal method to answer the question which challenges for the legal systems of Continental law result from the institutionalisation of the law-conscience conflict? The article is divided into two parts, analysing the theoretical-legal and practical-legal consequences of the institutionalisation of the right-conscience conflict and the resulting challenges for the legal systems of Continental law.
PL
Najmocniejszą odsłoną znanego ze starożytności konfliktu sumienie – prawo stanowione stały się, powodujące ogromne rozterki moralne, wydarzenia w XX wieku, będące efektami oburzających etycznie decyzji politycznych czy normatywnych, podejmowanych np. przez nazistów czy Sowietów. Rozliczenie tych decyzji i ich skutków po II wojnie światowej przez społeczność międzynarodową dało impuls do budowania w duchu iusnaturalizmu międzynarodowego – w założeniu efektywnego – systemu praw człowieka. System ten, respektując wolność sumienia, w znanej triadzie wolności myśli sumienia i wyznania (religii), sprzyjał również pozytywnemu uznaniu prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia jako prawa człowieka. Uznanie prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia przebiegało od pozytywno-prawnego uznania wolności sumienia, poprzez teoretycznoprawne wyodrębnienie prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia, aż do uznania tego prawa w instytucji prawnej, nazywanej klauzulą sumienia, która ma postać przepisu dopuszczającego możliwość niewykonania jakiegoś działania ze względu na tzw. motywy sumienia. Tak rozumiany proces stopniowego uznawania prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia w porządku prawnym określamy w niniejszym opracowaniu sformułowaniem „instytucjonalizacja konfliktu prawo – sumienie”. Instytucjonalizacja ta przyjmuje różne formy i nie zawsze prowadzi do zapewnienia wystarczającej ochrony prawnej osobom chcącym skorzystać ze swojego prawa do sprzeciwu sumienia. Zawsze jednak prawne uznanie możliwości niezastosowania obowiązującego prawa ze względu na sprzeciw sumienia generuje wiele wyzwań dla spójności systemu prawnego. W niniejszej pracy, w której zastosowano metodę dogmatyczno-prawną, wyznaczono zadanie badawcze polegające na odpowiedzi na pytanie: Jakie wyzwania dla systemów prawnych continental law wynikają z instytucjonalizacji konfliktu prawo – sumienie? Artykuł podzielony został na dwie części, podejmujące analizę odpowiednio teoretycznoprawnych i praktycznoprawnych konsekwencji instytucjonalizacji konfliktu prawo – sumienie oraz wynikających z nich współcześnie wyzwań dla systemów prawnych continental law.
Teoria Polityki
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2021
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vol. 5
147-159
PL
W przestrzeni debaty publicznej można zaobserwować występowanie antynomicznych postaw dotyczących ochrony środowiska naturalnego. Jedna z nich jest charakterystyczna dla nurtu określanego umownie jako lewicowy, a druga – dla prawicowego. Celem artykułu jest przybliżenie treści i źródeł tych postaw oraz podjęcie próby wyjaśnienia istniejącego na tym gruncie konfliktu politycznego w odniesieniu do psychologicznej teorii wartości Shaloma H. Schwartza.
EN
In the political sphere, two antinomous attitudes towards the nature are permanently present. The first one is characteristic of the left-wing and the second one of the right-wing. The article explains the content and source of these attitudes by referring to Shalom H. Schwartz's psychological value theory (SVT) and the circular meta-value model created on the basis of its adaptation.
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