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EN
The article attempts to define social work as a social practice, using the sociological understanding of practices as (1) habit and (2) disposition to register what is new. Such a theoretical perspective helped to reveal the causes of failure in implementing appropriate and effective assistance for parents with disabilities as a result of interference of several connected factors. Three such factors are discussed: institutionalization of helplessness in social assistance, relying on the stereotype of a disabled person (which corresponds to the medical model) and organizational ignorance. Finally, the necessity of introducing ground breaking innovations axiologically based on tolerance as an expression of social concern is emphasized.
EN
The article reveals the specifics of the educational process in pre-revolutionary cadet corps of the Dnieper Ukraine on the basis of historical materials. In particular, it explains the way of instilling resistant behaviour to future officers by means of accustoming, associated with organization, equanimity and moderation that are inherent in the character’s feature such as disciplined behavior. The author proves, that a decisive influence on the character of the cadet had the education and the environment in which the socialization takes place. Formation of discipline as fundamental for the military character traits in the cadet corps in Ukraine in the XIX – early XX century was carried out primarily through habituation, by which pupils fixed in their minds resistant behavior related with organization, concentration, endurance. Cadets’ life and work activity were organized in such a way that the discipline as a form of behavior received both external and internal motivation. It is emphasized that Ukrainian cadet corps participated in parades and military reviews. It was considered an honor for the young men and such measures had influential educational value because of the effort, time and persistence spent on training, received a convincing motivation, and discipline, as a sustainable form of behavior of cadets, acquired scientific character. After all, a military parade is not only a solemn and outwardly beautiful action, but it is also a demonstration of strength and power of the state, the level of training of its army. At the beginning of the XX century pupils of cadet corps which operated in Ukraine have put in a particularly difficult situation, because they, unlike other members of the imperial cadet corps, had to choose between faith, Motherland and Tsar. This choice is needed not just discipline, endurance, courage, but also a deep understanding of the dialectical sense of duty. However, it was Ukrainian cadets who observed not mechanical implementation of rules and regulations, but understanding what they are doing and for what.
EN
The majority of mass men in the American environment exhibit predictable and similar patterns of behavior as tourists. Pre-Industrial Revolution modes of traveling as liberation and exploration are now thwarted by the leveling effect of globalization and the illusion of information fueled by the all-pervasive mass media. Claims about the role of routine or the quest for authenticity are challenged as genuine motivations for mass tourism. Both the American culture and travel destinations in developing countries have authentic content that is largely ignored in favor of sensationalism and cliché. Excessive regimentation in the US creates the acute need for transcending to which popular culture finds accessible solutions through tourism: an experience of concentrated yet vague exoticism which feels liberating without yielding exploration. Travel destinations are shaped to American standards of material comfort and even adopt western popular culture icons in an effort to supply accessible familiar experiences of western entertainment. Various kinds of difficulty that once stimulated travelers are now relieved by travel agencies, rendering the experience of traveling less personal and more like TV entertainment. Old notions of space, time and reality itself are blurred in favor of a hyper-reality where fiction dominates.
EN
Paper contains analysis of several sociological, social-psychological and philosophical concepts of individual identity from the last quarter of 20th c. and the turn of 21st c. as a part of such theoretical perspectives as symbolic interactionism, sociology of action, theory of structuration as well as critical perspective of cultural postmodernism. Selected publications in every perspective were carefully analysed with the relevant accent on the topics of identity and place of a human being in society. The analysis and synthesis of the selected concepts and publications in general consists of the detailed presentation of self-concepts, individual identity in connection with the other important components of these concepts, including role identity theory, actionalist theory of a social subject, constructivist-structuralist theory of acting subject, free identity choice by consumer in Bauman’s terms and individual identity project in the theory of structuration. Every social scientist and researcher will gain a lot of inspiration as well as indispensable theoretical framework for better interpretation of empirical material in the field where one can rely on many years of fundamental research, elaborate consideration and intuitions by the outstanding commentators of social changes both on the national and global level.
PL
W artykule zostały przedstawione wybrane socjologiczne, społeczno- -psychologiczne i filozoficzne koncepcje tożsamości jednostki ludzkiej z ostatniego ćwierćwiecza XX w. oraz początku wieku XXI w ramach nurtów późnego interakcjonizmu symbolicznego, socjologii działania, teorii strukturyzacji oraz krytycznego nurtu postmodernizmu kulturowego. Zostały przeanalizowane wybrane dzieła reprezentujące wspomniane perspektywy, czego dokonano z punktu widzenia tematyki tożsamości oraz miejsca jednostki we współczesnym społeczeństwie. Analiza i synteza wytypowanych dzieł zawiera zwarte przedstawienie koncepcji Ja, tożsamości jednostki ludzkiej na tle innych istotnych elementów wspomnianych koncepcji, w tym teorii tożsamości roli, akcjonalistycznej koncepcji podmiotu społecznego, kontruktywistyczno-strukturalistycznej teorii podmiotu działającego, wolności wyboru tożsamości przez baumanowskiego konsumenta oraz indywidualnego projektu tożsamości w ramach teorii strukturyzacji. Głębokie wieloletnie przemyślenia wybitnych obserwatorów zmian społecznych zarówno na poziomie społeczeństwa narodowego, jak i globalnego, ich niewątpliwie ciekawe intuicje oraz odkrycia fundamentalnych procesów mogą znacząco zainspirować oraz wyposażyć każdego badacza w niezbędny zestaw pojęć i pewne ramy dla interpretacji zdarzeń empirycznych.
RU
Статья посвящена изучению генезиса формейшн в танцевальном спорте. Автором определены роли стран и танцевальных направлений, оказавших наибольшее влияние на раскрытие природы формейшн и определивших его развитие в мире. Отмечены специалисты, существенно повлиявшие на уровень развития соревновательных программ и качество подготовки ведущих команд разного времени. В результате проведенного исследования выделены ключевые тенденции развития формейшн как вида танцевального спорта в мире. Анализ тенденций позволил объединить их в три группы, которые имеют свои отличительные признаки, а также показать их тесную взаимосвязь и взаимовлияние, что может стать базисом для прогнозирования дальнейшего развития формейшн в танцевальном спорте.
EN
The article is dedicated to the Formation genesis in dance sport. The author has made an attempt to define the role of the countries and the dancing trends which had the strongest influence on revealing the nature of Formation and which determined its further development in the world. The specialists who essentially influenced the level of sport choreographies development and the quality of preparation for the leading teams during different periods have been marked. As a result of the conducted research, the key tendencies of Formation development as a type of dance sport in the world have been distinguished. The analysis of these tendencies allowed combining them into three groups which have certain distinguishing features. It also has proved their interconnection and interference, and this can become a forecasting basis of further Formation development in dance sport.
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