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EN
I shall examine the theory of art developed by David Jones, the twentieth-century Anglo-Welsh poet and artist (especially in his essay “Art and Sacrament”), in the light of a comparison with the theory of art propounded by Hans-Georg Gadamer, the twentieth-century German philosopher in the phenomenological tradition (especially his essay “Die Aktualität des Schönen”), not claiming influence, but highlighting striking parallels.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2019
|
vol. 13
|
issue 2
79-94
EN
There are many negative phenomena in the sacramental life which point out to a disturbed relationship between lived faith and the sacraments. On one hand, we see a growing decrease of attendance to the sacraments in the western world. On the other hand, the sacramental practice in the western world is often not a conscious expression of faith. We see many flaws from the point of view of the fides qua and from that of the fides quae as well. The explanation of the faith-sacraments relationship has become an urgent question. We should deal with the topic in the actual context of the Church, but in the light of the Church’s tradition. First of all it is very useful to analyze the works of the Fathers (cfr. chapters I, II, III). The Fathers are witnesses of the faith of the first centuries vitally inserted in the tradition which derives from the Apostles. In fact they have joined together sacred scripture, theology, liturgy, spiritual and pastoral life in a vital unity through which their works can help us and also the Church of the third millenium. The pristina Sanctorum Patrum norma (cfr. SC 50) is to be considered the norm and the inspiring rule for the Church of today as well. Also the scholastic synthesis (Thomas Aquinas) helps us to give an answer to our main question. In the explanation of St. Thomas we find a clear thesis as a point of departure: “The Church is founded upon faith and its sacraments”, and expressly qualifies the sacraments as sacramenta fidei. We should also know the Reformation and the teaching of the Council of Trent. We will see that the historic analysis of the relationship between faith and the sacraments helps us to find the answer to the subject of the Church’s problem in our days. As a final conclusion it is worth analyzing the Sacrosanctum concilium n. 59.
Verbum Vitae
|
2022
|
vol. 40
|
issue 1
99-115
EN
Based on the Wednesday catecheses of John Paul II on the theology of the body, the article presents the essential elements of the ethos of human corporeality. It highlights the innovative approach of the Pope, who changed the perspective of teaching in this realm. When speaking of married life, for example, it does not start with duties and principles, nor does it stop at them, but instead shows those obligations and principles as an expression of a sublime call to holiness. In its own way, this approach “flows into the deep”, teaching not so much “freedom from” as “freedom to”. For the sake of cognitive realism, the Pope made Scripture the starting point for this teaching, where, especially in the Book of Genesis, he finds “God’s plan for marriage and family”. In characterizing the ethos of the body, attention is drawn to the beauty of the body, closely related to human dignity, even if it is crushed by disease and weakness. To this essential beauty, the mature response of faith is emotion and delight. As to the gift of sexuality, it is characterized by unity in diversity, by absolute equality, and by mutual complementarity. Purity is presented in an original way, as a natural consequence of one's sense of the sacredness (sacrum) of the human body. Manichean contempt for the body is dismissed as a heresy alien to Christianity: The human body cannot be held suspect, but only summoned. An eloquent sign of the body’s call to holiness is the fact that sexual intercourse is an integral part of the sacramental sign of marriage (ratum et consumatum).
PL
Na podstawie katechez środowych Jana Pawła II, poświęconych teologii ciała, artykuł ukazuje zasadnicze elementy etosu cielesności człowieka. Uwypukla nowatorskie podejście papieża, który zmienił perspektywę nauczania w tym względzie, i mówiąc o życiu małżeńskim, wychodzi nie od obowiązków i zasad, ani na nich nie poprzestaje, lecz ukazuje je jako wzniosłe powołanie do świętości, którego te obowiązki i zasady są konsekwencją. W sobie właściwy sposób „wypływa na głębię” i uczy wolności nie tyle „od”, co „do”. W trosce o realizm poznawczy punktem wyjścia tego nauczania uczynił Pismo Święte, gdzie, szczególnie w Księdze Rodzaju, odczytuje „Boży plan względem małżeństwa i rodziny”. Charakteryzując etos ciała, najpierw zwraca się uwagę na piękno ciała, ściśle związane z godnością człowieka, chociażby był on zmiażdżony chorobą i słabościami; piękno, wobec którego dojrzałą odpowiedzią wiary jest wzruszenie i zachwyt. Następnie omawia się dar płciowości, którą charakteryzuje jedność w różnorodności, bezwzględna równość oraz wzajemna komplementarność. Czystość ukazuje się w oryginalny sposób jako konsekwencję poczucia sacrum ludzkiego ciała. Odrzuca się manichejską pogardę dla ciała jako herezję obcą chrześcijaństwu. Ciało ludzkie nie może być podejrzane, ale wezwane. Wymownym znakiem powołania ciała do świętości jest fakt, że współżycie w ciele stanowi integralną część sakramentalnego znaku małżeństwa (ratum et consumatum).    
PL
Dominant trends within the philosophical debate over personhood and identity tend to discount the significance and meaning of the human body and often slip into dualistic conceptions. I will argue that a Catholic theology of the body challenges many of the prevalent understandings in bioethics today. Such a notion takes Christ’s Incarnation as its foundation and seeks to develop an account of the human body in the context of the call to communion imprinted on humanity as made in the image of the Trinitarian communion of love. Such a conception counteracts forms of utilitarian or technological reductionism of the person. While Catholic bioethicists will need to consider how such an account will have practical applicability to cases, the call to communion ought to be fostered through the liturgical life of the Church, which enables Catholic bioethicists to develop a liturgical worldview that guards against devaluations of the dignity of the human person.
EN
The Church’s interest in the subject of sacramentality is due to the affirmation of the Divine Word in liturgy. In his exhortation Verbum Domini, Pope Benedict XVI presents the sacramentality as analogous to sacramental action. The article demonstrates a relationship between the sacramentality of the Word and the contemporary, mystery-centred vision of liturgy. The treatment of liturgy as a celebration of the mystery of Christ has consequences for the perception of the Sacraments and, on a broader plane, for the perception of the Divine Word in liturgy. The Word and Sacrament are then those elements of liturgy in which individual dimensions of its mystery character can be seen. Such an approach to the Word of God has an impact on celebration, in which specific rules of conducting liturgy manifest the sacramental power of the Divine Word.
XX
Źródłem zainteresowania w Kościele tematyką sakramentalności słowa Bożego jest ponowne jego dowartościowanie w liturgii. Papież Benedykt XVI w adhortacji Verbum Domini przedstawia ją w analogii do działania sakramentalnego. Artykuł ukazuje związek sakramentalności słowa z dzisiejszym, misteryjnym widzeniem liturgii. Traktowanie jej jako celebracji misterium Chrystusa ma bowiem swoje konsekwencje w postrzeganiu sakramentów, a w dalszej perspektywie – analogicznie – słowa Bożego w liturgii. Słowo i sakrament są więc tymi elementami liturgii, w których można dostrzec poszczególne wymiary jej misteryjności. Takie podejście do słowa Bożego przekłada się także na celebrację, w której konkretne zasady sprawowania liturgii słowa uwidoczniają sakramentalną moc słowa Bożego.
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EN
The subject of the article is a relation between a word of God and a sacrament. Pope Benedict XVI talks about the sacramentality of the word of God. Some theologists identify the word of God with the sacrament. The sacramentum futuri category is helpful in under-standing this problem. It includes words of the Bible as well as described facts in terms of Jesus Christ. His types are facts connected with creation and biblical history of Israel. Sacramentality of the word of God is noticeable in his creative power as well as in his prophetic and sacrifing power. Sacramenta futuri have been filled with the incarnation of Son of God and his paschal mystery. Incarnate Word became the sacrament of God. Incarnate Son of God set seven holy sacraments. He made them the source of sancifying power. They are transmission of mystery of incarnation and Passover of Logos.
EN
An ecclesiastical role of the two Sacraments, namely Baptism and Eucharist, has been presented with an ecumenical sensitivity in the perspective of Catholic and Protestant theology. The presentation of the Church and the Sacraments in the Medieval Catholic theology is the starting point of these considerations. Then we have sketched the discrepancies between the Roman theology in force at that time, and the postulates of the reformers in the XV and XVI century’s tendencies for the renewal of the whole Church. The next part of the article focuses on the perspective of the Church and its connections with Baptism and the Eucharist in the original Lutheran doctrine. Further analysis is a presentation of the modern approaches of these connections in both Catholic and Protestant perspectives. The synthesis for this study is the common Baptismal and Eucharistic elements, which make up the ecclesiastical reality, despite of Sacramental differences in their understanding. Baptism and Eucharist make ecclesial unity. Thanks to this theoretical and theological reflection there is a clearer view of pastoral and practical possibilities of brining those two traditions of the divided Christianity of the West (Roman/Lutheran) closer.
PL
Z ekumeniczną wrażliwością ukazana jest eklezjotwórcza rola dwóch sakramentów, a mianowicie chrztu i Eucharystii w perspektywie tradycji katolickiej i protestanckiej. Punktem wyjścia jest prezentacja Kościoła i sakramentów w średniowiecznej teologii katolickiej. Następnie mamy naszkicowane rozbieżności między obowiązującą wówczas teologią rzymską a postulatami reformatorów w XV- i XVI-wiecznych nurtach odnowy całego Kościoła. Kolejna część artykułu zatrzymała się na ujęciu Kościoła i jego powiązań z chrztem i Eucharystią w pierwotnej doktrynie luterskiej. Dalsze analizy stanowi prezentacja już współczesnych ujęć omawianych związków tak u katolików, jak i protestantów. Synteza to wspólne elementy chrzcielne i eucharystyczne, jakie budują eklezjalną rzeczywistość, mimo sakramentalnej odmienności w ich rozumieniu. Chrzest i Eucharystia sprawiają bowiem kościelną jedność. Dzięki tej teoretyczno-teologicznej refleksji rysują się wyraźniej pastoralne i praktyczne możliwości zbliżenia dwóch tradycji (rzymskiej i luterańskiej) podzielonego chrześcijaństwa Zachodu.
Teologia w Polsce
|
2019
|
vol. 13
|
issue 2
79-94
EN
There are many negative phenomena in the sacramental life which point out to a disturbed relationship between lived faith and the sacraments. On one hand, we see a growing decrease of attendance to the sacraments in the western world. On the other hand, the sacramental practice in the western world is often not a conscious expression of faith. We see many flaws from the point of view of the fides qua and from that of the fides quae as well. The explanation of the faith-sacraments relationship has become an urgent question. We should deal with the topic in the actual context of the Church, but in the light of the Church’s tradition. First of all it is very useful to analyze the works of the Fathers (cfr. chapters I, II, III). The Fathers are witnesses of the faith of the first centuries vitally inserted in the tradition which derives from the Apostles. In fact they have joined together sacred scripture, theology, liturgy, spiritual and pastoral life in a vital unity through which their works can help us and also the Church of the third millenium. The pristina Sanctorum Patrum norma (cfr. SC 50) is to be considered the norm and the inspiring rule for the Church of today as well. Also the scholastic synthesis (Thomas Aquinas) helps us to give an answer to our main question. In the explanation of St. Thomas we find a clear thesis as a point of departure: “The Church is founded upon faith and its sacraments”, and expressly qualifies the sacraments as sacramenta fidei. We should also know the Reformation and the teaching of the Council of Trent. We will see that the historic analysis of the relationship between faith and the sacraments helps us to find the answer to the subject of the Church’s problem in our days. As a final conclusion it is worth analyzing the Sacrosanctum concilium n. 59.
PL
Ci sono tanti fenomeni negativi nella vita sacramentale che ci mostrano una relazione disturbata tra la fede vissuta e i sacramenti. Da una parte vediamo una crescente diminuzione della frequenza ai sacramenti nel mondo occidentale. D’altra parte la pratica sacramentale nel mondo occidentale spesso non è una consapevole espressione di fede. Vediamo tanti difetti dal punto di vista di fides qua ed anche da quello di fides quae. Il chiarimento della relazione fede/sacramenti è diventato una questione improrogabile. Noi dobbiamo trattare il tema nel contesto attuale della Chiesa, ma alla luce della tradizione della Chiesa. Prima di tutto è molto utile di analizzare le opere dei padri (cfr. I, II, III. capitoli). I Padri sono testimoni della fede dei primi secoli vitalmente inseriti nella tradizione che deriva dagli Apostoli. Essi infatti hanno congiunto sacra scrittura, teologia, liturgia, vita spirituale e pastorale in una unità vitale per cui le loro opere ci aiutano anche per la Chiesa del terzo millenio. La pristina Sanctorum Patrum norma (cfr. SC 50) è da ritenersi la norma e la regola ispiratrice anche per la Chiesa di oggi. Anche la sintesi scolatistica (Tommaso d’Aquino) ci aiuta per dare una risposta alla nostra domanda principale. Nella spiegazione di S. Tommaso vediamo come punto di partenza una tesi chiara: “La Chiesa è fondata sulla fede e sui sacramenti”, e qualifica espressamente i sacramenti come sacramenta fidei. Dobbiamo conoscere anche la Riforma e l’insegnamento del concilio di Trento. Vedremo che l’analisi storica del rapporto tra fede e sacramenti ci aiuta la risposta a proposito del problema della Chiesa nei nostri giorni. Come conclusione finale vale la pena di analizzare il Sacrosanctum concilium n. 59.
EN
Canon and civil law take interest in the institution of marriage. Matrimony lies within the realm of ethics, religion, sociology, psychology and many other domains of human thought and activity. Law deals with marriage in a special way – marriage is granted a formalised shape and protected. Both for the State and Church the institution of marriage is enormously important. Marital canon law focuses on the supernatural nature of this institution, stressing its two significant attributes: unity and indissolubility. Polish law, on the other hand, emphasises its chief principles, such as the principle of monogamy, secularism, permanence and equality. An analysis of the essential attributes of sacramental marriage and the attributes of marriage in the light of Polish law enables one to see both similarities and differences. Both legal frameworks agree that marriage is a union of a man and woman. Both legal specifications recognise the unity of marriage, thus ruling out the possibility of polygamy. Both frameworks recognise the equality of a man and woman joined in matrimony. The major difference lies in the fact that the regulations of Polish family and guardianship code permit divorce. According to Catholic teaching, marriage is indissoluble due to its sacramental nature.
EN
The article endeavours to show that the concept of sacramentality is one of the key ones for grasping the overall vision of Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI’s theology. The German theologian does not refer the concept only to the seven sacramental signs of grace, but he uses it to interpret God’s revelation in salvation (and creation) history, the Catholic interpretation of Sacred Scripture, insight into the mystery of the Church and the celebrated liturgy. Therefore, in this article the theme of sacramentality is taken up in its fundamental sense, in order to show that the material reveals the spiritual, that the past points to the future according to the ‘promise-fulfilment’ model. Sacramentality – according to Ratzinger – also refers to what man cannot produce by his own efforts, but must accept as a gift from God. Within these meanings, the sacramentality of creation, the Word and the Church as seen by the Bavarian cardinal and later pope will be discussed.
PL
Artykuł stara się pokazać, że pojęcie sakramentalności jest jednym z kluczowych dla uchwycenia całościowej wizji teologii Josepha Ratzingera/Benedykta XVI. U niemieckiego teologa pojęcie to nie jest odnoszone jedynie do siedmiu sakramentalnych znaków łaski, ale służy do interpretacji Bożego Objawienia w historii zbawienia (i stworzenia), katolickiej interpretacji Pisma Świętego, wnikania w tajemnicę Kościoła i celebrowanej liturgii. Dlatego też w artykule podjęty został temat sakramentalności w jej fundamentalnym znaczeniu, aby pokazać, że to, co materialne, objawia to, co duchowe, że przeszłość wskazuje na przyszłość według modelu „obietnica–wypełnienie”. Sakramentalność – według Ratzingera – odnosi się również do tego, czego człowiek nie może wyprodukować własnymi siłami, ale musi to przyjąć jako dar od Boga. W tych znaczeniach omawiana jest sakramentalność stworzenia, słowa i Kościoła w ujęciu bawarskiego kardynała i późniejszego papieża.
PL
Wirtualność i sakramentalność w życiu duchowym Obecna pandemia zwiększa wykorzystanie zdalnych środków komunikacji. To, co wirtualne, już bardzo obecne w duszpasterskiej tkance Kościoła, nabiera intensywności. Stawia też pytania chrześcijańskiej teologii. Doświadczenie Hongkongu pozwala postawić pytania i zasugerować pewne kierunki myślenia dla działalności duszpasterskiej. Wykorzystanie środków wirtualnych rodzi pytania o skuteczność, konieczność ustalenia priorytetów propozycji, zobowiązuje do ponownego przemyślenia stosunków kościelnych, ujawnia ukryty indywidualizm oraz kruchość więzi z Ciałem Chrystusa i przynależności do Ludu Bożego, uczy instynktu duchowego przetrwania z jednej strony i wrażliwości z drugiej. Aby uwzględnić taką nowość, w centrum odpowiedzi znajduje się propozycja nawrócenia serc, której towarzyszą szczegóły dotyczące teologicznej wartości prawdziwej komunii poprzez tzw. komunikację wirtualną.
EN
The ongoing pandemic is increasing the use of remote means of communication. Online ministry, already very present in the pastoral fabric of the Church, is growing. This continues to raise questions for Christian theology. We can use the Covid-19 experience in the Catholic Community in Hong Kong to raise questions and fuel new thinking for pastoral ministry. Ministering online raises the question of effectiveness, necessitates prioritizing community-centric actions, obliges us to reconsider intra-ecclesiastical relations, and exposes latent individualism and the fragility of the sacramental bond of belonging to the Body of Christ that is the Church. It is also instructive with regard to instincts for spiritual survival on the one hand, and vulnerability on the other. To make room for such novelty, focusing on the ongoing conversion of hearts is key, together with seeking the theological value of real communion conveyed by the virtual Eucharist Mass.
FR
La pandémie en cours fait croître l’usage des moyens de communications à distance. Le virtuel, déjà bien présent dans le tissu pastoral de l’Eglise, y gagne en intensité. Cela continue à interroger la théologie chrétienne. L'expérience de Hong Kong permet de relever des questions et de proposer quelques axes de réflexions pour l’action pastorale. L’usage du virtuel interroge sur l’efficacité, nécessite de hiérarchiser les propositions, oblige à repenser les rapports de l'ecclésialité, révèle l’individualisme latent et la fragilité du lien au Corps du Christ et à l’appartenance au Peuple de Dieu, il renseigne sur l’instinct de survie spirituelle d’un côté et la vulnérabilité de l’autre. Pour prendre en compte une telle nouveauté l’hypothèse de conversion des coeurs est placée au centre de la réponse, laquelle s’accompagne des précisions sur la valeur théologique de la communion réelle par le biais d’une communication dite virtuelle.
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