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1

Szkolnictwo elementarne w dobrach staszowskich w XIX i XX wieku na przykładzie Sichowa

100%
Massalski A.
Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny
|
2014
|
issue 1-2(231-232)
113-130
EN
The article discusses the functioning of elementary schools in the Kingdom of Poland, on the estates of aristocratic families, including the Radziwiłłs. It analyses legal acts regulating elementary education, the school curriculum and the process of Russification in Sichów. On the basis of historical materials, the author describes the organisation of schools, the teaching process in the Russian partition, the curriculum, the personal data of teachers, their professional status and the characteristics of the students.
2
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Szkoła w Łukini na Kowieńszczyźnie. Przyczynek do dziejów tajnej oświaty na Ziemiach Zabranych przed I wojną światową

100%
Mazan-Jakubowska M.
Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski
|
2015
|
vol. 1
55-70
EN
The focus of this article is an attempt to present illegal educational activities on the example of school founded in Łukinia landowning estate that belonged to the Polish Kończów family. It’s characterization is possible thanks to the memories left by Teodora Kończów Majowa, which composes a source material basis. Diaries describe not only her life but primarily the local socio-cultural activities, that played an important role in intensively developing, since the late nineteenth century, secret teaching movement on the Lithuanian- -Belarusian lands. Analysis and verification of the information contained in the thesis sources functioning in the literature, confirmed the great importance of the existence of illegal scho¬ols in the western guberniyas of the Russian Empire for the development of rural communi¬ties and to inhibit progressive Russification.
3
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„Nie tyle reportaż, ile wyznanie miłości” – o tendencji do idealizowania kultury gruzińskiej we współczesnym polskim reportażu podróżniczym

100%
Massaka I.
Acta Polono-Ruthenica
|
2019
|
vol. Tom 4 Nr XXIV
141-154
EN
“Not so much reportage as confession of love” – about the tendency to idealize Georgian culture in contemporary Polish travel reportage After 2008, Georgian culture has become the subject of many Polish travel reportages. It is idealized, resulting from the need to reproduce the myth of Polish­Georgian friendship. This myth arose from Russophobia existing in Poland and Georgia. Two of the three narratives studied are strongly Russophobic. The analysis of the content of the reports was carried out in reference to the model of cultural differences by G. Hofstede.
4
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European security in the perspective of historical and contemporary threats to Poland and Ukraine

75%
Krzeniowski L. F.
Securitologia
|
2014
|
issue 2(20)
7-13
EN
The article is delivered in Ukrainian at the conference of the European Association of Science on Security and International Socio-State Programme of UNESCO "ADULT EDUCATION OF UKRAINE" September 14, 2014, in the press center of the Ukrainian News Agency "Capital" in Kiev (Ukraine). This sketch does not aspire to any attempts to analyze international relations in Europe. It is only an attempt to assess the present situation from the perspective of the experience of the European association of science safety, whose members include representatives from 23 countries of Europe, including Poles, Russians and Ukrainians.
5
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The acceleration of the Ukrainians’ assimilation due to deliberate narrowing of the Ukrainian language: 60’s-70’s of the XXth century

63%
Kindrachuk N.
Torun International Studies
|
2015
|
issue 8
61-69
EN
This article investigates anti-Ukrainian language policy in Ukraine during the 60’s – 70’s of the twentieth century, whose main objective was artificial exclusion of the use of the Ukrainian language and the acceleration of the Ukrainians’ assimilation. Narrowing the Ukrainian language in higher educational institutions of Ukraine was felt especially painfully, where the younger generation of the Ukrainians was trained and brought up. Teaching most special and general subjects in higher education resorted to Russian more and more frequently. Those features of Ukrainian higher education showed the wealth of the national language, culture, facilitated the study of their national history, promoted a national idea, the ideas of Ukrainian statehood were leveled under the influence of the Russification policy. Also, the paper examines the denationalization of the titular nation – the Ukrainian SSR by the media, which were a part of the informational space of the Soviet totalitarian state. The article reveals the destructive role of the media in narrowing the Ukrainian national outlook and “undermining” their social and psychological stability, showing a ban on national-patriotic materials in the Ukrainian printed word, radio, television. Russification of all spheres of the Ukrainian people significantly reduced the use of the Ukrainian language and formed the status of its inferiority and laid the basis for all intensive large-scale assimilation of the Ukrainians.
6
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Regional Models of Urbanization and National Identity Development (Case Study of Belarus)

51%
Danskikh S.
Limes. Cultural Regionalistics
|
2008
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vol. 1
|
issue 1
88-98
EN
The article discusses the influence of the process of urbanization on the Belarusian nationality. Due to some historical conditions the Western cities-communes have not formed in Belarus. At the beginning of the New Ages the Belarusian city has had Magdeburgian law and the trading relations, it has been the centre of the political life, the residence of the State officials and the provinces. Through the social-economical backwardness of the Russian empire the peasants of Belarus could not move into the towns from the country. The towns and the cities in Belarus were not Belarusian but Jewish and Polish ones. Due to the World War II there have emerged the Polish Holocaust, repatriation and the Soviet industrialization which have made some auspicious conditions for the overtaking modernization in Belarus. During only one generation the peasant Belarusian nation has become the urban one. Such overtaking process of the urbanization has been preventing the formation of the standards and the traditions of the Belarusian city. The basis of the social and cultural life of Belarusians has been forming the traditions of the Soviet culture. That is why we can come to the conclusion that the overtaking modernization is closely related to the radical changes of the national identity. The more overtaking is modernization of the cities and the whole State, the more dangerous is the deprivation of the national peculiarity. The nation whose spiritual life is not utterly formed can hardly successfully adapt itself to the social and economical changes, which are determined by the overtaking modernization. These alterations do absolutely not correspond to its spiritual way of life.
LT
Šiame straipsnyje apmąstoma urbanizacijos proceso įtaka baltarusių tautiškumui. Dėl tam tikrų istorinių sąlygų Baltarusijoje nesusiformavo vakarietiško pobūdžio miestai-komunos. Naujųjų laikų pradžioje baltarusiškas miestas turėjo Magdeburgo teises ir prekybinius santykius, buvo politinio gyvenimo centras su valdininkijos rezidencija ir provincijomis. Dėl Rusijos imperijos socialinio-ekonominio atsilikimo Baltarusijos valstiečiai negalėjo iš kaimų persikelti gyventi į miestus. Pastarieji iki pat XX amžiaus pradžios buvo ne baltarusiški, bet žydiški arba lenkiški. Antrasis pasaulinis karas lėmė lenkų holokaustą, repatriaciją ir tarybinę industrializaciją, kuri sudarė palankias sąlygas sparčiai Baltarusijos urbanizacijai. Būtent dėl šio proceso labiausiai nukentėjo valstiečiai. Tereikėjo vienos kartos, kad valstietiška baltarusių tauta taptų miestiška. Toks spartus urbanizacijos procesas neleido susiformuoti baltarusiškojo miesto gyvenimui būdingoms normoms ir tradicijoms. Baltarusių socialinio ir kultūrinio gyvenimo pagrindą sudarė rusų sovietinės kultūros tradicijos. Taigi sparti modernizacija glaudžiai susijusi su radikaliomis tautinio tapatumo permainomis. Kuo sparčiau modernizuojami miestai ir visa valstybė, tuo didesnis pavojus prarasti tautinį savitumą. Tauta, kurios dvasinis gyvenimas dar nėra visiškai susiformavęs, vargu ar gali sėkmingai adaptuotis prie itin sparčios modernizacijos nulemtų socialinių ir ekonominių pokyčių, kurie visiškai neatitinka jos dvasinio gyvenimo būdo.
7
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Lokalne uwarunkowania i efekty rosyjskiej polityki oświatowej na Białostocczyźnie u progu XX wieku

51%
Miodowski A.
Studia Podlaskie
|
2016
|
vol. 24
EN
In the nineteenth century the primary function of school involved educating students, in most cases mechanically, with a limited range of knowledge. The first, often ultimate stage, included instruction on reading, writing and basic arithmetical operations. Learning those skills was enough during the period under consideration within the area of Bialystok district to be recognized an “enlightened person”. Central authorities in Petersburg aimed at promoting, through the schools, knowledge of the state language, components of Russian culture and the most important events in the time of the Romanovs. A primary educational objective was making students loyal in relation to the existing socio-political system. In the opinion of local community, Russian elementary public schools were considered a foreign and unwanted entity. This was mainly the result of the historical occurrences, although not exclusively. Partly, this unwillingness was due to the fact that the central authorities relinquished the costs of schools maintenance to the local people depriving them, at the same time, of the influence on their functioning.
RU
В девятнадцатом столетии основная функция школы заключалась в передаче учащимся, обычно механическим прикладным способом, определенного объема знаний. Первый әтап, часто он же и последний, заканчивался на обучении чтению, письму и простейших арифметических действий. Освоение указанных умений хватало для того, чтобы в описываемом периоде на территории белостокского повета считаться «просвещенным человеком». Центральная власть в Петербурге при помощи школ стремилась к популяризации государственного языка, русской культуры и ознакомлению с самыми важными событиями в истории Империи Романовых. Главной воспитательной целью считалось умение сформировать у учащихся лояльного отношения к существующей общественно-политической системе. Для локальной общественности русские публичные начальные школы являлись чуждыми и нежеланными. Әто являлось последствием исторических событий, хотя и не только. Иногда такое отношение появлялось на основании того, что власти перекладывали на плечи местного населения содержание таких школ, одновременно лишая жителей возможности влиять на их функционирование.
8
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Становление и развёртывание движения шестидесятников и советская политика идеологизации, русификации культурнообразовательного пространства украинцев: конец 1950-х – 1960-е гг.

51%
Киндрачук Н.
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
|
2022
|
issue 3(34)
145-170
RU
В данной статье исследуется советская политика идеологизации, русификации культурно-образовательного пространства украинской нации конца 1950-х – 1960-х гг. и характеризуется становление и развертывание движения шестидесятников. Несмотря на всеобъемлющий контроль советского тоталитарного государства над мышлением человека, молодой творческий украинский актив продолжал оставаться той живой интеллектуальной силой, которая была способна адекватно анализировать общественно-политические процессы в Украине и стремилась к кардинальным изменениям в обществе того времени. Очерченный период ознаменовался появлением шестидесятников – нового поколения украинской национальной интеллигенции, выступившей в защиту национального языка, образования и культуры, свободы искусства. Вопреки сложным тогдашним общественно-политическим обстоятельствам в творческой жизни УССР произошло заметное культурное продвижение, насыщенное разнообразным спектром взглядов, идей и стремлений. В Украине проходил необратимый процесс национального самоопределения украинцев через культурно-образовательное пространство. Нонконформистские настроения в украинской среде положили начало постепенному переходу к новым демократическим нормам и стандартам жизни украинской нации.
EN
This article examines the Soviet policy of ideologization and, russification of the cultural and educational space of the Ukrainian nation in the late 1950s – 1960s and characterizes the formation and development of the movement of the Sixtiers. Despite the comprehensive control of the Soviet totalitarian state over human thinking, the young creative Ukrainian activist continued to be a living intellectual force that was able to adequately analyze socio-political processes in Ukraine and sought radical change in society at that time. This period was marked by the emergence of the Sixtiers – a new generation of Ukrainian national intelligentsia, who defended the national language, education and culture, freedom of artistic creativity. Despite the difficult socio-political circumstances of the time, a significant cultural progress took place in the creative life of the Ukrainian SSR, saturated with a diverse range of views, ideas and aspirations. In Ukraine, there was an irreversible process of national self-determination of Ukrainians through the cultural and educational space. Nonconformist sentiments in Ukrainian environment began a gradual transition to new democratic norms and standards in the life of the Ukrainian nation.
9
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Eradication of the National Element in Ukrainian Cinema in the 1960s–1970s

51%
Kindrachuk N.
Historia i Polityka
|
2018
|
issue 24 (31)
113-121
EN
In this article the author studies the elimination of the national element in the Ukrainian cinema of the 1960s and 1970s. The author explores the role and place of national-patriotic issues in Ukrainian cinematography, shows the ideological enslavement of filmmakers, studies the conditions of creative self-realization in the Ukrainian SSR, and analyses the influence of social and political factors on the cultural sphere of Ukrainian people in the outlined period. The representatives of Ukrainian cinema has always tried to popularize national features of their own people, but in the specified period, for censorship reasons, Ukrainian cinema began to be prohibited. The main reason is the struggle with the so-called “Ukrainian bourgeois nationalism”. For such an accusation it was enough to voice any film in Ukrainian and to fill its content with Ukrainian subjects. The characteristic features of Ukrainian cinematography of the 1960s – the early 1970s are as follows: subordination to the Soviet centralized command-administrative system, total control of the CPSU – CPU, russification, denationalization, persecution of all Ukrainian values under the pretext of forming a united Soviet nation.
10
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Sytuacja języka białoruskiego w warunkach dwujęzyczności (w ocenie gazety „Biełarus”)

45%
Barszczewska N.
Acta Albaruthenica
|
2020
|
issue 20
125-143
EN
The "Belarus" monthly deals with social, political and religious problems, as well as the issues of the Belarusian language and the national identity of Belarusians. From over 180 publications between 1980 and 2010, we have analyzed selected articles addressing the issues of bilingualism in Belarus and related problems like the Russification of the Belarusian language, its place in the education system and in the religious life of Belarusians, as well as the relationship between the mother tongue and the Belarusian national identity. After reviewing these articles, it appears that the native language was and still is an important element of national identity for journalists. They took on an educational role, presenting the history of the Belarusian language and its impact on the development of the national identity of Belarusians, and thus encouraging readers to use the Belarusian language in everyday life.
BE
Штомесячнік „Беларус” закранае грамадскія, палітычныя, рэлігійныя праблемы, а таксама пытанні беларускае мовы і нацыянальнае тоеснасці беларусаў. Сярод звыш 180 публікацый за 1980–2010 гг. аналізуюцца выбраныя артыкулы, у якіх закранаюцца пы¬танні білінгвізму ў Беларусі і звязаныя з гэтым праблемы русіфікацыі беларускае мовы, яе месца ў адукацыйнай сістэме ды ў духоўным жыцці беларусаў, а таксама залежнасці паміж роднаю мовай і нацыянальнай свядомасцю. Аналіз гэтых артыкулаў паказвае, што для публіцыстаў газеты родная мова з’яўляецца важным элементам нацыянальнае тоеснасці. Выконвалі яны адукацыйную ролю, паказваючы гісторыю беларускае мовы і яе ўплыў на станаўленне нацыянальнае тоеснасці і заахвочваючы гэтым сваіх чытачоў да ўжывання роднае мовы ў штодзённым жыцці.
PL
Miesięcznik „Biełarus” porusza problemy społeczne, polityczne, religijne, a także zagadnienia języka białoruskiego i tożsamości narodowej Białorusinów. Spośród ponad 180 publikacji z lat 1980–2010 analizie poddano wybrane artykuły poruszające kwestie bilingwizmu na Białorusi i związane z tym problemy rusyfikacji języka białoruskiego, jego miejsca w systemie edukacji oraz w duchowym życiu Białorusinów, a także zależności między językiem ojczystym a świadomością narodową. Z oglądu tych artykułów wynika, że dla publicystów gazety język ojczysty był i jest ważnym elementem tożsamości narodowej. Wzięli oni na siebie rolę edukacyjną, prezentując historię języka białoruskiego i jego wpływ na rozwój świadomości narodowej Białorusinów oraz zachęcając w ten sposób czytelników do posługiwania się językiem białoruskim w życiu codziennym.
11
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Моўны сорам беларусаў (сацыялінгвістычны аналіз)

38%
Іваноў У.
Acta Albaruthenica
|
2020
|
issue 20
169-183
PL
W artykule poddano analizie zjawisko wstydu językowego wśród Białorusinów w aspekcie socjolingwistycznym. Jest to zagadnienie nowe zarówno w socjolingwistyce jak i językoznawstwie. Wcześniej zjawisko to traktowano jako marginalizację języka. Badanie wstydu językowego opiera się głownie na materiale białoruskim: analizie utworów pisarzy białoruskich, którzy wcześniej niż lingwiści dostrzegali problem, analizie dyskursu prezydenta Białorusi dotyczącego języka białoruskiego i wywiadach z Białorusinami, którzy służyli w wojsku w okresie istnienia ZSRR. Wywiady dokładnie ukazują także interesujący genderowy aspekt zjawiska wstydu językowego: po raz pierwszy analizie poddano wojsko radzieckie jako dodatkową strukturę, która wzbudzała wśród Białorusinów poczucie wstydu do języka ojczystego i kultury. Badanie oparto także na zewnętrznym doświadczeniu podobnego zjawiska: na przykład znany fenomen auto-odi, czy językowej nienawiści Katalończyków i wstydu językowego Ukraińców.
EN
The article analyzes the phenomenon of linguistic shame among Belarusians from the sociolinguistic point of view. The topic is new in Belarusian socio¬linguistics and linguistics in general, as it was previously was considered mainly as a mere marginalization of the language. The study of linguistic shame is based mainly on Belarusian material: analysis of works by Belarusian writers who described the phenomenon before linguists, analysis of the Belarusian president's discourse on the Belarusian language and interviews with Belarusian men who served in the Sovietera army. The interview reveals an interesting gender aspect of the phenomenon of linguistic shame: for the first time the Soviet army is analyzed as an additional structure that imposed shame on Belarusian men for their language and culture. Also, the study is based on external experiences of this phenomenon: for example, the well-known phenomenon of auto-odi or linguistic hate of oneself of Catalans or linguistic shame of Ukrainians.
BE
У артыкуле аналізуецца зьява моўнага сораму сярод беларусаў з сацыя-лінгвістычнага пункту гледжаньня. Тэма новая ў беларускай сацыялінгвістыцы і мовазнаўстве наагул, бо раней тэма разглядалася пераважна як проста маргіналізацыя мовы. Дасьледаваньне моўнага сораму базуецца пераважна на беларускім матэрыяле: аналіз твораў беларускіх пісьменьнікаў, якія апісвалі зьяву раней за лінгвістаў, аналіз дыскурсу прэзыдэнта Беларусі аб беларускай мове і інтэрвію зь беларускімі мужчынамі, якія служылі ў войску за савецкім часам. Інтэрвію якраз раскрываюць цікавы гендарны аспэкт зьявы моўнага сораму: упершыню аналізуецца савецкае войска як дадатковая структура, якая навязвала беларускім мужчынам со-рам да сваёй мовы і культуры. Таксама дасьледаваньне абапіраецца на вонкавы досьвед падобнай зьявы: напрыклад, вядомы фэномэн auto-odi ці моўнай саманянавісьці каталёнцаў ды моўны сорам украінцаў.
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