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EN
The clothing of criminals in the 18th century did not differ significantly from the clothing of the people around them, which is hardly surprising, as they came from their ranks. However, we can see in their clothing a reflection of their professional or social status. For example, it is evident from the clothing of most robbers that they came from a shepherd’s environment. In their clothing, we find components that have been explicitly designated as shepherd’s or were often found on shepherd’s clothing. Various forms of individual decoration are found on trousers and headgear, such as cloth ribbons and beads in particular, and also seashells. As for other categories of criminal, identifying a pattern for such a small number of cases is complicated. However, in general, their clothing contained mostly elements typical of their status or profession. Still, it is clear that even the clothes of the lower social groups were not uniform, and so in descriptions of them we find less common components.
EN
In books VI and VII of Apuleius’ Metamorphoses we find the robbers delivering some orations, which imitatethe genus deliberativum: they display sollemnity and refined elegance to such an extent, that the reader, beingaware that they proceed from the most heinous rogue’s lips, cannot but smile by himself.Composing this part of his tale, Apuleius also falls back on and re-treats some elements of the greek novel, inparticular the representation of the band of robbers like a sort of perverted state.In this article I will first show the resemblances that Apuleius’ rogue-tales share with the same places of theGreek novels’ writers, then I will continue to examine the speeches found in books VI and VII.I will demonstrate with how much elaboration Apuleius has amplified and augmented these tales, which theGreek novelists have merely outlined, for the sake of playing on extant literature, and I will clarify to whatextent we can understand this playing on literature as a parody.
PL
O kobietach, które „rozbojem się bawiły”. Katarzyna Włodkowa Skrzyńska i Barbara Rusinowska – zapomniane zbójniczki z XV wieku W źródłach historiograficznych oraz legendach przechowywana jest pamięć o dwóch XV-wiecznych zbójniczkach – Katarzynie Włodkowej Skrzyń­skiej i Barbarze Rusinowskiej. Pierwsza była żoną Włodka ze Skrzynna herbu Łabędź, który mieszkał na zamku Barwałd w ziemi zatorskiej i siał postrach w całej okolicy. Mamy więc do czynienia ze swoistym fenomenem, jakim było małżeństwo zbójników, a dodatkowego kolorytu nadaje tej histo­rii fakt, że były to osoby wysoko urodzone. Ze stanu szlacheckiego pocho­dziła także Barbara Rusinowska, która działała w Górach Świętokrzyskich. Napadała na dwory i wozy kupieckie, a jej cechą charakterystyczną był męski strój. Obie zbójniczki zostały w końcu pojmane i stracone. Artykuł przybliża dzieje życia tych kobiet, a także zestawia różne (często sprzeczne) informacje na temat ich rozbójniczej działalności, które zachowały się w dawnych kroni­kach. W XIX w. Rusinowska stała się bohaterką dramatu scenicznego autor­stwa Aleksandra Ładnowskiego.
EN
Historiographic sources contain the memory of two 15th-century female rob­bers: Katarzyna Włodkowa Skrzyńska and Barbara Rusinowska. The former was the wife of Włodek from Skrzynów of the Swan coat of arms, who lived in Barwałd Castle in the area of Zator and reigned terror in the whole region. We are concerned here with a peculiar phenomenon, that is, a husband–wife duo of robbers, and the fact that they were both of noble birth only spices up this story. Barbara Rusinowska, who was active in the Świętokrzyskie Moun­tains, was also from a noble family. She attacked manor houses and merchant wagons, and her characteristic trait was her men’s attire. Both bandits were finally captured and executed. The article introduces the life story of these women and compares various (often contradictory) information about their brigandage that has survived in ancient chronicles. In the nineteenth cen­tury, Rusinowska became the heroine of a stage drama written by Aleksander Ładnowski.
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