In the process of sample selection, an important issue is the relationship between sample size and the type and complexity of the statistical model, which is the basis for testing research hypotheses. The paper presents methodological aspects of sample size determination in multilevel structural equation modelling (SEM) in the analysis of satisfaction with the banking products in Poland. The multilevel SEM results from the necessity to take into account both the sample size at the level of individual respondents, as well as at the higher level of analysis and the intraclass correlation coefficient. A comparison of factor loading bias based on the Monte Carlo simulation is made for different cluster sizes and the number of clusters.
This paper addresses sampling issues arising in the context of household-based child labour surveys. It presents some of the sampling strategies elaborated in the ILO book Sampling for Household-based Surveys of Child Labour (Verma, 2008). A typology of surveys of child labour is identified, and the fundamental distinction between two types with very different objectives - termed 'child labour surveys' and 'labouring children surveys', respectively - is clarified and emphasised. Following a broad survey of national practices in conducting surveys of child labour, linkages between different types of surveys and some specific sampling techniques are explained.
According to many researchers and theoreticians mentioned by Davis J. Gunkel we live today in digital culture of “mash-up”, which is at the same time configurable convergence culture. Therefore in the contemporary world the concept of remix enjoys such great popularity. It is in sampling and remixing that “the cultural logic of networked global capitalism” should be sought. However, the mentioned terms occur mainly in the disputes over copyright laws and freedom of the access to culture. For Gunkel this aspect is not a key one. In Of Remixology he suggests a departure from the current way of thinking about remix in terms of an original and a copy, innovation and derivation, authorship and plagiarism. Instead, Gunkel proposes the third way of thinking, where his companions become such theoreticians as Jacques Derrida, Roland Barthes, Jean Baudrillard and Slavoj Žižek.
The most important function of copyright is the protection of products of creativity, property rights and personal creator. In this broad sense, the laws protecting the author are understood and accepted by practice all over the world. The main focus of this article is to analyse the lyrics of Polish songs whose authors entered the judicial path to investigate one’s rights, and to compare them with spoken word texts, which, due to frequent references to the works of other authors, could be considered illegal. The research material consists of open court judgments, song lyrics and recordings of slam poetry texts collected by the author.
Objectives. Research of sexuality often times includes individuals who choose to be researched and are willing to undergo the procedures. Samples of population (students and self-selected enthusiasts) may not resemble the nation’s population structure nor general idea of random human even though the psychological mechanisms researched are thought to be universal. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between proximal measures of domain specific and non-specific excitation and inhibition in two (probabilistic and non-probabilistic) samples. Sample and settings. The authors collected approximately 400 individuals from Central European country – Czech Republic – via specialized agency to match the probabilistic sample (stratified sample) and a second similarly sized sample (chance sample) via snowball sampling and online advertisements at the same time. The participants were asked to fill in two questionnaires widely used by sex researchers (Sexual Inhibition and Excitation Scale, and Sociosexual Orientation Inventory Revised), and one scale designed to map broader motivations to avoid aversive outcomes and motivation to approach goal-oriented outcomes (Behavioral Inhibition and Activation Scale). Hypotheses. The authors expected partial or complete confirmation of previously found results (general and sexuality specific activation and inhibition and sociosexuality), and also that the replication will be affected by the sample choice. Statistical analyses. To follow methodologies of previous studies used to create hypotheses the authors decided to use partial correlation controlling for age of the participants. Results. Generally, the chance sample findings resembled the published results whereas the stratified sample showed bigger differences. The results, relying on correlational analyses as majority of studies does, provided a valuable insight to impact of sampling on results. Using the SEM methodology the study provided further support for the incomparability of the results obtained employing different sampling.Limitations. The sample size, thus larger than usual studies, could be higher.
CS
Cíl výzkumu. Výzkum lidské sexuality je obvykle prováděn na vzorcích populace složených z těch osob, které si zvolí účast ve výzkumu a souhlasí s absolvováním výzkumných procedur. Takový vzorek populace (studenti a samovybraní nadšenci) však nemusí odrážet složení populace, ani reprezentovat náhodně vybrané jedince. I přesto jsou výsledky studií považované za univerzální. Cílem prezentovaného výzkumu bylo měření specifické a obecné tendence k aktivaci a inhibici na dvou vzorcích (jednom reprezentativním a jednom nereprezentativním). Výběr vzorku a metod. Autoři nasbírali data od asi 400 osob z České republiky díky využití služeb specializované agentury, aby získali data od stratifikovaného vzorku populace. Další, srovnatelně rozsáhlý nestratifikovaný vzorek dat, byl získán od populace díky online reklamě a současnému sběru formou sněhové koule. Účastníci byli požádáni o vyplnění dvou dotazníků užívaných pro výzkum lidské sexuality (zkrácené verze Dotazníku sexuální inhibice a excitace a revidované verze Dotazníku socio-sexuality). Dále pak dotazníku zaměřeného na obecné tendence snižovat negativní dopady a být motivovaný pozitivními výsledky (Dotazník behaviorální inhibice a aktivace).Hypotézy. Autoři očekávali částečné či úplné potvrzení předchozích výsledků u všech tří dotazníků. Také očekávali, že míra potvrzení výsledků bude závislá na výběru zkoumaného vzorku. Statistické analýzy. Aby se autoři blížili metodami možnosti replikace, zvolili stejné metodické postupy jako předcházející studie. Užili tedy korelačních analýz kontrolovaných pro věk participantů. Výsledky. Výsledky analýz nestratifikovaného vzorku se ve velké míře shodovaly s výsledky předchozích studií. Výsledky stratifikovaného vzorku participantů se od publikovaných výsledků výrazně odkláněly. Výsledky studie ukazují, že při použití nejrozšířenější formy analýz, korelací, jsou výsledky významně ovlivněné výběrem vzorku. Za použití strukturálních modelů bylo možné ještě více odkrýt nesrovnatelnost výsledků založených na datech získaných od vzorků s různou mírou reprezentativity. Limity. Velikost sebraných vzorků by mohla být vyšší, přestože byl vzorek početnější než u srovnatelných studií.
The aim of this article is to present selected aspects related to the sampling for the purposes of forensic examinations of plants from cannabis plantations suspected to be not of industrial hemp, and the methodology of plant material testing allowing to determine the total delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9THC) and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (9THCA) content. The result of the research allows to qualify the cultivation in terms of its legality using the percentage criterion of 0.2% defined in the Act on Counteracting Drug Addiction.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych aspektów dotyczących pobierania na potrzeby badań kryminalistycznych prób roślin z upraw konopi, co do których istnieje podejrzenie, że nie są to konopie włókniste, oraz metodologii badań materiału roślinnego umożliwiającej określenie sumarycznej zawartości delta-9-tetrahydrokannabinolu (9THC) i kwasu tetrahydrokannabinolowego (9THCA). Wynik badań pozwala zakwalifikować uprawę z prawnego punktu widzenia przy zastosowaniu kryterium zawartości procentowej 0,2%, wskazanego w ustawie o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii.
The study was conducted as part of European RN4CAST project, with participation of 16 countries, including 12 from Europe. Aim: To develop universal and modern assumptions for the policy of effective nurse employment and management in hospital. Material and method: The study was conducted on a nationally representative sample of 30 hospitals, selected through multi-stage group sampling. Professional satisfactions of nurses working at internal and surgical wards, as well as satisfaction of patients of these wards were tested in a questionnaire study. Data on patient treatment outcomes, and hospital organisation and operation were also collected. Hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) and generalised estimating equations (GEE) were used for statistical analysis. Conclusion: RN4CAST is the first project focused on the hospital and contextual determinants of its operation, which compares Polish results with those from other European states, thanks to a single international study procedure.
In this paper I provide a frequentist philosophical-methodological solution for the stopping rule problem presented by Lindley & Phillips in 1976, which is settled in the ecological realm of testing koalas’ sex ratio. I deliver criteria for discerning a stopping rule, an evidence and a model that are epistemically more appropriate for testing the hypothesis of the case studied, by appealing to physical notion of probability and by analyzing the content of possible formulations of evidence, assumptions of models and meaning of the ecological hypothesis. First, I show the difference in the evidence taken into account in different frequentist sampling procedures presented in the problem. Next, I discuss the inapplicability of the Carnapian principle of total evidence in deciding which formulation of evidence associated with a given sampling procedure and statistical model is epistemically more appropriate for testing the hypothesis in question. Then I propose a double-perspective (evidence and model) frequentist solution based on the choice of evidence which better corresponds to the investigated ecological hypothesis, as well as on the choice of a model that embraces less unrealistic ontological assumptions. Finally, I discuss two perspectives of the stopping rule dependence.
PL
W niniejszym artykule przedstawiam cząstkową propozycję filozoficzno-metodologicznej obrony klasycznej metodologii testowania hipotez statystycznych. Dokonuję tego poprzez próbę odpowiedzi na zarzuty wynikające z problemu stopu przedstawionego przez Lindleya i Phillipsa w 1976 roku, a osadzonego w realiach hipotezy ekologicznej związanej z pytaniem o stosunek płci u młodych osobników gatunku koala. Rozważania rozpoczynam od przedstawienia problemu, następnie omawiam aplikowalność Carnapa zasady całkowitej obserwacji i związek możliwych form obserwacji oraz modeli z hipotezą ekologiczną. W konsekwencji przedstawiam dwa rozwiązania przedstawionego problemu: pierwsze z perspektywy porównywania alternatywnych form formułowania obserwacji, drugie z perspektywy porównywania modeli. Obydwa odwołują się do ontologicznych konsekwencji klasycznej obiektywnej interpretacji prawdopodobieństwa oraz postawionej hipotezy ekologicznej. Argument kończy przedstawienie dwóch perspektyw zależności wyniku testowania hipotezy od wyboru reguły stopu.
Socjologiczne jakościowe badania biograficzne wyróżnia zainteresowanie przypadkiem. Jednocześnie dąży się w nich – często za pośrednictwem studium przypadku – do zrozumienia lub wyjaśnienia zjawisk ponadindywidualnych, powtarzalnych, do pewnego stopnia ogólnych. W artykule przyglądamy się sposobowi traktowania przypadków w socjologii biograficznej. Przedstawiamy własne doświadczenia empiryczne, polegające na przeprowadzeniu autobiograficznych wywiadów narracyjnych z uczestnikami ogólnopolskiego, panelowego badania surveyowego, którzy zostali do niego przed laty wylosowani. Pokazujemy, jakie konsekwencje – metodologiczne i teoretyczne – może mieć taki, nietypowy dla socjologii biograficznej, sposób doboru przypadków. Zastanawiamy się, czy i do jakiego stopnia doświadczenie „zwykłego człowieka”, everymana, może zostać odzwierciedlone w pracach socjologicznych opartych na metodzie biograficznej.
EN
Sociological, qualitative, biographical research is distinguished by its interest in the case. At the same time, this research seeks-often through case studies-to understand or explain supraindividual, repetitive phenomena which are, to some extent, general. In this article, we look at how cases are treated in biographical sociology. We present our own empirical experience, consisting in autobiographical narrative interviews with participants of a nationwide panel survey, who were randomly drawn to the panel many years ago. We show the possible consequences, both methodological and theoretical, of this way of selecting cases, quite unusual for biographical sociology. We wonder whether and to what extent the experience of the “ordinary person,” the Everyman, can be reflected in sociological works based on the biographical method.
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