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„Luźne” znaleziska żelaznych grotów oszczepów kultury przeworskiej z Wyżyny Sandomierskiej i jej obrzeża

100%
Florek M.
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
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2020
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issue 41
165-170
EN
The subject of the research are 5 spearheads from the villages: Leszczków, Rytwiany, Szczeka and Lubienia, in the Świętokrzyskie voivodeship. The artefacts, apart from the one from Szczeka, were found by accident, probably in the course of illegal searches with the use of metal detectors. The spearheads should be dated to the younger Pre-Roman period and the Roman period. They probably come from the destroyed cremation graves from the unknown so far cemeteries of the Przeworsk culture.
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Germánsky výrobný objekt s dokladmi metalurgie z Bratislavy-Vajnor

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Vymazalová B.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
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2023
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issue 117
131-143
EN
The polycultural site at Vlčí klin, Bratislava-Vajnory, in SW Slovakia came to the attention of archaeologists already in the 1970s, but wide-ranging excavation and exploration only took place in 2018. The research uncovered among others, a Germanic settlement. Of particular significance are pyrotechnic installations and crucibles, indicating that non-ferrous metals and iron ore were processed in the settlement. This contribution presents a preliminary analysis of feature 74, which was used for metallurgy using non-ferrous metals.
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New find of a roman lantern from the Czech Republic

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Vích D., Jílek J., Kmošek J.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
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2023
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issue 117
161-170
EN
In 2021, a functionally undetermined ring and a deformed upright of a Roman lantern were discovered with the help of a metal detector on the slope of the Hušák hill in the cadastral district of Lázy (district Svitavy). Both objects exhibit a similar metal composition. This is the second published find of a part of a Roman lantern from the territory of the Czech Republic and from the Barbaricum in general. The question remains whether the presence of a Roman lantern is related to the evidenced military intervention in the form of a Roman temporary military camp at the nearby town of Jevíčko, and whether the deposition on the slope of a prominent landmark was connected with ritual activities, or with metalworking, or with both.
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Bronzová plastika z Veľkého Medera

86%
Varsik V.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
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2023
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issue 117
179-187
EN
In 1997, during a surface prospection, a fragment of a Roman bronze statuette was found at a Germanic settlement from the 2nd to 4th century in Veľký Meder (southwestern Slovakia). It is probably a figure of Hercules, who is leaning on a club with his right hand. In recent years, there have been discoveries of bronze and lead Roman statuettes from the Germanic sites in western Slovakia. A discussion was therefore opened about the penetration of Roman ideas into the spiritual world of the Germanic people. However, the statuette of Mercury placed in a Germanic urn grave at the burial site in Ivanka pri Dunaji represents a non-Roman act. It testifies to the distinctive approach and ‚non-Roman perception‘ of the Roman artefact. In the Roman world, bronze statuettes were rarely placed in graves.
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Náramky, ihlice a ihly z 1. až 3. Storočia z germánskeho kniežacieho sídla v Zohore

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Elschek K.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
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2023
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issue 117
145-159
PL
From the Germanic site at Zohor (Malacky District) come Roman and Germanic bracelets, pins, needles and a gold bracelet from princely grave 5/1957. Some of the finds come from settlement features and graves and part from the survey. The bracelets were made of silver, bronze and gold, the pins and needles from bronze and bone. The Germanic artefacts were probably produced in Zohor and nearby Germanic settlements, as evidenced by sporadic finds of semi-finished products and manufacturing features in the area.
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Application of non-destructive methods on the Tvrdošovce site (preliminary results)

86%
Rekemová A. M., Čambal R., Bazovský I.
Zborník Slovenského národného múzea Archeológia
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2023
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issue 117
115-129
EN
The paper presents the application of non-destructive methods on the Tvrdošovce site. The goal of the paper is to inform about the latest results of a non-destructive survey at the Včelíny site in the village of Tvrdošovce. The case study of this site aims to present a combination of various non-destructive methods such as geophysical survey, LiDAR, aerial, and satellite photos with a subsequent comparison with features that previously underwent a process of archaeological excavation. This polycultural site has primarily the character of a settlement. Based on metal prospection, the largest settlement scope may be dated to the Roman period; based on archaeological excavation, the largest period of the settlement may be the middle La Tène period in LTB2/LTC1 and LTC2. An archaeological excavation was performed on the site from 2017 to 2019. Prior to this, an intense surface prospecting using metal detectors had been carried out on this site since 2015. This prospection showed significant Roman, and, to a lesser extent, Bronze Age, Hallstatt, La Tène, and Middle Age settlements. In addition, two geophysical surveys were carried out here in 2017 and 2022. Non-destructive methods are often considered ineffective in the case of lowland sites. Nevertheless, we will try to present a successful example of a combination of these different approaches in the presented article.
7
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Charakterystyka łupki żelaznej i kloca żużlowego z doświadczalnego procesu dymarskiego

86%
Przychodni A., Suliga I.
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
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2016
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vol. LXVII
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issue 67
147-173
EN
Iron bloom was obtained as a result of an ancient iron smelting process carried out in slag-pit furnaces, apparently in use during the Roman Period in the Central European Barbaricum, more notably in the territory settled by the Przeworsk Culture people. In the 1970s, prompted by the reflections of M. Radwan (1963) and by the insights gained from the study of archaeological traces of the iron smelting process found in the great centre of iron metallurgy in the Świętokrzyskie (Holy Cross) Mts. in central Poland, K. Bielenin developed the concept of the free solidification process (Polish acronym PSK) to describe the process of the formation of the iron bloom and slag blocks inside the slag-pit – the underground part of the bloomery furnace. Bielenin found that iron obtained in these furnaces had to contain only a minor amount of slag, non-ferritic inclusions and non-carbonized ferritic inclusions. Only then would the iron have the right degree of malleability needed for successful forging. Archaeological studies of the Holy Cross Mts. centre of iron metallurgy have yielded a very modest amount of iron bloom finds, mostly in the form of flattened lumps, the product from the working of the bloom with hammers. Obviously, the obtained iron, a highly valued and prized resource, was taken out of the production site. What remained was the debris of the bloomery furnace slag-pits, filled to a various extent with slag, and iron making residue, so-called gromps, from the process of forging and consolidating raw iron blooms. Alternately, M. Radwan has interpreted these finds as debris from the smelting process claiming that this residue had formed in the shaft of the furnace during the iron smelting process. Given that the process of smelting iron in furnaces with a slag-pit is poorly documented in the archaeological record more comprehensive data had to be obtained from experimental studies. In Poland the first of these experiments were made in the late 1950s. Furnaces with a variously designed shaft (the above-ground structure) were used in the experiments (cf. Fig. 1, 4). Unfortunately, the product obtained tended to be a slag-iron agglomerate (Fig. 2, 3) markedly different from what is available in the archaeological record. To solve this problem the experiments were modified to employ K. Bielenin’s conception of the free solidification of slag blocks. This concept would be tested in practice only in the second decade of the 21st cent. during the experimental studies of A. Wrona made with modern replicas of a furnace referred to as type Kunów with a slag-pit canal (Fig. 6). The research findings outlined here mostly draw on results of an experimental process carried out during the 1st Bloomery Seminar held in Starachowice in October 2013. Similar results had been obtained by A. Wrona in 2012 and 2013, and during experiments carried out by a specialist team in 2013–2015. Their results help to supplement the analysis presented here. During the experiment made in 2013 a block of slag was obtained (Fig. 11) and iron bloom separated from the surface of the slag-block (Fig. 12). Weighing 3.65 kg the bloom had a ferritic structure appropriate for subsequent working. The experimental smelt had used 40.6 kg of iron ore and 50 kg of charcoal. The ore was locally obtained siderite (Fig. 7) and hematite imported from Bosnia and Herzegovina (Fig. 8), at a ratio of 1:1. The process was carried out in two stages, in an artificial blast furnace, with air injected under pressure from bag bellows (Fig. 9). During the first stage waste rock was reduced to slag and the formation of the iron bloom initiated. Next, air was allowed into the slag-pit canal of the furnace draining the iron bloom from the slag (Fig. 10). The iron bloom (Fig. 12) and the block of slag (Fig. 11) were next subjected to specialist studies. Observations of the microstructure of the bloom obtained during experiments made in Starachowice in 2013 identified a solid zone (Fig. 14) and a filigree zone (Fig. 13, 16) as well as a net-zone of iron formation (Fig. 17). The presence of these zones has been confirmed in blooms deriving from the earlier experiments of A. Wrona (Fig. 18–21). Furthermore, the study of the microstructure of the bloom helped establish that in a bloomery furnace equipped with a slag-pit the metallic iron is mostly obtained through processes of secondary reduction and disproportionation within the sponge gob of slag formed earlier near the tuyeres of the furnace. Throughout the process the iron bloom is in constant contact with liquid slag, which not only prevents the bloom from undergoing a secondary oxidation caused by air injected through the tuyeres, but also has an active part in the process of the gradual accretion of the bloom. Upon examination, the microstructure of the slag (Fig. 22–24) formed during the experiment was found to be consistent with the chemical composition and structure of ancient slag discovered in the Holy Cross Mts., except for compounds formed when Bosnian ore was used; the 0.07% content of K2O (cf. Fig. 11) in this ore led to the formation of leucite K2Al2Si6O16, identified during the microstructural analysis as black dendrites (Fig. 23). Similarly as experiments carried out in 2012–2015, the Starachowice experiment confirmed the validity of the assumptions made by K. Bielenin. Furthermore, observations made during these studies prompted a series of conclusions on the organization of the operation of a slag-pit furnace cluster, the feasibility of the use of artificial blast during the process (Fig. 9, 27) and the impact of atmospheric factors on the process flow. The results presented here prove that it is highly advisable to continue the experimental work to obtain a more detailed understanding of the stages of the iron smelting process, and to carry out these tests using local iron ores only. It was found also that the technical purity of the experimentally obtained iron is sufficient to classify this stage of product to working phase. Consequently, the procedures described in the literature as a post reductive stage should not be understood as a stage aimed on the removal of impurities but rather as a phase aimed on shaping the metal obtained in the process of reduction. It is also important to note the new data possibly of use in our studies of the bloomery process furnished since 2010 by the investigation of well-preserved bloomery fields in site (wilderness) Wykus in forest inspectorate Suchedniów, Kielce County.
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