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In the judgement, the European Court of Human Rights found the Russian Federation had violated Article 8 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms by failing to take any appropriate protective measures to minimise or eliminate the effects of serious, long-standing excessive industrial air pollution and thus to protect the complaints from the associated risk to their health. The majority of the judges considered that this regulation implies positive obligations for the state, which were not fulfilled in this case. The European Court of Human Rights interpreted Article 8, guaranteeing the right to respect for private and family life, in the context of excessive industrial pollution that poses risks to the complaints’ health. This ruling is commendable and may have far-reaching consequences with reference to both ongoing and future cases related to the environment or the climate. It is an important contribution by the European Court of Human Rights to the jurisprudence on Article 8.
EN
The termination of pregnancy is a complex issue in the legal, ethical, moral and religious dimensions. The author briefl y discusses the circumstances of the adoption in 1993 of a „compromise” Bill on Family Planning, Human Embryo Protection and Conditions of Permissibility of Abortion. But, above all, he provides a cross-sectional and synthetic analysis of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights on this issue. It is clear from the judgments of the Court (e.g. in cases A, B and C v. Ireland and R.R v. Poland), that it does not impose on the States Parties an obligation to introduce in their internal legal systems an unconditional right to abortion. But if such a right is granted, at least in a restricted extent, then — according to the Court — the State is under commitment to ensure procedural conditions for its real enforceability. In the judgment in R.R. v. Poland, the Court, finding pregnant women to be „in a situation of great vulnerability”, gave a new perspective to its earlier case law in this regard. For the fi rst time in relation to this type of cases, it found the defendant guilty, interalia, of violation of the prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment (Article 3 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms).
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Równe prawo mężczyzny do urlopu wychowawczego

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EN
The men’s right to parental leave is protected by provisions art. 14 which prohibits discrimination based on sex taken in conjunction of art. 8 which guarantees to everybody the right to respect for private and family life of the European Convention of Human Rights of Nov.4th, 1950 decided the European Court of Human Rights in its judgment of March 12, 2012 in the case of Kostantin Markin v. Russia. An author examines the ECtHR assessment concerning the applicant employed as servicemen in the military of the domestic authorities’ refusal to grant him parental leave because he belonged to the male sex. The Court found in favour of an applicant due to the fact that as parental leave and parental leave allowances are concerned, men are in analogous situation to women. The Court has accepted that the rights of military personnel under various provisions of the Convention may in certain situations be restricted to a greater degree than would be permissible in case of civilians. In respect of restrictions on the family and private life of military personnel there must exist particularly serious reasons. Such restrictions are acceptable only where there is a real threat to the armed forces operational effectiveness. The difference in treatment cannot be justified by reference to traditions prevailing in a certain country. Taking into consideration that in Russia the entitlement to parental leave depends exclusively on the sex of military personnel the ECtHR decided that then exclusion of servicemen from the entitlement to parental leave while servicewomen are entitled to such leave, cannot be said to be reasonably or objectively justified. The Court concluded that the different treatment, of which men denied of the right to parental leave, amounted to discrimination on grounds of sex.
PL
Autor analizuje wyrok Europejskiego Trybunału Praw Człowieka z 22.03.2012 r. w sprawie Konstantin Markin przeciwko Rosja. Mężczyzna, zawodowy żołnierz zaskarżył Federację Rosyjską z powodu odmowy przyznania uprawnień do urlopu wychowawczego, z których mają prawo korzystać kobiety – żołnierki. Trybunał orzekł, ze uprawnienia żołnierzy zawodowych (mężczyzn i kobiet) w sprawach dotyczących uprawnień socjalnych mogą być różnicowane pod warunkiem, że są poważne i uzasadnione obiektywnymi względami, takimi na przykład jak zagrożenie dla zdolności bojowej wojska. W żadnym wypadku natomiast dyferencjacja uprawnień do urlopów wychowawczych nie może być dokonywana ze względu na płeć. Trybunał stwierdził, że w Federacji Rosyjskiej nabycie i korzystanie z uprawnień do urlopu wychowawczego zawodowych żołnierzy jest uzależnione od płci osób wychowujących dzieci. Orzekł, że prawo rosyjskie, petryfikując stereotypowe wyobrażenia o roli kobiet i mężczyzn w społeczeństwie, dyskryminuje mężczyzn – zawodowych żołnierzy. Nie przyznaje bowiem prawa do urlopu wychowawczego, z którego mogą korzystać kobiety odbywające zawodową służbę wojskową. Prawo mężczyzny jest objęte ochroną prawną przepisów art. 18 i art. 8 Europejskiej konwencji o ochronie praw człowieka z 1950 r.
EN
The analysis of the Article 31 of the Act on medical activity concerning the autopsy leads to the conclusion that it should be amended. This is due to its comparison with the provisions relating to the disclosure of medical records, medical confidentiality and the collection of cells, tissues and organs, but also it results from the Polat v. Austria judgment, in which the European Court of Human Rights ruled that an autopsy of a child in breach of religious belief was a violation of the parent’s right to respect for his private and family life and religious freedom (Articles 8 and 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights).
PL
Analiza art. 31 ustawy o działalności leczniczej dotyczącego sekcji zwłok prowadzi do wniosku, że przepis ten powinien zostać znowelizowany. Wynika to z jego porównania z przepisami odnoszącymi się do udostępniania dokumentacji medycznej, tajemnicy lekarskiej oraz pobierania komórek, tkanek i narządów, ale także z wyroku w sprawie Polat przeciwko Austrii, w którym Europejski Trybunał Praw Człowieka orzekł, że przeprowadzenie sekcji zwłok dziecka z naruszeniem przekonań religijnych stanowi naruszenie prawa rodzica do poszanowania jego życia prywatnego i rodzinnego oraz wolności wyznania (art. 8 i 9 Europejskiej Konwencji Praw Człowieka).
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