Search results

1

Pozdrav v indoevropském areálu (původ, motivace, funkce)

100%

Karlíková H.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2016

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vol. 77

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issue 4

337-353

EN

The goal of this contribution is to show to what extent (if at all) the inventory of lexical means used for expressing contemporary greetings is a reflection of ancient formulas found in texts of the old IE languages, and what the meaning of greetings was in the past. It is generally assumed that the symbolism of greetings stems from the superstitious fear of the absolute dependence on supernatural phenomena, on gods having unlimited power over humans. This principle of subordination of the weak to the strong, in fact, has held true since Antiquity, throughout the Middle Ages, and up to the present day (today this principle is hidden in the rules of etiquette); the only thing that has changed is the model of the strong and the weak, reflecting changes in society. The paper also devotes attention to the origin and motivation of the oldest greeting formulas found both in Greek and Latin texts and in the Old and the New Testament. They are placed into wider lexical-semantic relationships, and their equivalents or continuations are sought in contemporary languages.

2

Motivace pojmenování a lidová etymologie v českých a finských toponymech obsahujících barevná označení ČERNÁ a BÍLÁ

100%

Wojnarová S.

Národopisný věstník

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2022

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vol. 63

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issue 2

497-520

EN

The terms denoting BLACK and WHITE appear in (almost) all languages. Often, they are the only colour terms the language has and in this case they refer not only to black and white but to different shades of grey and to the presence or absence of light as well, thus having a much wider semantic scope. The inventory of basic colour terms in Czech and Finnish contains more expressions than these two, however in toponyms the most frequent colour terms are BLACK and WHITE which at the same time show the qualities of macrocolours. Despite the differences in the landscape and language, the colour terms in toponyms of both areas tend to show certain similarities, e.g. the wider semantics of a macrocolour, or similar ways when explaining these names. These explanations seem to be reflecting more the naming motivation than being a “naive” folk etymology made up later. This actually testifies about the universality of colour perception and conception which is more permanent and obvious in toponyms than in other appellatives, regardless of the language, than of random explanations created by the users.

3

Využití Natural Semantic Metalanguage při popisu diskurzních částic : případová studie částice vždyť

100%

Doischer T.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2020

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vol. 103

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issue 1-2

79-96

EN

The meaning of discourse particles is notoriously difficult to describe due to the number of functions each particle can have. In this paper, I present the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach to describing the meaning of discourse particles which has been successfully used over the last decades. Using the example of the dictionary entry of the particle vždyť, I show that a polysemic approach leads to an unsatisfactory linguistic description. I then analyze vždyť using the NSM approach, explaining each step in detail. I arrive at the final monosemic definition and demonstrate on examples that it can serve as an adequate description of the meaning of the expression vždyť. I also examine lexicalized expressions containing (vždyť no vždyť and vždyť jo) and describe their meaning as well. Then, I compare the meaning of vždyť to its synonyms (neboť, však, and přece) and formulate a definition for each of the expressions. Finally, I point out the advantages and disadvantages of NSM for describing discourse particles.

4

Dvě zajímavé marginálie

80%

Hrdlička M.

Bohemistyka

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2019

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issue 1

121-124

EN

In colloquial Czech we see few cases of not repeating the preposition in utterances such as Nemám nic proti němu ani ní. They are also situations when j – n alternation in personal pronouns occurs. We cannot recommend using such phrases. Verbal adjectives are formed from the past participle or the passive participle. In some cases, when deverbatives can be formed from both participles, they are synonymous in meaning (ochrnutý, ochrnulý člověk). In other cases, the meaning differs (uznaný gól x uznalý nadřízený). We are not aware of reliable rules for non-native speakers of Czech which would describe their derivation and meanings. A foreigner has to learn each lexeme individually.

CS

V kolokviální češtině se setkáváme s nepříliš početnými případy neopakování předložky ve výpovědích typu Nemám nic proti němu ani ní. I v takových situacích u osobních zájmen dochází ke konsonantické alternaci j – n. Užívání takových spojení nedoporučujeme. Přídavná jména slovesná se tvoří od příčestí minulého nebo trpného. V některých případech, kdy je tvoření možné od obou příčestí, jsou deverbativa po významové stránce synonymní (ochrnutý, ochrnulý člověk), jindy jsou významově odlišena (uznaný gól x uznalý nadřízený). Spolehlivá pravidla vystihující jejich derivaci a významy nejsou pro potřeby jinojazyčných mluvčích formulována. Cizinec se musí řídit územ a jednotlivé lexémy se naučit.

5

Thematization of place names in opinion journalism : Czech exile politicians’ radio speeches between 1938 and 1945

80%

Davidová Glosarová J., David J.

Acta onomastica

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2019

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vol. 60

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issue 1

7-23

EN

This text focuses on place names and their thematization in Czech opinion journalism in the mid-20th century. After describing general features of the thematization of proper names and the ways in which this process is accomplished – i.e. (re-)semantization through the use of collocations, onymic allusions, and symbolization –, the authors turn their attention to a qualitative textual analysis of political speeches. The collection consists of radio speeches given by exiled Czech politicians based in London and Moscow during the Second World War. The texts reflect a broad spectrum of Czech politicians, ranging from democrats (Edvard Beneš, Prokop Drtina, Jan Masaryk, Jaroslav Stránský, Jan Šrámek) to Communists and their sympathizers (Zdeněk Fierlinger, Klement Gottwald, Zdeněk Nejedlý).

CS

Studie se zabývá toponymy a jejich tematizací v české publicistice 20. století. Na pozadí obecných charakteristik tematizace proprií a způsobů její realizace, např. (re)sémantizace prostřednictvím kolokací, onymických aluzí a symbolizace, se zaměřuje na kvalitativní textovou analýzu politických projevů. Analyzovaný korpus textů zahrnuje rozhlasové projevy českých exilových politiků působících v době druhé světové války v Londýně a Moskvě. Texty odrážejí širokou škálu politického spektra, od demokratů (Edvard Beneš, Prokop Drtina, Jan Masaryk, Jaroslav Stránský, Jan Šrámek) ke komunistům a jejich sympatizantům (Zdeněk Fierlinger, Klement Gottwald, Zdeněk Nejedlý).

6

Prezentační versus kvalifikační škála: interpretace hraničních případů v FSP analýze narativního textu

80%

Adam M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2014

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vol. 96

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issue 2

180-195

XX

In the framework of Firbasian theory of functional sentence perspective (FSP), one of the cornerstones of analysis is represented by the distinction of the sentences that implement the Presentation or Quality Scales respectively. The present paper discusses corpus-based borderline cases in which it is difficult to unequivocally identify their functional perspective. The study makes use of both the English original narrative texts (fiction and biblical) and their Czech translation counterparts; such a contrastive approach is adopted to throw light on the dubious cases. In the discussion, the role of individual communicative units as well as the phenomenon of semantic affinity observed between the context-independent subject and the transitional verb is explored against the background of the four FSP factors, viz. context, linear modification, dynamic (and static) semantics, and intonation. The key question is the capacity of verbs to express existence/ appearance on the scene with explicitness or sufficient implicitness, which is triggered by the S-V semantic affinity and certain syntactic qualities.

7

Poznámky k poetice Dostojevského: Bratři Karamazovi

80%

Chlupáčová K.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

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2015

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vol. 51

29-35

EN

Dostoyevsky in his novel The Brothers Karamazov develops to unusual extend a play with the language material, with narrative principles, with the semantics of words. These techniques contain future predictions, returns to the past, the system of repetition and variations creating a great semantic space behind many expressions on the level of poetic positions. The wealth of the semantic perspectives, of references to the hidden unknown content, the mysterious significant ciphers are integral part of Dostoyevsky’s poetics. Author with a great favour allocates objects and pronouncements which become an image and a symbol, in the text they go across many mutually not united figures at the same time. The favourite Dostoyevsky’s method are the most various word plays and funs. The funs used to be often based on mingling of reality and metaphor. Dostoyevsky understands the extensive lexical body of his novel like a poet: language, semantics and stylistics by means of expression have for his writing a crucial importance.

8

K jednomu aspektu evropanství a světovosti češtiny

80%

Hrdlička M.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2017

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vol. 8

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issue Zvláštní číslo 2017

9-22

EN

This paper aims to commemorate, on the seven hundredth anniversary of the birth of Emperor Charles IV, significant milestones in the history of Czech language, to point toward the usage of Czech in the present day and to recognize the yet underutilized possibilities of onomasiological description of the spoken system of Czech as it relates to non-native speakers. This work would contribute to more effective teaching of Czech as a foreign language, especially for non-Slavic speakers. This paper is focused on (a) the presentation of significant language rules related to Czech and the role of Czech in communication (reminiscent of the Golden Bull of Charles IV, which established Czech as one of the official languages in the Holy Roman Empire). Next the paper examines (b) types of grammatical description (the synchronic and diachronic approach, as well as comparative, descriptive, prescriptive, or semasiological grammar) with emphasis on both general and specific qualities of pedagogical grammar (reduction and simplification of curriculum, the cyclical nature of grammatical interpretation, efforts toward understandability and learnability, application of curriculum, and pragmatism). Attention is then dedicated to (c) problematic explanations of Czech grammar in textbooks of Czech for foreigners (formalism, disproportionate attention to morphology and syntax, and similar issues). The paper concludes by considering (d) the advantages and possibilities of onomasiological description of the grammatical system of Czech, beginning with what languages have in common (the semantic dimension) and ending with how they differ (formal representation of meaning and the functions of communication). Onomasiology allows for the introduction of competing ways to express grammatical categories (varied frequency, stylistic connotation, among others). This method contributes to the effective interpretation of grammatical categories that do not have a parallel between the source and target languages. In regard to the methodology of this text, the analysis of scientific literature and textbook material is used, and the benefit of the onomasiological approach is hypothesized.

9

Hudební význam jako metaforická exprese. Studie ke Scrutonově pojetí hudebního významu

71%

Hurník Š.

Hudební věda (Musicology)

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2023

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vol. 60

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issue 3

376-397

EN

In his treatment of the aesthetics of music, Roger Scruton offers a relevant concept of the meaning of music, one which amounts to a philosophically tenable alternative to the semiotic theories of musical semantics. This study aims at surmounting the problematic status of Scruton’s theory with its lack of a systematic, exhaustive approach to the subject of musical meaning, and through analysis of Scruton’s musical-aesthetic texts draws up a definition of Scruton’s approach to the meaning of music. To achieve this, the present text employs two methodological procedures making it possible to reveal the key characteristics of Scruton’s approach. The first of these consists in a reconstruction of Scruton’s critique of the semiotics of music. There, the meaning of music emerges as a metaphorical phenomenon which is perceived by the listener in a work of music per se. The second characteristic relates to Scruton’s approach to musical experience. This is understood to be a specific case of aesthetic experience, which delineates the field of the listener’s musical understanding of a performed work of music. Here, the meaning of music is presented as the object of the listener’s musical understanding, whose constitution is based on the metaphoric and intentional processuality of the aesthetic experience of music. These observations lead the author to the conclusion that the meaning of music is a quality of metaphorical expression by which the listener gets a non-conceptual reminder, at the moment of their aesthetic contact with a work of music, of crucial aspects of their own existence.

CS

Roger Scruton ve svém hudebně estetickém díle přichází s nosnou koncepcí hudebního významu, kterou je třeba vnímat jako filosoficky udržitelnou alternativu vůči sémiotickým teoriím hudebního znamenání. Studie se pokouší překonat problematické postavení Scrutonovy teorie, v níž absentuje systematicky vyčerpávající pojednání o tématu hudebního významu, a prostřednictvím rozborů Scrutonových hudebně estetických textů nabízí definici Scrutonova pojetí hudebního významu. Za tímto účelem studie využívá dva metodologické postupy, jejichž prostřednictvím odhaluje základní rysy Scrutonovy koncepce. Prvním z nich je rekonstrukce Scrutonovy kritiky hudební sémiotiky. Hudební význam se tu ukazuje jako metaforický fenomén, jejž posluchač nekonceptuálně zachycuje v díle samotném. Druhým je výklad Scrutonova pojetí hudební zkušenosti. Tato zkušenost je specifickým případem zkušenosti estetické a vyznačuje pole posluchačova hudebního porozumění znějícímu hudebnímu dílu. Hudební význam je zde představen coby předmět posluchačova hudebního porozumění, jehož konstituce spočívá na metaforicko-intencionální procesualitě hudebně-estetické zkušenosti. Prostřednictvím těchto poznatků studie dospívá k závěru, že hudební význam je metaforickou expresí, která posluchače v momentě jeho estetického kontaktu s dílem nekonceptuálně upomíná na základní aspekty jeho vlastní existence.

10

Co přináší jednojazyčná lexikografie lexikografii překladové?

71%

Vachková M.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2019

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vol. 102

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issue 1-2

102-118

EN

The paper is based on experience gained from working on a current project of the Large German-Czech Academic Dictionary. The author suggests briefly that bilingual lexicography cannot exist without monolingual dictionaries. The examples show that monolingual and translation dictionaries solve their processing problems in specific ways due both to the function of the emerging works and the theoretical assumptions tied to a linguistic, historical and cultural heritage of the respective country. Writing a German-Czech bilingual dictionary, the author often checks the Czech equivalents for their morphology, stylistics, semantics, and word-formation in monolingual dictionaries, and lacks greater reliability and completeness of data. This paper claims that new monolingual works should be based on thorough knowledge of the needs of not only ordinary users, but also professional ones. The reflection of the uniqueness of single and bilingual works could benefit lexicographers from both mentioned areas, in other words, seeing data in monolingual dictionaries through the eyes of a bilingual lexicographer could prove inspiring and useful.

11

K užívání recipročního výrazu jeden - druhý v současné češtině

71%

Pergler J.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2024

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vol. 85

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issue 1

3-26

EN

The article deals with the use of the reciprocal marker jeden – druhý in contemporary Czech. As I show in the introductory section, although bipartite quantifiers of this type are quite common means of expressing reciprocity across languages, the situation in Czech has not been devoted much attention so far. I thus analyze 1000 randomly selected attestations of the expression jeden – druhý from the SYN2020 corpus, focusing on both their semantic and formal features, including reciprocal/non-reciprocal meaning, type of reciprocity, preposition and case marking of the expression druhý, type of syntactic subject, complexity of the phrase containing jeden/druhý and linearization preferences; correlations between these features are also pointed out. Based on the results of the analysis, I then give a description of five different types of contexts in which jeden – druhý is used and I argue that these structural types can be thought of as successive stages of a grammaticalization process leading to the emergence of reciprocal uses and their gradual spread to new types of contexts; this process includes typical features of grammaticalization such as the decrease in semantic compositionality and morphosyntactic transparency.

12

Enantiosémie jako výsledek vývojových procesů:

71%

Nejedlý P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2014

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vol. 75

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issue 3

181-192

EN

Enantiosemy describes a situation in which a lexical unit acquires opposing meanings as a result of long-term semantic development. In this article, using several examples from Old Czech, I show how the enantiosemic status of words results from the development of lexical units or (sub-)systems. In the first example, the verb ublížit (to harm) has gained (on the background of words blízký, bližní, přiblížit, etc.) negative conceptual content through the systemic usage of the directional meaning of the prefix u-. In another example, the verb odpravit has changed its meaning from ‘to arrange regularly’ to ‘to murder’ during its own complicated semantic development (‘to make sth rightly’ → ‘to punish sb rightly’ → ‘to put sb to death’ → ‘to murder’). Finally, it is shown that the meanings ‘to love’ and ‘to hate’ of the Old Czech verb náviděti have become the result of a double progressive artificially-created opposition to the initial common Slavic nenáviděti – the previous concept, presented both in linguistic and in popular literature on its polysemy, is thus incorrect.

Refine search results

Pozdrav v indoevropském areálu (původ, motivace, funkce)

Motivace pojmenování a lidová etymologie v českých a finských toponymech obsahujících barevná označení ČERNÁ a BÍLÁ

Využití Natural Semantic Metalanguage při popisu diskurzních částic : případová studie částice vždyť

Dvě zajímavé marginálie

Thematization of place names in opinion journalism : Czech exile politicians’ radio speeches between 1938 and 1945

Prezentační versus kvalifikační škála: interpretace hraničních případů v FSP analýze narativního textu

Poznámky k poetice Dostojevského: Bratři Karamazovi

K jednomu aspektu evropanství a světovosti češtiny

Hudební význam jako metaforická exprese. Studie ke Scrutonově pojetí hudebního významu

Co přináší jednojazyčná lexikografie lexikografii překladové?

K užívání recipročního výrazu jeden - druhý v současné češtině

Enantiosémie jako výsledek vývojových procesů: