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1
100%
Umění (Art)
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2018
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vol. 66
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issue 5
350-367
EN
In the wake of the recent surge of interest in the relation between sculpture and photography, the article revisits the photography’s capacity to convey the haptic qualities of sculpted matter. Starting from the logic of supplementarity, whereby a photograph reveals something that we do not notice while meeting the sculpture itself, the article focuses on the photographic detail and its inherent tactility as the materiality’s own surprising touch. At the same time, a close attention is paid to the role of scale in the photography of sculpture and to the connection between the impact of the detail and the play of scale, which makes us aware of the uncertain borderline between image and mental image. Different from measurable size, scale enters our perception of the photographed sculpture as something irreducible to the detail understood as the matter’s signature. While being a more abstract agent than the more directly tactile detail, scale has its own mode of addressing the viewer by making her suddenly aware of her own situation. The more personal nature of this address makes it possible to connect the scale, rather than the detail in its more usual iconographic sense, to Roland Barthes’ notion of the punctum as, first and foremost, a mental event. However, as the article makes clear, this event, whereby a detail expands mentally and independently on any measurable size, cannot occur without the underlying relief-like or tactile qualities of the photographs themselves. To support this interpretation of the productive tension between the detail and the scale, the article discusses a series of examples (starting with the early daguerreotypes) and appeals to a broad range of studies, from Herder through Aloïs Riegl and Ronald Barthes to the most recent debates.
CS
V návaznosti na řadu zkoumání, jež zdůrazňují zvláštní povahu fotografií sochařských děl, vychází článek ze schopnosti fotografie sdělit hmatné kvality, tradičně chápané jako doména sochařského umění včetně nízkého reliéfu. Východiskem předložené interpretace je schopnost fotografie nejen upozornit na detaily, které lze při vnímání děl samých přehlédnout, ale tyto detaily pomocí světla a stínu vytvářet. Výklad vztahu mezi sochařským a fotografickým detailem je následně doplněn o zkoumání měřítka, jež hraje ve vnímání fotografií sochařských děl samostatnou roli: na rozdíl od přímočaře látkového detailu působí měřítko nezávisle na dané měřitelné velikosti a oslovuje diváka svým specifickým způsobem, spjatým s činností vnitřní vizualizace. Vědomí měřítka, které v nás může fotografický detail vyvolat, vede od vnímaného díla k dalším představám, jejichž osobnější povaha se nutně týká divákovy situace ve světě. Odtud přirozené propojení otázky měřítka s fotografickým oslovením, jemuž dává Roland Barthes jméno punctum a jehož odlišnost od tradičního ikonografického detailu spočívá v tom, že je realizováno v divákově mysli, v níž se rozpíná nezávisle na uspořádání vnějšího obrazu. Článek přitom zdůrazňuje, že nezbytnou podmínkou tohoto oslovení a s ním spojené hry měřítka zůstávají hmatové kvality fotografie samé a jejich schopnost věrně evokovat povahu sochařského reliéfu. Výsledné čtení produktivního napětí mezi tradičním detailem a měřítkem, jehož proměnlivost ztělesňuje punctum, se opírá o řadu příkladů počínaje ranými daguerrotypy a využívá širokého spektra dalších studií, sahajícího od Herderovy Plastik přes Aloïse Riegla a Rolanda Barthese po současné diskuse.
EN
In a pandemic situation, anxiety about work has added to anxiety about the perceived threat to health or life. Job insecurity is a stressor that causes deterioration of mental and physical health, but also leads to behaviors that have negative consequences for the organization. The anxiety related to fears about the future of work may be increased due to limited contacts with co-workers (remote work, forced downtime) and social isolation, while social support is one of the most important stress buffer factors. In this article, we present the results of research on the construction of a scale for measuring job uncertainty during the COVID-19 pandemic.
EN
Objectives: This study was conducted to examine the psychometric properties of the French versions of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) and to compare the appropriateness of the three versions of this scale (14 items, 10 items, or 4 items) in a sample of workers. Materials and Methods: Five hundred and one workers were randomly selected in several occupational health care centers of the North of France during 2010. Participants completed a questionnaire including demographic variables and the PSS. The psychometric properties of this scale were analyzed: internal consistency, factorial structure, and discriminative sensibility. Results: For the PSS-14 and PSS-10, the Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) provided a two-factor structure, corresponding to the positively and negatively worded items. Those two factors were significantly correlated (r = 0.43 and 0.50, respectively). For the PSS-4, the EFA yielded a one-factor structure. The reliability was high for all three versions of the PSS (Cronbach’s α values ranged from 0.73 to 0.84). The results concerning the effects of age, gender, marital, parental and occupational statuses showed that the 10-item version had the best discriminative sensibility. Conclusions: The findings confirmed satisfactory psychometric properties of all the three French versions of the PSS. We recommend the use of the PSS-10 in research settings because of its good psychometric properties.
EN
The article deals with questions of evaluation and self-evaluation of knowledge of foreign language of students in the learning process in higher education. Approaches to the evaluation of the „Framework Program in German language for professional communication for higher educational institutions of Ukraine” are presented.
EN
The article discusses issues concerning the scale design based on one-parametric Rasch model in the context of consumers’ attitudes. The first part describes the specificity of the measurement in the light of Item Response Theory (IRT). In particular the attention is paid to the nature of the dichotomous data used in the model. At last, the author presents the scale in reference to attitudes of people towards their hedonistic, consumer lifestyle.
PL
W artykule autor omawia zagadnienia dotyczące konstrukcji skali pomiarowej postaw konsumenckich w kontekście jednoparametrycznego modelu Rascha. W pierwszej części opisano specyfikę pomiaru w świetle teorii reakcji na odpowiedzi (IRT) oraz założenia teoretyczne stanowiące podbudowę konstrukcji skal pomiarowych. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na charakter danych dychotomicznych. W końcowej części opracowania zaprezentowano problem badawczy w sferze konstrukcji skali do analizy postaw konsumentów wobec konsumpcyjno-hedonistycznego stylu życia. W pomiarze wykorzystano jednoparametryczny model Rascha.
EN
Within the framework of the theory of functional sentence perspective (Firbas 1992), the distinction between presentation and quality scale sentences plays a vital role. The present paper proposes to shed light on one of the most common configurations of presentation sentences, viz. structures with initial rhematic subject (e.g. an uninvited dwarf came), examining the way native speakers place the intonation centre in such structures, i.e. to map the correspondence between the degrees of communicative dynamism and prosodic prominence. For the purpose of the investigation selected chapters from Tolkien’s The Hobbit are used.
EN
Background. Despite a growing number of marathoners and evoking interest and attention, there is no tool to measure their motives for running in Poland. The study presents an adaptation of the tool measuring those motives: The Motivations of Marathoners Scales (Masters, Ogles and Jolton, 1993). Material and methods. The original tool consists of 56 items divided into nine scales: (1) general health orientation, (2) weigh concern, (3) affiliation, (4) recognition, (5) competition, (6) personal goal achievement, (7) psychological coping, (8) self-esteem, (9) life meaning. Characteristics of the original scales are presented, including confirmatory factor analysis, reliability and validity measurements. The adaptation was made taking participants of the two biggest marathons in Poland in 2011 as the subjects (N = 126). Results. After the adaptation procedure, the 41-item instrument was built. The scales presented have good internal consistency indices. Results of the reliability and validity assessment of the scales as well as confirmatory factor analysis of the model is as good as in the original MOMS. Conclusion. Adapted questionnaire is good enough for being used for scientific as well as practical purposes. It can be used for marathon runners as well as runners of other distances or even non runners. As a qualitative tool it can be also used for other disciplines.
EN
Many issues in the water, energy and agricultural sector are in fact crosscutting issues, which can only be solved by a nexus approach. A nexus approach means that management solutions account for synergies and tradeoffs between the sectors. Critical issues emerging across the three sectors ask for different policies at different governance levels. However, at each level of policy making the impact at local level should be an important point of reference. In line with this, the case of the Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia exemplifies how international energy politics affect local farmers’ access to irrigation water. Moreover, a comparative study of three states in India shows that local differences in the implementation of the nexus approach can lead to different outcomes in terms of groundwater and electricity use for agriculture. These two examples underline that to implement a nexus approach; the local perspective should not be overlooked, even when policies are designed at higher governance levels.
EN
In our paper we deal with both the theoretical and methodological aspects of our research, which focuses on the quality of life in cross-border regions. The aim of the paper is to draw on the methodological system for assessment of the quality of life in those regions, taking into consideration both the objective and subjective dimension. The first part of the paper contains the use of qualitative methods when assessing the quality of life, which, in our understanding, are not sufficiently applied in the process of assessment of quality, not only in the field of Geography. We also focus on the definition of the key terms related to our work, such as ‘quality of life, border and border-region/neighbour’. The main emphasis of our work lies in the formulation of the theoretical and methodological model of the quality of life assessment in the cross-border regions. The methodological outline of researching this issue is presented in the chart. The scale of the region is a key element we take into consideration, since it is significant when choosing the appropriate method of life quality assessment. We also distinguish between the application of both the qualitative and quantitative research methods on various scales. In our opinion, the representation of the qualitative methods in research should increase with the increase in the scale of the area researched. In the conclusion we provide selected outcomes of our research at various scales, which confirm the validity of our theoretical basis, since we came to various findings, depending on the scales researched.
EN
Crisis, sometimes associated with historically distant times or centrally planned economies, has turned out to be one of the main contemporary issues. Hence different systems like socialism and capitalism become similar in their inability to reply to expectations for a safe, peaceful and abundant life. It means that economic problems are more complex in their nature. Thorough analysis of the roots of different crises should therefore reach deeper than just economic explanations. This is the point where ethical and cultural explanations may be useful because they strive to explore the socio-cultural fabric at its foundations in the hierarchy of values and vision of human beings and society. When it comes to contemporary crisis the problem is twofold: firstly, there is the threat that the crisis will be treated inadequately and not realistically in consequence. Secondly, the roots ofthe crisis may not be diagnosed properly, which may lead to false ‘treatment’. This article is an attempt to highlight the above issues and analyse them in the context ofthe common good approach, which seems to offer valuable potential to understand the difficulties properly and offer a reasonable plan for recovery.
EN
The article informs readers about the construction of a test of narcissism and associated phenomena. The author developed a scale based on a definition from the American Psychiatric Association (DSM IV-TR) and it is intended for use in standardised sociological surveys of non-clinical populations. The author tested it in two surveys: a pilot survey (N=141, snowball sampling) and in a representative survey of the Czech Republic (N=1081, quota sampling). The resulting parameters (17 items, the common factor exhausts 47% of the variance, Cronbach’s alfa = 0,926) indicate that the test is more reliable than other instruments used to date (NPI, NPI-16) and owing to its smaller scope is also easy to use in questionnaire surveys. Intensive questioning confirmed the scale’s validity and produced results that correspond with the findings of psychologists focusing on this issue. The author inductively arrived at an auxiliary typology of narcissism. In the text he distinguishes between voluntary and involuntary narcissists, the characteristics of which are described in literature published to date. The findings presented in the article support the view of cognitive psychologists (e.g. J. Beck) who interpret narcissism as a ‘defective cognitive scheme’. However, given the scope of the phenomenon measured in the Czech Republic (narcissistic features can be observed approximately from the eighth decile), narcissism cannot still be viewed as just a marginal and pathological phenomenon. On the contrary, it is necessary to approach it as a phenomenon that has a strong social aspect and also plays a significant role in how modern society functions. In the Czech population narcissistic features are most often observed among the young generation (aged 18–29), childless, singles and people living in communities with more than 5000 inhabitants. As well as identifying narcissism as a socio-cultural phenomenon the article also demonstrates the relationship between the observed phenomenon and homosexuality.
EN
In this paper, we present a new questionnaire for the assessment of self-control as an individual trait. We describe the process of construction of this assessment tool. We also report the results of relevant validation studies. The questionnaire has two independent versions, one based on self-reports (NAS-50) and another one based on other-reports (NAS-40). The first version consists of five subscales (10 items each), called Initiative and Persistence (IP), Proactive Control (PC), Switching and Flexibility (SF), Inhibition and Adjournment (IA), and Goal Maintenance (GM). Seven samples of participants (N = 934 altogether) took part in the validation study. The second version has not been split into subscales. Both versions obtained satisfactory indices of internal consistency, assessed with Cronbach’s alpha (for NAS- 50 total score a = .861, for the subscales a between .726 and .867; for NAS-40 a = .844). The NAS-50 and NAS-40 scores were highly correlated with other measures of self-control, including Tangney, Baumeister, and Boone’s (2004) self-control scale. They also proved to be entirely independent of general intelligence. In conclusion, both versions can be regarded reliable and valid enough, and therefore suitable for the assessment of trait self-control for research purposes.
PL
Dotychczasowe badania nad zakupami impulsywnymi sugerują istnienie indywidualnych różnic w zakresie skłonności do takiego sposobu kupowania. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje wyniki badań, których celem była konstrukcja i weryfikacja wielowymiarowej skali do pomiaru skłonności do kupowania impulsywnego (SKI). Skala ta składa się z pięciu podwymiarów, reprezentujących emocje związane z zakupami, poczucie nacisku podczas zakupów, przyjemność z nich czerpaną, odczuwanie żalu pozakupowego i brak rozwagi podczas kupowania. Do weryfikacji struktury czynnikowej nowej skali wykorzystano zarówno eksploracyjną, jak i konfirmacyjną analizę czynnikową. Wyniki badań walidacyjnych przeprowadzonych na kilku zróżnicowanych grupach osób badanych wskazują na zadowalającą rzetelność nowej skali, ocenianą jako spójność wewnętrzna i stabilność bezwzględna, oraz na jej dobrą trafność zewnętrzną.
EN
Previous research suggests that individuals vary in their tendency to purchase products on impulse. This paper presents the results of studies conducted in order to develop and validate the Impulsive Buying Tendency Scale. The scale includes such aspects as emotion connected with buying, shopping enjoyment, feeling of pressure, lack of deliberation, and buying regret. To verify the structure of the scale, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was used. Validation studies were conducted on several heterogeneous samples. These results show satisfactory internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the new scale and strong external validity.
EN
In the framework of the theory of functional sentence perspective, if a context-dependent subject is further specified, the sentence implements the Quality Scale. Under favourable conditions, however, the occurrence of a context-independent subject in the same kind of structure may lead to a presentational configuration (the Presentation Scale). The present corpus-based paper looks at English sentences featuring verbo-nominal structures with prepositional predications that follow the pattern Be + Prepositional Phrase (such as be at stake, be on the move, be in full swing, be at hand, be in action, be at risk, be in sight) in terms of their presentational potential. Taking into account their syntactic, textual and information structure, the analysis strives to determine whether and under what circumstances the predicates employed in such sentences express existence/appearance on the scene.
EN
At present, geoecology-related discussions are focused on the ability to provide systematic and universal landscape description in a variety of space and time scales, as well as in different functional systems. This requires the development of landscape schemes in the form of hierarchical structural and functional systems. This paper has therefore focused on concepts of crucial importance for landscape system description, such as scale, spatial range and structure and landscape functioning. The definition of these concepts and their characteristics are crucial for the ability to describe a landscape system, in terms of its structural and functional composition and valuation, as well as assessment of landscape and ecosystem functions and services. Therefore, the analysis allows a demonstration of approaches discussed in the subject literature and the authors’ opinions.
EN
The study aimed to construct and validate the Inclusive Competences Scale for educators (InComSedu). The basis for item generation was the “Profile of Inclusive Teachers”, a document developed by the european Agency for Special Needs and Inclusive education. Items were measured on a 5-point Likert scale. In order to test the validity and internal consistency of the scale, item analysis, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and Cronbach’s α were used. on a sample of Slovenian educators factor analyses proved the InComSedu had seven subscales: Team working and cooperation with others, Implementing knowledge about inclusive education and support, reflecting on and learning from inclusive practice, optimising challenges and approaching interdisciplinary, Accepting professional responsibility for each child’s development, Promoting resilience and professionality, and empowering children’s life skills. results indicate that InComSedu is a valid and reliable instrument for the evaluation of inclusive competences among educators.
EN
Objectives Academic burnout poses a challenge to the educational process. Higher education institutions have responsibilities similar to the ones of management in business settings. These institutions are responsible for creating conditions conducive to development and, as such, may be interested in verifying the presence of student burnout and pinpointing its causes. The purpose of this study was to answer these needs and develop a scale to measure the effect of organizational factors that may predict student burnout. Material and Methods This paper reports the results of a study conducted on a sample of Polish students (N = 659) to construct and validate a multidimensional measure of organizational factors impacting academic burnout, focusing on students. For background purposes and as a starting point, the authors used the concept of the areas of worklife by Ch. Maslach and M. Leiter, who identified 6 areas of the work environment that affect the relationships people develop with their work, i.e., workload, control, reward, community, fairness, and values. Results The authors assessed the factor structure, reliability, and construct validity and performed confirmatory factor analysis of the new scale to measure 6 areas of academic life. Given the results of this study, the scale can be recommended as an adequate tool to measure organizational (academic) factors of burnout in students. Conclusions The authors have validated the final scale, which can be used to advance the understanding of the academic burnout phenomenon.
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2020
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vol. 27
|
issue 1
53-74
EN
The recently emerging new types of collaborative work and unconventional workplaces indicate that shifting social and economic practices have odd spatial implications. The diversity of work, mostly based on hybrid social and economic logics, has brought forth a number of new contextualised spatial constructs in recent years: makerspaces, fab labs, open workshops, and co-working spaces now require detailed analytical reconstruction and conceptualisation. This article is a theoretical discussion of the nature of fluid and contingent spatialisation against the backdrop of binary explanatory categories (e.g. local-global; proximity-distance). Drawing upon modernised concepts of horizontal scaling, we propose a perspective on hybrid work which focuses on contingent multiple, multidirectional and temporal scalings created by a variety of users while developing their own micro-worlds of work.
EN
The aim of this work was to develop a new scale, the Morality Stereotype Content Scale (MSCS), and to analyze its psychometric properties. The MSCS contains both positive and negative morality- specific attributes. MSCS utility stands out for its concision and its translation ease. The study was developed with the collaboration of a sample of 550 Spaniards (keeping with the composition, in age and gender, of the Spanish population). Stereotypes toward the Spanish Roma people were assessed. Polytomous Rasch model (rating scale model) was employed. The results showed MSCS good psychometric properties that support its use for monitoring of intergroup perceptions and the assessment of the effectiveness of such interventions aimed to reduce negative intergroup stereotypes, particularly in the Spanish and European context.
CS
Cílem bylo vyvinout novou škálu, Škálu obsahů mravních stereotypů (MSCS) a analyzovat její psychometrické vlastnosti. Škála obsahuje jak pozitivní, tak negativní morálně specifické atributy. Užitečnost škály je dána její koncizností a snadností jejího překladu. Validizační studie byla realizována s 550 Španěly při zachování poměrů složení španělské populace (zastoupení věku a pohlaví). Byly zjišťovány stereotypy vůči španělským Romům. Byl použit polytomický Raschův model (model posuzovací škály). Výsledky ukázaly dobré psychometrické vlastnosti škály, které ji doporučují pro monitorování meziskupinového vnímání a hodnocení efektivity intervencí zaměřených na redukci negativních meziskupinových stereotypů, zvláště ve španělském a evropském kontextu.
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