The article presents the results of studies related to children and adolescents’ awareness of the road dangers and their conscious and safe participation in the road traffic. Additionally it indicates stages of education, which should undergo changes resulting in the safety improvement on the Polish roads. The conclusions of the study are compared with the intentions of the National Road Safety Programme Gambit 2005 in the field of education referring to the road safety and the conclusions of the analysis of safety on Polish roads. The article discusses the erroneous actions of adults towards children entailing failures in traffic laws observance by children and adolescents.
The article presents the examples of ethical attitudes in the actions and the enterprisingattitudes in the field of road safety.Ethical attitudes in business were discussed in reference to the example of education systemof traffic safety. As the illustration of ethical attitudes in the education actions of WojewódzkiOrodek Ruchu Drogowego and the private centers and association of drivers training werediscussed.The chosen questions of ethics in construction trade and motorway services also werementioned. In the article, the chosen indicators of road accidents in Poland and in EuropeanUnion in years 20052006 and firs half on 2007, were presented and compared.
W publikacji autorzy odnoszą się do stanu bezpieczeństwa na drogach w Polsce postrzeganego przez pryzmat niebezpiecznych zachowań uczestników ruchu drogowego. W ocenie autorów jednym z najistotniejszych czynników, które kształtują poziom bezpieczeństwa na drogach, są zachowania uczestników ruchu drogowego. W treści zawarto informacje dotyczące aktualnego stanu bezpieczeństwa. Wskazano, że najważniejszym podmiotem mającym wpływ na bezpieczeństwo jest uczestnik ruchu drogowego. W szczególności zwrócono uwagę na dwie kategorie uczestników ruchu drogowego: kierujących pojazdami oraz pieszych. Wskazano także kategorię niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego, którzy w wyniku zdarzeń drogowych najczęściej odnoszą poważne obrażenia. Autorzy, analizując przyczyny wypadków drogowych, wskazują, że jedną z nich jest zbyt mała świadomość uczestników ruchu drogowego dotycząca konsekwencji zdarzeń drogowych w postaci obrażeń ciała lub śmierci. Z przeprowadzonej analizy wynika, że największe zagrożenie na drogach powodowane jest przez kierujących pojazdami. Jako istotne czynniki wpływające na kreowanie bezpiecznych zachowań na drodze wskazano działania represyjne realizowane przez Policję oraz szeroko rozumiane działania profi laktyczne. Podsumowując, autorzy wskazują, że aby skutecznie przeciwdziałać zagrożeniom na drogach, należy właściwie i precyzyjnie defi niować ich przyczyny oraz starannie planować adekwatne działania służące podniesieniu poziomu bezpieczeństwa. Działania służące właściwej diagnozie przyczyn zdarzeń drogowych trzeba podejmować w sposób usystematyzowany, opierając się na naukowych przesłankach. Skuteczność podejmowanych działań profi laktycznych i represyjnych powinna być poddawana szczegółowej analizie w celu bieżącej ewaluacji.
Błąd popełniony przez pieszego w środowisku ruchu może kosztować życie jego lub inne osoby. Dynamika poruszania się oraz rodzaje zachowań pieszych są różnorakie, a jak prezentują dane statystyczne dyscyplina tych użytkowników dróg plasuje się na niskim poziomie. Piesi jako najsłabiej chronieni uczestnicy ruchu najczęściej w zderzeniu z pojazdem odnoszą obrażenia ciała skutkujące śmiercią. Swoim zachowaniem — niejednokrotnie pod wpływem alkoholu lub środków odurzających — mogą również spowodować zagrożenie dla innych — prawidłowo poruszających się uczestników ruchu. Niniejsza publikacja dotyczy analizy przypadku, w którym pieszy swoim zachowaniem doprowadził do zaistnienia zdarzenia drogowego, w którym odniósł ciężkie obrażenia ciała.
Wybór tematu wynika bezpośrednio ze statystyk zabitych i rannych na polskich drogach. Piesi stanowią największą grupę ryzyka uczestników ruchu drogowego. Kierowcy oraz osoby znajdujące się w pojazdach, chronione są przez nadwozie, poduszki powietrzne czy chociażby pasy bezpieczeństwa. Wypadki z udziałem pieszych najczęściej mają miejsce w terenie zabudowanym. W związku z powyższym, w artykule postanowiono przedstawić przykłady środków uspokojenia ruchu, w celu poprawy bezpieczeństwa niechronionych uczestników ruchu. Studium przypadku stanowiło miasto Katowice. Polska znajduje się w czołówce państw, gdzie wskaźnik śmiertelności wśród niechronionych uczestników ruchu jest bardzo wysoki. W krajach Europy Zachodniej obowiązują obszary nazywane strefą „Tempo 30”. Również w stolicy województwa śląskiego objęto ścisłe śródmieście, m.in. ulice takie jak Francuska, Sokolska, Dudy-Gracza i Mikołowska, strefą redukującą prędkość do 30 km/h oraz wprowadzono fizyczne jej ograniczniki. Ważnym jest, aby kierowcy poruszali się adekwatnie do warunków drogowych (widoczność, łuki, skrzyżowania, przejścia dla pieszych i przystanki, stan nawierzchni, otoczenie drogi, warunki atmosferyczne) i ruchowych (natężenie ruchu, prędkości innych pojazdów, warunki wyprzedzania, obecność pieszych na poboczach). Wraz ze wzrostem prędkości, rośnie stopień ciężkości wypadku, zwiększa się zagrożenie uczestników ruchu i zmniejszają możliwości uniknięcia kolizji
EN
The article comments upon the problems of road safety. Poland is currently still ranked at the tail of countries compared in respect of road traffic safety. Pedestrians, i.e. unprotected traffic participants, typically account for 1/3 of all road traffic accident fatalities. In Silesia, in 2016, 257 people were killed in road accidents, including 99 pedestrians. One of the assumptions provided in White Paper on the Future of Europe is that the number of fatalities due to road traffic accidents should drop to a level nearing 0 by 2050. The paper provides examples of individual solutions discussed with reference to a case study from the city of Katowice. A traffic calming zone referred to as “Tempo 30” has been implemented in the town. It includes the downtown and areas characterized by intense road traffic. In the article, the manner in which local authorities may enforce vehicle speed reduction and induce elimination of transit traffic from access roads has been described. Speed bumps have been among the solutions of interest addressed in the study. They are the simplest and most common method of traffic calming. However, there are more traffic slowing elements deployed in Katowice. Even a slight reduction in driving speed has an effect on the declining of road fatality rates. Data obtained from the City Office prove that safety has been improving in the city. With regard to the benefits of the existing traffic calming zone, a concept of extending this area by adding new ones has been presented
Wypadek drogowy jest zdarzeniem nieprzewidywalnym, chociaż może być zawiniony w wyniku nieprzestrzegania obowiązujących zasad bezpieczeństwa, czyli normy ogólnej wskazanej w art. 177 & 1 kk, czy szczegółowych reguł określonych w Prawie o ruchu drogowym. Jego istotną przyczyną mogą być również absolutnie nieprzewidywalne, odbiegające od modelowych, zachowania uczestników ruchu. To one mogą wprowadzać w błąd innych, którym z formalnego punktu widzenia zarzucono, przykładowo, nieustąpienie pierwszeństwa, zajechanie drogi, niezachowanie szczególnej ostrożności podczas zbliżania się do wyznaczonych przejść czy innych niebezpiecznych miejsc. Ocena zachowań niemodelowych, wprowadzających w błąd, wielokrotnie umyka uwadze organów ścigania czy sądów. Duży udział mają w tym również biegli ds. ruchu i techniki samochodowej, którzy w swoich opiniach dokonują ocen prawnych, zwłaszcza możliwości i powinności przewidzenia. To zagadnienie stricte dogmatyczne, nienależące do ich kompetencji.
EN
A traffic accident is an unpredictable event, although it may be committed as a result of non-compliance with safety rules, i.e. the generał standard specified in Art. 177 & 1 of the Penal Codę, or the detailed rules set out in the Law on Road Traffic. Its important cause can also be absolutely unpredictable, deviating from the model behaviour of participants of traffic. They can mislead on another, which from a formal point of view is chargeable, for example, not yielding priority, cutting off traffic, failure to comply with particular caution when approaching the designated crossing points or other dangerous places. Rating non-model, misleading behaviour, repeatedly escapes the attention of law enforcement or the courts. A large part in this is also shared by expert witnesses in traffic and automobile technology, who in their opinions carry out legał assessments, especially the opportunities and obligations. This is an issue strictly dogmatic, not belonging to their competence.
The paper presents, in a synthetic manner, the main aspects of road traffic safety, which is the quintessence of road transport. The author also shows selected research findings into main determinants influencing safety management in road transport. Moreover, the paper indicates necessary undertakings to increase road traffic safety.
The basic aim of the study was to investigate the influence of alcohol consumption on the road traffic safety in Poland. For this purpose, statistical data were used, published. by the Road Traffic Department of the Civic Militia Headquarters in the years 1975-1984, as well as the data published in Statistical Yearbooks of the Central Statistical Office for these years. It was impossible to include earlier periods in the analysis as in 1975 the rules of statistical registration of traffic accidents were changed, making the data from before 1975 uncomparable. When analysing the problem of the influence the extent of alcohol consumption has on road traffic safety, attention should be drawn to two problems. Firstly, accidents are caused not only by drunk drivers of vehicles but also by drunk pedestrians. Secondly, the drunkenness of the participants of traffic is not an isolated factor but it acts in correlation with other factors, such as e.g. faulty configuration of the road or wrong organization of road traffic. The taking into account of the above problems complicates the analysis of the discussed subject; however, they should not be left out of consideration. A collision of a car with a pedestrian has for many years now been the most frequent type of a traffic accident in Poland, amounting to 43-45 per cent of all traffic accidents. Moreover, traffic accidents caused by drunk pedestrians constitute 43-50 per cent of all accidents caused by drunk persons. Therefore, the contribution of drunk persons to traffic accidents in Poland is considerable; yet it is very difficult to find out how many drunk pedestrains participate in traffic and, in this connection, what is the relation between the number of such persons and that of accidents they cause. For that matter, such difficulties arise also , when one tries to find out the number of drunk drivers of vehicles as in Poland there are no data available which would make such an estimation possible. In spite of these difficulties, the basic hypothesis has been confirmed, according to which the greater the extent of alcohol consumption, the. Higher the frequency of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. As shown by a statistical analysis by means of the correlation coefficient, there is a strong direct correlation between the two phenomena (r =0.680). This correlation was true for the years 1975-1980 only, while for the years 1981-1984 the smaller was the extent of alcohol consumption, the greater was the frequency of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. It should be assumed that this absurd result was caused by the lowering of the official figures on the extent of alcohol consumption in Poland in the years 198l-1984 which did not take into account the consumption of illegally distilled alcohol. An estimation was made of the above figures and thus the approximate actual extent of alcohol consumption in Poland in the years 1981-1984 was established. Also the results of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons were studied. Judged by the number of deaths per accident, they .appeared to be much more serious than those caused by sober participants of traffic. The difference between the results of accidents caused by drunk as compared with sober persons was also found to vary according to whether the drunk perpetrator was a pedestrian or a driver, and what vehicle he was driving in the latter case. For instance, while 0.114 persons per accident died in traffic accidents caused in 1979-1984 b sober pedestrians, the ratio was 0.156 in the case of drunk pedestrians; the respective ratios were 0.116 and 0.191 in the case of sober vs. drunk drivers of passenger cars, and 0.132 and 0.320 in the case of sober vs. drunk drivers of tractors. The distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons according to the time of the day, day of the week and month of the year was also analysed. The yearly distribution of accidents caused by drunk pedestrians appeared to shape differently as compared with accidents caused by drunk drivers. Drunk drivers of vehicles cause the greatest number of accidents in the period from July till October. and drunk pedestrians - from October till January. Also the analysis of the territorial distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons brought interesting results, Drunk pedestrians cause traffic accidents first and foremost in towns (about two thirds of such accidents), in big cities in particular, whereas drunk drivers cause accidents mainly on roads out of towns (about 60 per cent of such accidents). The lack of data concerning the extent of alcohol consumption in the separate voivodships greatly complicated the analysis of the territorial distribution of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons. However, it was possible to arrive at the following conclusion: the number of accidents caused by drunk participants of road traffic per 10.000 of the population of a given voivodship (the index of occurrence of such accidents) depends not only on the extent of alcohol consumption in the voivodship but also to some degree on its urbanization and development of road transport. Particularly in voivodships where a high level of urbanization (measured by the size of the urban population) and a highly developed road transport (measured by the number of persons per one passenger car) is not accompanied by an adequate quality of roads and good organization of road traffic; the large number of accidents caused by drunk persons cannot be explained by a high level of alcohol consumption. Bad road conditions exert the greatest influence on those of the participants of traffic who find it difficult to adapt their behavior1r to the complex situation on the road, i.e. on drunk persons, among others, whose intellectual and psychomotoric efficiency is handicapped due to the effects of alcohol. Bad road conditions may ,,produce" errors committed by drunk participants of traffic, and lead to traffic accidents caused by these persons, thus making the number of such accidents larger than that expected when considering the .number of drunk' participants of road traffic. However. there are voivodships where the factors leading to traffic accidents caused by drunk persons do not seem to be major and yet the number of such accidents is considerable. These are probably the voivodships where the extent of alcohol consumption is particularly high. It should be added that the taking up of the subject included in the title was justified by the seriousness of the problem. In the years 1975-1984, the number of traffic accidents caused by drunk persons was on a constant increase in Poland. While accidents caused by drunk persons constituted 21.5 per cent of all accidents in 1975, their respective share was 26.5 per cent in 1984. Therefore, it is imperative to apply measures that could stop a further growth of this dangerous tendency.
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.