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EN
political, economic and social transition of society. Family roles were tied with the processes of collectivisation and after 1989 with reversal privatization and transformation of agriculture. Before 1989, theoretical concepts were shaped by the ideological intentions of socialistic rural and agricultural development. Since 1989, they have been drawn from the democratic principles of social development. The rural family has been influenced by the Czech economic situation since joining the EU until the present. This paper, based on statistical data and published sociological studies, reflects the stages of the development of the rural family.
EN
‘Patriarchy’ is one of many terms frequently applied in the studies of the Polish countryside (its culture and people’s mentality). Perceived as self-evident, the notion hardly ever comes with an in-depth justification for its use. At the same time, ethnographic literature, classical rural sociology, diary materials, monographs, and linguistic data offer no evidence to support the claim about patriarchy in rural areas. While Polish society, part of which was rural, and the attitude of the Church as a rule could be described as patriarchal, rural communities developed mechanisms and customs that contradicted this general profile. Based on a review of arguments from various sources, the author draws a different conclusion and proposes its justification. As suggested by contemporary humanities and, more broadly, social sciences, dichotomous categories may hinder the theoretical analysis of reality, making a search for new, less dualistic but more adequate, concepts necessary. In view of the above, the term ‘patriarchy’ should not be used unquestioningly as a strictly ideological epithet.
EN
The essay deals with the issue of baptismal practice in the rural society in the 19th century based on the quantitative analysis of 7229 entries from the parish register of births of the market town of Nový Rychnov and four surrounding villages from 1800–1899. Attention is paid to the interval between the birth and the christening of a child, and to the popularity of names. During the whole century, children were baptized usually in one week after birth, but the interval was slowly prolonging. The day of birth often influenced the name of the child, the custom to christen according to the calendar was still vital. The list of frequently given names reflected the persisting popularity of certain baroque saints, but also new fashionable trends and patriotic sentiment.
CS
Předložený text se věnuje problematice křestní praxe ve venkovském prostředí 19. století na základě kvantitativní analýzy křestních matrik. Studováno bylo 7229 zápisů o křtech provedených v letech 1800–1899 v městečku Nový Rychnov a čtyřech okolních vsích ležících v oblasti Českomoravské vrchoviny. Pozornost se soustředí na otázku prodlevy mezi narozením dítěte a jeho křtem a problematiku obliby křestních jmen. Po celé století byly děti křtěny většinou do týdne po narození, přesto lze konstatovat, že se interval mezi porodem a křtem mírně prodlužoval. Den narození velmi často ovlivňoval i jméno dítěte, stále se udržoval zvyk pojmenovávat podle kalendáře. Výčet nejčastějších jmen odráží přetrvávající oblibu některých barokních světců, ale i pozvolna nastupující módní trendy a vlastenecké cítění.
EN
Text raises an issue of transmission of culture in multigenerational rural families (generations young, average and older) in context of digital exclusion and distance between generations.
PL
Tekst porusza zagadnienia międzygeneracyjnej transmisji kultury w rodzinie wiejskiej wielopokoleniowej w kontekście problemu cyfrowego wykluczenia i dystansu międzypokoleniowego.
PL
W pedagogice orientacji socjologicznej okresu międzywojennego podjęto badania nad społecznymi nierównościami warunkującymi rozwój dziecka. Socjologowie, socjologowie wychowania, pedagodzy społeczni oraz inni teoretycy i praktycy, których żywo interesował los dziecka znajdującego się w trudnej sytuacji życiowej, ukazywali czynniki społeczne wpływające na proces wychowawczy w środowiskach rodziny wiejskiej, miejskiej, w szkole. Zwracano uwagę na zależność kariery życiowej i szkolnej dziecka od sytuacji egzystencjalno – materialnej, kulturowej czy panującej atmosfery wychowawczej w rodzinie. W kontekście warunków środowiskowych śledzono takie zjawiska jak: frekwencja szkolna, drugoroczność, odpad szkolny, problem dojrzałości szkolnej. W badaniach o charakterze diagnostycznym i praktycznym stosowano różne metody i techniki, m.in. obserwację swobodną, planową, ankietę, wywiad, wykorzystując szczegółowo opracowane kwestionariusze, arkusze z danymi statystycznymi, tablice statystyczne itp. Diagnoza społeczna służyła do projektowania i organizowania działań profilaktycznych, pomocowych i kompensacyjnych (H. Radlińska). Eksponowano katastrofalną dla spraw oświatowych politykę władz, której skutkiem było obniżanie się powszechności nauczania i wzrost liczby dzieci pozostających poza szkołą oraz wypowiadano się przeciwko wczesnej selekcji dzieci i młodzieży w zakresie edukacji (M. Falski).
EN
In the sociologically oriented educationaltheory of the inter-war period studies were carried out in order to investigate the effects of social inequalities on the infantile development. Sociologists, education sociologists, social pedagogues and other professionals of theory and practice, who were concerned in and about the fate of children and adolescents living in difficult existential conditions indicated the socio-economic factors which affected the educational process within the structures of both urban and rural family-environments and in the course of institutional education. It was pointed out that there exists a strong interdependence between the respective educational and life careers of a child and its socio-economic background and cultural situation, in brier the educational background and climate prevailing in the family. With regard to the environmental conditions the following factors were of special interest: school attendance, repeating a grade, school dropouts, problems with school readiness. The diagnostic and practical studies implemented various methods and techniques, among others: open ended observarion, planned observation, survey and interview, using questionnaires, especially designed for the respective purposes, data sheets, statistical tables and more. The social diagnosis was the basis for the planning and implementation of preventive, supporting and compensatory measures (H. Radlińska). The studies exposed a disastrous education policy pursued by the authorities, which had caused an overall decrease of the educational level and an increase in the number of children who completely fell through the grid of the public eduactional system. The results of the studies lead to the conclusion, that early selection during the education process has negative effects on children and adolescents (M. Falski).
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