Poland belongs to the group of the poorest countries in European Union (country’s gross growth per capita according to the purchasing power constitutes about 45% of the union’s average). The development policy of our country should be based on the young and better educated people, on good perspectives for the development of enterprise, on scientific and cultural potential highly valued by the whole world and a continuously developing market. The fields in which the graduates of the universities may find good jobs in the future include: computer science, biotechnology, electrical engineering, English philology. National economic policy, stimulating the investments with good external effects and supporting the expansion of the knowledge based economy, contributes to the reduction of inequalities and the increase of social wealth. The inequalities lead to social losses and lower growth of the country’s profit. A mitigating the inequalities releases social energy used to fight against poverty and make people focus on the productive activities and initiatives. Young people should have better access to the job market. It is possible thanks to the creation a proper financial stimuli and a relevant system of adaptation to the market requirements.
The transformation of the political system in Poland brought, apart from obvious profits, a number of negative consequences. One of the crucial socio-economic problems is unemployment, which also affects the graduates of higher education. One of the most important reasons for this unfavourable situation is traditional concept of academic education, not always correlating with the needs of employers. Previous curricula strategies resulted in some majors being perceived as a pass to low paid occupations or unemployment. According to many scholars, thinking about academic education mainly as the step for being employed after graduation is oversimplifying the role of higher education. This outlook does not take into consideration very dynamic changes in services (also educational services on an academic level) in socio-economic development and the fact that one of the principal purposes of modern higher education is to produce graduates who are able to succeed in the workplace and who can make worthwhile contributions to organisations where they are employed. Such aspirations are common for candidates for students who estimate the probability of finding a good job after graduation. The experiences of the West European countries in this area show that in few years it will be very important to design such curricula which provide education as close to employers’ expectations of the graduates as possible. The paper presents the results of the literature studies concerning modern concepts of higher education in reference to the needs of the labour market.
Globalizacja, przyspieszony postęp techniczny i przemiany demograficzne stanowią obecnie ogromne wyzwanie dla gospodarki światowej. Efektem zachodzących zmian jest proces uelastycznienia rynków pracy, który z jednej strony zwiększa konkurencyjność przedsiębiorstw, a z drugiej strony pojawia się potrzeba socjalnego zabezpieczenia osób zatrudnionych w ramach elastycznych form pracy. Odpowiedzią na pytanie, jak jednocześnie pogodzić ze sobą utrzymanie wysokiej konkurencyjności z zabezpieczeniem socjalnym jest model flexicurity, który stanowi zintegrowaną strategię równoczesnego zwiększania elastyczności i bezpieczeństwa. W artykule zaprezentowano model flexicurity w świetle teorii i praktyki Unii Europejskiej. Część pierwsza artykułu stanowi wprowadzenie do problematyki flexicurity. Wyjaśniono w niej podstawowe założenia koncepcji oraz wskazano korzyści płynące z jej wprowadzania. Następnie omówiono rodzaje elastyczności i bezpieczeństwa w powiązaniu z flexicurity. W dalszej części przedstawiono ścieżki flexicurity zgodne z dokumentami programowymi UE oraz wybrane modele tej koncepcji funkcjonujące w Europie. W zakończeniu przedmiotem rozważań jest polski rynek pracy z punktu widzenia możliwości realizacji idei flexicurity.
EN
Globalization, accelerated technical progress and demographic changes currently pose a huge challenge to the world economy. The result of occurring changes is the process of labor market flexibilization that on one hand increases competitiveness of enterprises, on the other, a need of social security of the persons employed within flexible forms of work arises. The answer to the question of how to concurrently reconcile keeping high level of competitiveness and social security is the flexicurity model that constitutes an integrated strategy of simultaneous increase of flexibility and security. In this article, the flexicurity model in the light of theory and practice of the European Union was presented. The first part of the article constitutes an introduction to flexicurity issues. ln this part, the basic assumptions of the concept where explained and benefits of its implementation were indicated. Next, the types of flexibility and security in connection with flexicurity were discussed. In the later part, flexicurity pathways consistent with the EU policy papers and chosen models of this concept functioning in Europe were presented. In the conclusion, the subject of deliberation was the Polish labor market from the point of view of possibility of implementation of the idea of flexicurity.
The article focuses on processes of the regional labor market during the economic slowdown that resulted from the global financial crisis in years 2007–2009, which is also called the Great Recession. The labor market’s situation is the result of the interaction of many complex processes. On the one hand, it is a derivative of the level of development and structure of the economy; on the other hand, the shape of the labor market is influenced by the changes associated with an ever-increasing integration of Poland with the European Union. In recent years, global economic processes, especially connected with the Great Recession, also play a significant role in shaping the situation of regional labor markets. The article presents the trends of development of the labor market in the region in years 2000–2009 in the field of economic activity and employment rates taking into consideration the selected demographic and economic categories of the population. The particular attention is devoted to the issues of development of unemployment and its typology. These elements of the labor market were presented in the local systems of the region with an indication of their spatial variation and intensity. On the basis of identified regularity of development of the studied phenomenon, the authors made an attempt to identify and evaluate the impact of the economic slowdown on the regional labor market at the local and regional level.
The goal of this paper is to compare the European Union member states regarding the flexibility of their labour markets and an essay to explain the meaning of the level of this flexibility in formation of changes that the labour market undergoes. In the article an analysis and evaluation of the flexibility level of the labour markets in the EU member states, utilising the indexes of the Employment Protection Legislation (EPL), sub-indexes of the economic freedom that concern the employees rights (labour freedom) and indexes of fiscal charge. Subsequently the shaping of the GDP growth speed, unemployment rate and work efficiency in 2008-2011 (quarterly) was presented. Also the evaluation of the mutual relations between these variables was made. An article ends with proper conclusions.
Młodzież nie jest jednorodną grupą. Każda podgrupa ma swój własny zestaw ograniczeń, które utrudniają im wejście na rynek pracy. Obserwujemy to poprzez stopy bezrobocia różniące się między sobą wśród młodych kobiet i mężczyzn, młodzieży w różnym wieku, mieszkającej na wsi i w mieście, itd. Nawet jeśli istnieją miejsca pracy, pracodawcy mogą mieć uprzedzenia dotyczące zatrudniania młodzieży. Na przykład, badanie pracodawców wykazało, że pracodawcy postrzegają młodzież w wieku 18- 25 jako mniej niezawodnych, mniej wiarygodnych, mniej pracowitych, mniej chętnych do współpracy i mniej wykwalifikowanych niż dorośli. Oprócz uprzedzeń wobec wieku, preferencje zatrudniania mogą być związane z płcią, rasą, pochodzeniem etnicznym czy ze względu na religię. Młodzi są trzykrotnie bardziej narażeni na bezrobocie niż dorośli, nawet w krajach z silnym wzrostem gospodarczym.
EN
Youth are not a homogenous group. Each sub-group has its own set of constraints that hinder its entry to the labor market. We observe this through differential unemployment rates between young women and men, youth of different ages, rural and urban dwellers, and so forth. Even if jobs exist, employers may have biases about hiring youth. For example, an employer study in Sierra Leone revealed that employers perceive youth age 18 to 25 as being less reliable, less trustworthy, less hard working, less cooperative and less skilled than adults. In addition to biases against age, hiring preferences may be made along gender, racial, ethnic or religious lines. The are three times more likely to be unemployed than adults, even in economies with strong economic growth.
Transformacja systemu społeczno–gospodarczego prowadzi do zmian dotychczasowych zasad funkcjonowania poszczególnych dziedzin życia społecznego i gospodarczego. Proces ten wpłynął także na nową jakość rynku pracy oraz zmiany jego funkcjonowania. W konsekwencji przekształceniu uległy reguły gry na tym rynku, od niedoboru siły roboczej, który występował w gospodarce centralnie sterowanej, do pojawienia się coraz intensywniejszego nasilenia masowego bezrobocia. W tej nowej sytuacji należy uzmysławiać przyszłemu pracownikowi (uczniowi), że człowiek sam musi poszukiwać swojego miejsca na rynku pracy. Tylko aktywna postawa, wysokie kwalifikacje i poziom konkurencyjności jednostki przy poszukiwaniu pracy może doprowadzić do osiągnięcia przez nią sukcesu. Rozumiejąc zachodzące procesy i zasady funkcjonowania tego rynku łatwiej jest poszukiwać optymalnych rozwiązań w planowaniu i realizacji własnej kariery zawodowej...
Młodzież na rynku pracy, w tym zagrożona wykluczeniem społecznym, stanowi grupę objętą specjalnymi działaniami instytucjonalnymi. Wśród aktywnych instrumentów ograniczających bezrobocie młodzieży znajdują się projekty realizowane z funduszy unijnych. Kontynuacja stosowania rozwiązań proponowanych w takich projektach powinna być potwierdzana m.in. za pomocą tzw. kalkulatora kosztów zaniechania umożliwiającego określenie wysokości kosztów społecznych, jakie trzeba będzie ponieść w przypadku zaniechania działań aktywizujących osoby bezrobotne. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie istoty takiego kalkulatora oraz wskazanie jego przydatności do uzasadnienia stosowania nowych narzędzi prozatrudnieniowych na przykładzie projektu zrealizowanego w województwie zachodniopomorskim. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metody desk research i KKZ, który umożliwił potwierdzenie efektywności i skuteczności innowacyjnego modelu wsparcia młodzieży na rynku pracy.
EN
Young people in the labor market, including the risk of social exclusion, a group under special institutional activities. Among the active measures aimed at reducing unemployment of youth are projects from EU funds. The continued use of the solutions proposed in such projects should be confirmed, among others, by means of so-called. cost calculator omission. The aim of the article is to present the essence of such a calculator and an indication of its suitability to justify the use of new tools for pro-employment on the example of a project implemented in Western Pomerania. The study methods were used desk research and CCD, which made it possible to confirm the effectiveness and efficiency of an innovative model of support for young people on the labor market.
Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja konsekwencji społeczno-ekonomicznych przemian zachodzących na rynkach pracy, w wybranych małych miastach województwa śląskiego. Porównywane miasta Imielin i Szczekociny reprezentują tak pozytywne, jak i negatywne przykłady przekształceń na rynku pracy. Prześledzono zmianę liczby miejsc pracy w obu ośrodkach, a także wpływ tych procesów na podstawy dochodowe samorządu terytorialnego oraz poziom aktywności gospodarczej. Artykuł prezentuje również konsekwencje społeczno-demograficzne, wyrażone zmianą salda migracji izniekształceniami w strukturze wieku i płci mieszkańców. Podjęto również próbę identyfikacji tych efektów na lokalnym rynku nieruchomości. Określono przyczyny różnic zachodzących procesów w obu miastach oraz potencjalne dalsze kierunki zmian.
EN
The aim of the article is to identify consequences of socioeconomic transformation of labour market in two selected small towns in the Silesian Voivodeship. In the analysed towns, Imielin and Szczekociny, positive and negative xamples of transformations can be observed. Changes in the number of work places in both towns and the impact of these processes on the basis of local income and the level of economic activity were taken into account. The article also presents socio-demographic changes according to migration, age and gender structure of the population. In the analysed small towns the relationship between the real estate market and the local labour market were noted. The reasons of differences in the processes occurring in both towns and potential future directions of changes were presented.
The young people in Poland rich adulthood in the special time the time of great transforma-tions. A series of such a factors as the globalization, the development of information andtelecommunication technology, the expansion of the services (together with the diminishing ofindustry and agriculture), and particularly the transformation in the Polish post-communistsociety made the impact on the changes in rather all aspects of the social life.The globalization produces a lot of uncertainties. The world is not indifferent to the challen-ges of civilization. The traditional Fords model of work is eroding. The participation in theprocess of transformation to the service based economy needs to confront and to accept thevarious relationships in the workplace and the new scope of tasks in work. High qualifiedworkers with good professional experience are more and more needed.The conclusions of the research into the students views on the modern labor market formedby the knowledge based economy were presented against backdrop of the social and worktransformation sketched above.
The following paper presents a Job Shadow Day undertaken by the Junior AchievementFoundation, a non-governmental organization with the aim of preparing children and youthsto live in market economy and to allow young people to gain knowledge and practical capabili-ties that facilitate the realization of the plans for career.The Foundation works within the framework of Junior Achievement Worldwide the oldestand fastest developing organization in the world, which is engaged in youth economic educationin more than one hundred countries. Junior Achievement Foundation pursues its objectivesin cooperation with the business environment, the Ministry of National Education and the Natio-nal Bank of Poland.Job Shadow Day allows young people to see in detail what the ideal job looks like, to learnabout its specifics, to find out about the required qualifications and indispensable skills. Suchan experience makes it possible to compare visions with reality and to have a better idea of the fu-ture job.
Sytuacja na rynku pracy stanowi zasadnicze uwarunkowanie przeobrażeń zachodzących w poziomie i strukturze konsumpcji. W artykule pokazano jak kształtowało się to w Polsce w okresie spowolnienia gospodarki. Przedstawiono więc zmiany zachodzące w tym czasie na rynku pracy oraz podstawowe makroekonomiczne czynniki warunkujące te zmiany. Na tym tle ukazano przemiany zachodzące w poziomie konsumpcji podstawowych grup towarów i usług w polskich gospodarstwach domowych. Podstawę zaprezentowanej charakterystyki i ocen stanowiły dane statystyczne GUS.
EN
The situation in the labour market is a principal condition of transformations taking place in the level and pattern of consumption. In her article, the author presents how it was shaped in Poland in the period of economic slowdown. Therefore, she presents the changes occurring over that time in the labour market and the basic macroeconomic factors determining those changes. Against this background, there are presented the transformations taking place in the level of consumption of the basic groups of goods and services in Polish households. The CSO statistical data are the basis for the presented description and evaluations.
Young people are becoming more and more active on the labour market these days. Thenumber of young adults who are studying and working at the same time is increasing. Thesestatements are confirmed by research done all over Poland and the survey conducted among the last year students of The Second Comprehensive School in Zabrze. Young people acquire their first job experience during their education, after completing grammar school course. They treat their careers very seriously in a planned and unhurried manner. They are conscious of the necessity of further education, especially mastering foreign languages and getting more skills and experience. A national research and my own survey come to theconclusion that young people seem to be performing better and better on the labour market andbecoming, in compliance with our intentions, more and more entrepreneurial.
W artykule podjęto rozważania na temat aspiracji zawodowych studentów studiów ekonomicznych należących do pokolenia Z. Celem artykułu jest określenie aspiracji zawodowych młodych osób dopiero wkraczających na rynek pracy. Czynniki wpływające na przyszłą satysfakcję z pracy, a tym samym chęć jej wykonywania, są zróżnicowane. Dla jednych czynnikiem motywującym będzie wysokie wynagrodzenie, natomiast dla innych będzie to dobra atmosfera w firmie bądź jej pozycja na rynku. W artykule scharakteryzowano również sytuację na polskim rynku pracy. W pracy wykorzystano literaturę przedmiotu, informacje o działaniach Ministerstwa Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej, a także zaprezentowano wyniki badań ankietowych przeprowadzonych w 2017 r. wśród 170 studentów Wydziału Ekonomicznego Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie.
Zreformowana szkoła winna przygotowywać uczniów do podejmowania trudnych decyzjizwiązanych z planowaniem przyszłej kariery i rozwoju zawodowego oraz do radzeniasobie w zmieniającej się rzeczywistości. Jednym z przedmiotów przygotowujących młodzieżdo aktywnego znalezienia się na rynku pracy jest przedsiębiorczość...
One of the most important task of contemporary school, in addition to education, knowledge transfer and skills development, is to prepare young people to participate in economic life and particularly to enter the job market. Their success depends on a number of factors like the level and type of education, their entrepreneurial attitude, but above all on their knowledge and understanding of the market requirements. And it is the main task of the school entrepreneurship. In this article the author confronts expectations, plans and beliefs of young people (students from four secondary schools in Cracow) against their future employment in the real job market situation depicted in a report of Central Statistical Office in Poland: "Entry of young people into the job market in Poland in 2009". The conducted survey research shows several features such as: high expectations of young people towards their future work, varied and not always accurate plans for a job search, a large diversity in their initial work experience, problems with identifying their career plans and making the correct choice of further education and finally a low inclination to start their own business. Opinions of students about their own entrepreneurial attitude, usefulness of school subjects in their adult lives, and an indication of the key economic issues that, according to them, should be taught at school also supplement the studies. The results obtained by the author, showing the attitude and awareness of young people about their future career start, are the basis for discussion on further improving the process of entrepreneurship education in schools.
Przemiany zachodzące na współczesnym rynku pracy sprawiły, że praca zawodowa stała się wartością, która przez dużą część społeczeństwa będącego w okresie aktywności zawodowej ceniona jest niemal na równi z życiem rodzinnym, bądź innymi wartościami uznanymi w naszej narodowej kulturze. Stanowi ona dla człowieka wartość tym bardziej cenioną, im trudniej można ją pozyskać. To nowe spojrzenie na wartości przypisane pracy zawodowej w warunkach wolnego rynku sytuuje człowieka będącego w roli pracownika w centrum wszelkiej działalności, czyniąc głównie jego odpowiedzialnym za decyzje, zachowania, wybory, a przez to pracy zawodowej nadaje upodmiotowiony charakter. Problematyka przemian rynku pracy będąca w istocie podstawową kwestią przemian samej pracy pracowników funkcjonujących na współczesnym wolnym rynku pracy oraz wynikające z tego tytułu problemy, które przychodzi rozwiązywać zarówno pracodawcom, jak i pracownikom stanowi treść tego opracowania.
EN
The changes that are taking place in today’s labor market made professional work almost as value as a family life or other important values of our national culture for large part of society, which is being active on a labor market. More difficult it is to achieve, more valuable it becomes in a human life. This new look on attributes of professional work on the open market, places human worker at the center of all activities, making its largely responsible for the decisions, behavior, choices, and thus work gives it a subjective character. The issue of changes in the labor market, which is in fact an essential change to employees functioning in today’s open labor market and the consequent problems for that when comes to solve both employers and employees is the contents of this document.
Koncepcji LLL – całożyciowego uczenia się, nie można rozpatrywać w oderwaniu od pracy człowieka. Zjawiska wykluczenia społecznego są dzisiaj realnym zagrożeniem dla każdego człowieka i w każdym wieku. Przed systemem edukacji stoją bardzo poważne wyzwania, do których należy przeciwdziałanie skutkom rozwoju cywilizacyjnego – marginalizacji społecznej.
EN
The LLL conception – a lifelong learning, we can’t consider in isolation from people’s work. Nowadays the social exclusion is a real threat to every person and every age. The education system has very serious challenges, which include countering the effects of civilization development – social marginalization.
The aim of the article is to bring attention to certain aspects of the labour market which are not in themselves criminal offenses but can definitely be considered as negative. The labour market has already been studied as an arena of market games as well as a place where the rights of the employee are infringed upon. My intention was to apply concepts from criminal science to the labour market. For the purposes of the text, I adopted a broad definition of this science, viewing it as deepened reflection on the state of society, asking questions about the origins of public order and considering the social consequences of negative actions and behaviour. Scholarly works and press articles commonly employ the term ‘labour market’, but this is a misleading designation because unlike in the commodity market, here we are not talking about supply vs demand, while the price is not a key element of free market play. Moreover, the commodity market is all about exchange, the result being a change of ownership status. Meanwhile, in the labour market a special type of social relationship is established, known as employment. Unlike on the commodity market, in the labour market the ‘commodity’ itself, i.e. the person, takes part in making market decisions. To be more precise, we should say that participation in decision-making belongs to the person as the key provider of the commodity sold, i.e. work. The labour market is also an arena of purely social interactions because it is here that the employer and employee meet (also literally). Sometimes this meeting produces negative consequences for one of the parties, although more often for the employee. In this context the role of the state as a regulator that can undertake preventive measures (setting up legal and other types of standards to prevent violations) or follow-up measures (building a system of effective redress should violations occur), emerges. In my view, the complex network of such dependencies and relations as described above should be the focus of labour market criminology. To facilitate description of the social reality considered I propose to introduce a new notion, namely labour market tort. Any action on the part of a market participant that has the potential to infringe upon the rights or holdings of another participant and which endangers common goods such as public order or justice should be considered a case of such tort, as should any action that undermines the economic and social purpose of work. I also propose to develop a new instrument of criminal labour market analysis which I have tentatively called the degree of disturbance on the labour market. This degree could be measured with the number of torts on the labour market per every 100,000 employees. I would also like to propose a theoretical model of analysing violations of public order on the labour market as well as a scheme of dependence between the basic components of the phenomenology of such violations. Departing from the premise that the aim of criminal science is to describe and explain social reality, I have tried to identify areas that are prone to violations of public order on the labour market, which areas could serve to identify types of torts on the labour market. Among these are the purely economic dimension of the labour market, the rights and duties of its participants with regard to one another, the human dimension of work, i.e. work from a social perspective, and finally the so-called arrangement of market forces which determine whether we are dealing with an employee’s or employer’s market. The article also includes a review of the legal regulations pertaining to work, a brief report on pilot empirical research concerning labour market tort, an analysis of data concerning violations of employee rights and an attempt to describe the phenomenon of forced labour as one of the gravest pathologies of the contemporary labour market.
Artykuł dokonuje prezentacji badań Autorki dotyczących elastyczności zachowań absolwentów studiów technicznych na rynku pracy, w tym mobilności przestrzennej, kwalifikacyjnej i zawodowej oraz ich skłonności do ustępstw w celu znalezienia pracy
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