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EN
The article is a reflection on the effectiveness of different types of sanctions and consequences connected with their application. It shows an idea, which may make changes in the legal system, with the use of awards, which can make a wider sphere of operation for the individual in society. This text is also an encouragement to think about the general idea of sanction itself, how it came into being and why we use it.
EN
Article 70[5] of the Civil Code gives an opportunity to invalidate a contract which was concluded as a result of a faulty tender or an auction, when someone affected a result of the tender or the auction contrary to a law or a a good will. There are three types of problems connented with the article 70[5] of the Civil Code. First: is the formulation of the article 70[5] proper? Second: is a range of an usage of article 70[5] accurate? Finally, third: is an invalidity of the contract an effective and proportional sanction? The article attempts to give an answer to foregoing questions.
Prawo
|
2017
|
issue 323
67-76
XX
On 1 June 2017 an amendment to the Code of Administrative Procedure entered into force. The amendment introduced new legal solutions that will speed up administrative procedures and make procedures more efficient. The amendment introduces extensive changes, including administrative penalties. According to the new provisions, during making the decision on penalties, the body is obliged to take into account the circumstances of the case, such as gravity of the offence, fact of previous punishment for the same behavior or the personal conditions of party. It shall be noted that another regulations imposes mandatory withdrawal from punishment in case on occurring at least one of the premises indicated in the provision. This amendment introduces also 5-year limitation period for sentencing the party and its execution.
EN
Author of this article, relying on the Classified Information Protection Act from 5th of July 2010, describes, that protected information are those, which disclosure may cause serious harm for the Republic of Poland (among other thing, threat to national security, disrupt of the functioning of the judiciary, adverse impact on the functioning of the national economy or interfere to current foreign politics of the Republic of Poland). Depending on the kind of harm, that disclosure of certain information may cause, specific data are accompanied by the relevant clauses – “secret”, “top secret”, “confident” or “restricted”. Disclosure or abuse (understood here as to use in unlawful manner) classified information implies sanction of law. They may vary depending on public function of the person. The Act provides penalties for offenses, which concern classified and other legally protected information, which are the result of unlawful obtaining of such information or obstructing to become acquainted with it. Author also draws attention to offenses associated with computerized data – their destruction or disruption of the entire system is liable to penalty. There is also illicit, to make computer programs, which are adjusted to commit offenses referred to Classified Information Protection Act. Other acts, which helps to protect safety of information, and which are mentioned by author, are: Banking Law, Personal Data Protection Act and Act on Counteraction Money Laundering and Terrorism Founding.
EN
There has been a disambiguate question that how would be the futuristic developments and consequences of lifting the current sanctions from Iran since the successful negotiations of the P5+1 group with Iran over the country’s nuclear program. This paper strives to answer the raised question and demonstrate the starting point of the conflict as well as how the international community’s concerns escalated throughout the past decades which eventually led to imposing international sanctions on the country’s economy. In addition, the paper will offer a brief historical background about Iran’s nuclear activities and its developments in order to help readers a deeper understanding of the topic. At the end, the author will draw his conclusion about the impact of lifting sanctions from Iran’s economy both domestically and internationally.
EN
In this article, the terms used are discussed. This first is a survey requiring some significant theoretical approaches to the explanation of social control, the normative ideas of social integration, the dialectic of inclusion and exclusion or inclusion and exclusion as well as the social role of helping professions in which the social work – in relation to pedagogy, psychology, law, or medicine –has an increasingly important position. Social control in this article simply is not as a repressive instrument, which can lead to stigmatization and social exclusion, but also as a socially critical approach to the analysis of the functions of social institutions.
EN
A fundamental issue in every system of criminal law is establishing the concept of crime. Law investigations above the nature of ecclesiastical crime appear first in Decretum Gratiani and then in decretals of Pope Innocent III. Ecclesiastical legislator constructs the definition of crime which consists of three basic elements: objective, subjective and legal in the previous code of the 1917 as well as the one that is valid currently of the 1983. The objective element is defined as an external contravention of law or criminal warrant. The subjective one is defined as an accountability of committing an illegal act. Whereas the legal element is expressed in penal sanction relatively undetermined.
EN
The elaboration looks into the problems of aggravated murder in the context of the latest project of changes within the Penal Code. In view of the content of the expected amendment, which aims at eliminating such akind of crime from the domestic legal order and at returning to a“traditional” model of criminal law protection of life, this is not, however, the analysis or judgment of the proposed, “new” legal solutions, but rather an attempt to settle accounts with those currently in force and remonstrated the legal state, its advantages and disadvantages which have revealed themselves for several years of its functioning within the legal area. The article focuses on searching for the answer to the question about the justification and the purposefulness of the proposed direction of modification. It is interesting and because of this — apart from the significance of the matter which the change concerns — that the attempt to “return to the past” is not being taken for the first time. The distance towards this crime of the major part of the Polish criminal law scientific environment is commonly known. It is worthwhile to refer to the causes of such astate of affairs, recapitulating the argumentation of the opponents of this form of crime. In order to objectify the judgments, the arguments of the opponent side were also presented, the side which notices rational reasons for maintaining the status quo.
EN
In this expert contribution, the author deals with the description of alternative penalties in a broader sense and with their meaning. In particular, the author focuses on the issue of pecuni-ary penalty by its definition and position in the criminal law system in Slovakia. The contribu-tion professionally explains the execution and imposition of this alternative penalty in the conditions of the Slovak Republic as well as a comparison with the Czech Republic. The role of the pecuniary penalty is to keep the convict out of prison and to impose such a type of penalty that will prevent the convict from committing further criminal offences, will protect the society and, last but not least, will meet demands of the victims of the crime. The aim of the alternative concept of punishment is to consolidate the perpetrator’s habits and attitudes neces-sary for leading a proper life.
PL
W niniejszym opracowaniu autor opisuje problematykę stosowania alternatywnych kar. W szczególności autor koncentruje się na kwestii kary pieniężnej poprzez jej definicję i pozy-cję w systemie prawa karnego Republiki Słowackiej. Autor wyjaśnia wykonanie i nałożenie kary alternatywnej w warunkach prawnych Republiki Słowackiej w porównaniu z prawem Republiki Czeskiej. Rolą kary pieniężnej jest zatrzymanie skazanego przed osadzeniem w więzieniu i nałożenie takiego rodzaju kary, która uniemożliwi skazanemu popełnienie kolej-nych przestępstw, będzie chronić społeczeństwo i zaspokoi żądania ofiar przestępstwa. Celem alternatywnej koncepcji kary jest utrwalenie pozytywnych i społecznie akceptowanych nawy-ków i postaw sprawcy, niezbędnych do prowadzenia właściwego życia w społeczeństwie.
EN
This contribution deals with the low number of punishments imposed confiscating the property of those convicted. One of the hypotheses for this given below may relate to the alleged legal risks of the interference with the rights of third parties, mainly creditors. The contribution shows that the Slovak legal system provides both sufficient legal certainty and the tools to avoid such a conflict. In the paper the authors present the issue of creditor protection and the imposition of sanctions on the assets and liabilities owned by debtors in the context of legal regulations in force in the Slovak Republic. Moreover, it will acquaint the reader with dispositions of the fundamental legal act regulating Slovak criminal proceedings – the Code of Criminal Procedure. The article was prepared within the context of an interdepartmental research project (No APVV-15-0740) funded by the Slovak Research and Development Agency. The outcomes achieved as a result of the research have been the subject of many discussions in the international legal community and several research papers (published not only in Slovak Republic) have been dedicated to them. This article, written by employees of Academy of the Police Force in Bratislava, is a continuation of the analytical assessment of the result of the research connected with the problem of creditor protection of and support of debt collection proceedings by the Slovak judicial system. The entire article is based on interpretations of juridical proceeding, parts of which focus on the issue of investigation of due compensation to creditors.
EN
This paper deals with a national risk assessment. The subject of the risk assessment is money laundering and the financing of terrorism. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of terrorism financing. The first variable that needs to be taken in account is the number of cases. The second variable is the qualitative aspect of the cases. The competency of the personnel constitutes the third variable. The infrastructure generates a fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the directions and channels of the terrorism financing. The infrastructure belongs to the category of other variables. The paper also deals with data sources and lists those that should be used as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
EN
The paper deals with a  national risk assessment. The subject of  the risk assessment is money laundering and terrorism financing. This is the first time it has been conducted in the Slovak republic. The contribution shows what are the decisive criteria in evaluating the national system of anti-money laundering and terrorism financing. The  first variable that needs to be taken in account is measures examining the legal framework. The second variable is the institutional framework. The competency of personnel represents the third variable. The infrastructure creates the fourth variable in order to prevent, avoid and respond to such a threat. The other variables are strongly related to the effectiveness of the sanctions. The infrastructure belongs to the other variables. The contribution deals also with data sources and lists those that should be used as a source for further evaluation. The outcome of the NRA will be a comprehensive report.
PL
W niniejszym artykule autor pochyla się nad problematyką oznaczania przedsiębiorców w sektorze ochrony zdrowia. Analizie zostało poddane uprawnienie do posługiwania się przez przedsiębiorców nazwą klinika. Autor ocenia regulację prawną wprowadzającą ograniczenia w tym zakresie oraz ratio legis ich funkcjonowania w systemie prawnym. Ponadto analizie zostały poddane metody stosowane przez przedsiębiorców zmierzające do obejścia przepisów ustawy o działalności leczniczej. Podsumowanie opracowania stanowi prezentacja możliwych rozwiązań wynikających z braku dostatecznych instrumentów wymuszających na przedsiębiorcach przestrzeganie prawa w tym zakresie.
EN
In this article the author describes the issues of entrepreneurs’ indications in the healthcare sector. The author analyzes which companies are able to use legally the name of a clinic in their indication. The author reviews the legal regulation which restricts this rights and considers purposes of this situation. Moreover, in this article the author analyzes the methods which entrepreneurs useto circumvent the law of medical activity. The author also tries to deliberate if they are safe for companies. To sum up the problem, the author tries to present possible solutions which will make easier to enforce compliance with the law in this area.
EN
The article contains an analysis of the issue of criminal liability for breach of personal data protection in the Personal Data Protection Acts of 1997 and 2018, as well as in the Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) 2016/679 of April 27, 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data. The author has compared the most important issues related to criminal liability for violation of personal data protection on the basis of the above regulations, because data protection is nowadays a necessary element for us, and violations related to the extortion of personal data should be quickly and effectively enforced by judicial authorities.
PL
Artykuł zawiera analizę problematyki odpowiedzialności karnej za naruszenie ochrony danych osobowych w ustawach o ochronie danych osobowych z 1997 r. oraz z 2018 r., a także w Rozporządzeniu Parlamentu Europejskiego i Rady (UE) 2016/679 z dnia 27 kwietnia 2016 r. w sprawie ochrony osób fizycznych w związku z przetwarzaniem danych osobowych i w sprawie swobodnego przepływu takich danych. Autorka dokonała porównania najistotniejszych kwestii dotyczących odpowiedzialności karnej za naruszenie ochrony danych osobowych na gruncie powyższych regulacji, ponieważ ochrona danych w dzisiejszych czasach jest dla nas kwestią konieczną, a naruszenia związane z wyłudzeniem danych osobowych powinny być szybko i skutecznie sankcjonowane przez organy wymiaru sprawiedliwości.
EN
Donation is a legal tool often used between immediate family members, and undoubtedly facilitates the movement of wealth within the family circle, especially since for the immediate family such an operation is completely taxneutral (provided the donation is reported to the head of the relevant tax office). However, during tax audits, some taxpayers, in order to demonstrate the source of their assets, decided to refer to the donation received and thus show where the received assets came from, with a common practice being to refer to donations that were supposed to have been made many years before the audit. This solution was „cheaper” for taxpayers than paying tax on income from undisclosed sources. In order to counteract these practices, the legislator decided to introduce into the Inheritance and Gift Tax Law an institution commonly referred to as a criminal sanction for referring during a tax inspection to a donation received. The intention of the legislature was to curb the practice invoked earlier. However, the provision introducing the so-called criminal sanction still raises some doubts today, which also had to be resolved by administrative courts. For this reason, the article discusses not only the current state of the law and the resulting interpretative doubts, but also presents the author’s de lege ferenda postulates.
PL
Darowizna to narzędzie prawne często stosowane przez członków najbliższej rodziny, które bez wątpienia ułatwia przepływ majątku pomiędzy nimi, zwłaszcza że taka operacja jest dla nich całkowicie neutralna podatkowo (pod warunkiem zgłoszenia darowizny naczelnikowi właściwego urzędu skarbowego). Jednakże podczas kontroli podatkowych część podatników jako źródło pochodzenia majątku wskazywała otrzymaną darowiznę, przy czym częstą praktyką było powoływanie się na darowizny, do których dokonania miało dojść wiele lat przed przeprowadzaną kontrolą. Rozwiązanie to było dla podatników „tańsze” niż płacenie podatku od dochodów z nieujawnionych źródeł. Aby przeciwdziałać tym praktykom, ustawodawca zdecydował się na wprowadzenie do ustawy z dnia 28 lipca 1983 r. o podatku od spadków i darowizn1 instytucji nazywanej potocznie sankcją karną za powołanie się w toku kontroli podatkowej na otrzymaną darowiznę. Intencją ustawodawcy było ukrócenie wspomnianych wcześniej praktyk. Jednakże przepis wprowadzający ową sankcję karną do dzisiaj wzbudza pewne wątpliwości, które musiały być także rozstrzygane przez sądy administracyjne. Z tego też względu w artykule omówiono nie tylko obowiązujący stan prawny i wynikające z niego wątpliwości interpretacyjne, ale również przedstawiono postulaty de lege ferenda autora.
PL
Autorka opracowania prezentuje zasadnicze założenia reformatorskie przeprowadzone w ramach kodyfikacji karnej z 1997 roku. Odnosi się do najbardziej rozległych nowelizacji kodeksu karnego, które weszły w życie z dniem 1 lipca 2015 roku oraz do zmian przewidzianych w ustawie z dnia 13 czerwca 2019 roku, skierowanej przez Prezydenta RP w dniu 28 czerwca 2019 roku do Trybunału Konstytucyjnego. W toku rozważań autorka odwołuje się do najczęściej dyskutowanych regulacji, które wskazują na kształtowanie się nowej filozofii karania. Poważne zastrzeżenia, jej zdaniem, budzi kierunek dokonanych zmian, które istotnie zwiększają punitywność systemu karnego, wytyczają kierunek polityki karnej zmierzający do wyraźnego zaostrzenia represji karnej. Autorka akcentuje niespójność systemowych rozwiązań, podaje w wątpliwość ich zasadność i wyraża dezaprobatę dla przyjętej ostatnio strategii rozwoju prawa karnego.
EN
The author of the study presents the main assumptions carried out under the penal codification of 1997. She refers to the most extensive amendments of the Penal Code that entered into force on 1st July 2015 and also to the amendments provided for in the Act of 13th June 2019, that were referred by the President of the Republic of Poland to the Constitutional Tribunal on 28th June 2019. In the course of considerations, the author refers to the most frequently discussed regulations, that point out the formation of a new philosophy of punishment. She has reservations about the direction of the changes that significantly increase the range of punitive measures of the penal system and set the direction of penal policy aimed at a distinct tightening of criminal repression. The author emphasises the inconsistency of system solutions, casts doubt on their legitimacy and expresses disapproval regarding the recently adopted strategy for the development of penal law.
EN
Prevention is a part of existing tort law. This paper addresses prevention in tort law, but in a slightly different way, than in which its phenomenon is conventionally addressed. It aims to prove that prevention has specific features and thus constitutes different aim and content then the prevention traditionally understood within the law. This is the case of the so-called prevention in a narrow sense which concerns situations of emergency or danger to a third person, somebody elseʼs property or public asset, to which the potential rescuer has no relation whatsoever. This kind of prevention has been introduced by the new Czech Civil Code in § 2901. In this provision, the Czech legislator established a special preventive duty. The violation of this duty leads to a special preventive liability with the consequences of secondary duty of damages. First task of this paper is to analyse this new rule. The second task is to find out justification of preventive liability. A sanctioned preventive duty means restrictions of human behaviour and hence strengthening of rectify function of tort law.
CS
Předmětem tohoto článku je problematika prevence v deliktním právu, avšak v poněkud jiném konceptu, než je tradičně na tento jev nahlíženo. Jde o tzv. prevenci v úzkém smyslu, jež se týká situací nouze či nebezpečí, v nichž se nachází člověk, majetek či obecný statek, vůči nimž jednotlivec jako potenciální zachránce (samaritán) nemá žádný vztah. Tento zvláštní druh prevence je upraven v ustanovení § 2901 věta druhá občanského zákoníku, v němž český zákonodárce jako první v okruhu občanských zákoníků evropského kontinentu založil zákonnou povinnost zakročit na ochranu jiného, jejíž porušení sankcionuje povinností k náhradě škody. Prvním úkolem tohoto příspěvku je analyzovat toto ustanovení. Druhým úkolem je zjistit, zda a v jakém rozsahu lze tuto výjimečnou deliktní odpovědnost považovat za slučitelnou především se základním principem soukromého práva, tedy se zásadou autonomie vůle.
EN
The article is devoted to selected issues of the statutory principles of applying non- custodial penalties introduced into the Polish criminal law system by the amendment of 20th of February 2015. In the preliminary part of the article the basic assumptions of the directions of the reform are presented, together with the aims and the tasks that it is to accomplish.The expression of the essential revaluation in penal policy are regulations of Art. 37a c.c., Art. 37b c.c. and Art. 75a § 1 c.c. discussed in the paper, which in the science of law are believed to be the pillars of that reform and are, according to the legislator’s intentions, to realize the rule of the primacy of non-custodial penalties better than the previous normalizations. The author’s attention is drawn to the most arguable issues in the field of these regulations. Among those issues the most crucial seems to be the matter of their legal nature, the controversies and the doubts arising from the interpretation of the elements of their statutory structure, the premises of implementation and predictable results they can cause in the realm of the justice. The final part of the article comprises comments and reflections devoted to the evaluation of the introduced changes, their validity and purposefulness and to the perspectives of their functioning within the legal system.
Ius Novum
|
2020
|
vol. 14
|
issue 1
112-131
EN
Due to the repressive nature and painfulness of pecuniary administrative penalties, the legislator decided to regulate general rules of their imposition. The framework regulations in the field were introduced to the Act of 14 June 1960: Code of Administrative Procedure. These are applicable only when separate provisions do not contain special solutions. This causes a critical practical problem concerning the relationship between the general provisions of Part IVa CAP and the provisions of special statutes. The article aims to present the origin of the general provisions concerning pecuniary administrative penalties, to draw attention to the most important aspects of the application of new regulations with the use of examples illustrating a penalty for the occupation of a road lane, and to propose a solution to the conflict in the relationship between the application of the Act on public finance, the Tax Law and the Code of Administrative Procedure in relation to administrative penalties. The phrasing of the provisions is unclear and poses a risk of considerable adjudicating discrepancies, which will create a necessity to pass an abstract resolution concerning this issue by the Supreme Administrative Court. The author uses an analytic-dogmatic and empiric-legal research method in the article.
PL
Ze względu na represyjny charakter i dolegliwość administracyjnych kar pieniężnych, ustawodawca zdecydował się na unormowanie zasad ogólnych ich wymierzania. Regulacje ramowe w tym zakresie zostały wprowadzone do ustawy z dnia 14 czerwca 1960 r. – Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego. Są one stosowane jedynie wówczas, gdy przepisy odrębne nie zawierają szczególnych rozwiązań. Rodzi to doniosły problem praktyczny, dotyczący relacji między przepisami ogólnymi Działu IVa k.p.a. a unormowaniami ustaw szczególnych. Celem artykułu jest nakreślenie genezy wprowadzenia przepisów ogólnych z zakresu administracyjnych kar pieniężnych, zwrócenie uwagi na najistotniejsze aspekty stosowania nowych regulacji z wykorzystaniem przykładów dotyczących kary za zajęcie pasa drogowego, a także przedstawienie propozycji rozwiązania konfliktu w relacjach między stosowaniem wobec kar administracyjnych ustawy o finansach publicznych, ordynacji podatkowej oraz kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego. Niejasny sposób redakcji przepisów rodzi ryzyko, że dojdzie do rozbieżności orzeczniczych dużych rozmiarów, co spowoduje konieczność podjęcia uchwały abstrakcyjnej w tym zakresie przez NSA. W artykule zastosowano analityczno-dogmatyczną oraz empiryczno-prawną metodę badawczą.
20
51%
EN
The purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical framework – derived from the Herbert L.A. Hart’s philosophy of law – for the study of the phenomenon of habit and custom from the perspective of normativity. Its starting point is the Hart’s concept of “internal aspect of rules” (recognition of obligation) as a necessary criterion for the rule’s normative character (“external aspect” is a punishment or a reward). The internal aspect exists in two forms: the “recognition” based on specific rules (applicable to the legal systems), and “acceptance” (of already existing practice). The concept of acceptance reveals a difference between habit (merely collective practice) and custom, by capturing the normative character of the latter (as a collective practice that has been accepted as obligatory). The formation of the customs – by way of unprecedented punishment (sanction) of a rule’s violation – reveals the ambiguity of the term “sanction” as referring to not only the external aspect, but also to internal aspect of rules.
XX
Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawisk zwyczaju i obyczaju z perspektywy filozofii prawa Herberta L.A. Harta. Zarysowuję w nim też propozycję integracji systemów pojęciowych prawoznawstwa i socjologii w obszarze teorii normatywności. Moim punktem wyjścia jest wprowadzone przez Harta rozróżnienie na zewnętrzny i wewnętrzny aspekt obowiązywania normy. Ten pierwszy oznacza obserwowalne występowanie kar lub nagród. Wewnętrzny aspekt obowiązywania natomiast jest stwierdzeniem powinności i stanowi konieczne kryterium normatywnego charakteru reguły. Aspekt wewnętrzny uzyskuje reguła na dwa sposoby: uznania na podstawie określonych reguł (właściwego dla systemów prawnych); lub akceptacji pewnej zastanej praktyki. Koncepcja akceptacji ujawnia analityczną różnicę między zwyczajem a obyczajem. Pozwala uchwycić normatywny charakter tego ostatniego: obyczaj to zbiorowa praktyka, co do której stwierdzono powinność w drodze akceptacji. Ukształtowanie się obyczaju – dokonujące się w drodze swoistego precedensowego ukarania za naruszenie danej reguły zwyczajowej (sankcjonowania) – ujawnia dwuznaczność terminu „sankcja” („sankcjonowanie”), jako obejmującego nie tylko wymiar zewnętrzny obowiązywania, ale i ten wewnętrzny.
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