The organisation of Piarist schools in the Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania was mainly based on the provisions of the Piarist Order costitutions drawn by Joseph Calasanz. Part II titled „Constitutionum Congregationis Regularium Pauperum Matris Dei Scholarum Piarum” virtually focused on the education system. It set no rigid rules of teaching but gave the teacher a great deal of leeway in the selection of both the class topics and recommended reading. Calasanz’s constitutions were usually published in full by the specific provinces of the Order. In subsequent editions their contents were not changed but supplemented by further provisions set by the General Chapter and provincial chapters. This was in compliance with the assumptions adopted by Calasanz who took account of self-dependent actions in various provinces subject to the local opportunities and needs. Therefore the organisation of Piarist school system differed from one another in the provinces which may have made the impression of the lack of a normative document standardising operation of the Order educational units. Such a solution was, however, in compliance with the Piarist authorities’ assumptions. Each edition of the Order constitution in particular provinces contained the basic recommendations by Calasanz (which were finally revised by the General Chapter in 1694 and published by the superior general Joannes Franciscus Foci in Rome in 1698) and subsequent decisions by the General Chapter and the chapters of former provinces regarding the schools system organisation, selection of things to be taught and reading. The discretion in the organisation of schools, reading selection and openness to novelties or even experiments presumably allowed the Order to lay the foundations for the subsequent great reforms in a spirit of the Enlightenment in the territory of the then Commonwealth of Poland and Lithuania. Presumably, the Piarist „ratio studiorum” enabled the Order to overtake, in the 18th century, other orders topped by the Society of Jesus who had played a leading role in that field amongst Catholics until the middle of the 18th century. In the period in question, the prime educational task of the Piarist schools and other units connected with the Catholic Church was the education of the youth in piety which was intended to protect boys from the perpetration of misdeed. It was a common view that teaching itself, disregarding ‘the fear of God’ is incapable of producing desired educational effects. During lessons, teachers did not confine themselves to deliver the curriculum contents but they were supposed to mould a passion of the students for religion and virtue so as to make them being ‘intense members of the Catholic Church and the pride of society’. All student of the Piarist schools had to attend Holy Mass every day and on Sundays and festive occasions they had to take part in two services. Students who failed to do so were punished. Newcomers to schools were obliged to make their confession and receive Communion. Students sang litanies every Saturday at 3 p.m. During oratory services elder students, who were members of religious brotherhoods, listened to homilies while younger ones listened to catechism excerpts. In the Piarist schools everything began, was conducted, and ended ‘in the name of God and for the sake of His holy glory’.
The article presents the students’ personal knowledge as a crucial element of the learning and teaching process. The discovery of personal knowledge by psychologists caused a paradigmatic turn in the theory of teaching. While the conceptions inspired by behaviourism do not take into consideration the personal knowledge and notice/see only the public knowledge assigned by the formal curriculum and textbooks, the constructivist conceptions place personal knowledge very high among the factors significant for the learning process. However, its status is still controversial as far as we treat it not only as a starting point for learning but as a final point determining personalisation of new knowledge as well. To explain this mechanism, the author uses the notions of „a mental gentling of the public knowledge” and „a cognitive partnership”.
This paper focuses on an important element of human safety, as it describes cyberspace as an environment in which information is exchanged via the web and computer systems. In addition to its positive aspects, cyberspace also generates a variety of threats, such as cyber crises and cyber conflicts, cyberviolence, cyber protests, and cyber demonstrations, also including the risk of causing a cyber war – hence the counteracting of cyberviolence, through, inter alia, school education and public-awareness campaigns. This paper discusses the significance of educational capabilities in the sphere of counteracting cyberviolence, and the characteristics of selected campaigns addressing the issue of violence.
The paper deals with the topic of education for the mature reception of the phenomenon of death and its place in school education from the perspective of the conception of Hannelore Wass. It presents the results of research on the attitude of education and teaching majors to humanistic-oriented death educationa as an element of school education and selected factors differentiating it. Data was collected using author’s tool with confirmed, satisfactory psychomeric properties. The conducted analyzes indicates that respondents, depending on their religiosity, personal educational philosphy, experience of contact with a dying person and a chosen field of study, to a greater or lesser extent, recognize the need to implement humanistic-oriented death education in the school environment. These results may become the theoretical basis for projects on making educators and teachers better prepared for executing death education.
The proper physical development of a child is the last criterion for achieving educational maturity. It is often underestimated; however,it is very significant in school activities, since a healthy, physically fit, and properly nourished child will be less exhausted by sitting at a desk, walking to school, or performing various tasks which may often seem challenging. The purpose of the paper is to evaluate the school maturity of kindergarten age and early school age children and their somatic and motor development in the context of their commencing school education. While verifying these general rules, studies on a group of 628 girls and boys aged 6 and 7 years were conducted in the city of Opole. The test prepared for this survey consisted of 7 fitness tests and body height, weight, and fat measurements. The results obtained have been subjected to statistical analysis. An analysis of the morphological measurement results and fitness tests demonstrate that both the six-year-old girls and boys did not attain the same level of physical school maturity as their 7 year old schoolmates. This level of maturity would enable them to withstand the educational requirements of the primary school curriculum.
Aim. The purpose of the work is to find, study, thematically, chronologically present, and analyse the place of education and especially school education in Georgian politics in the post-Soviet period in Georgia, as well as to determine the attitude to the issue, highlight the ongoing activities, and show the existing results and future perspective. Methods. The work is presented based on several researched-studied official government documents, empirical materials, analysis of scientific research papers, and the use of the comparative method in the Georgian reality of the post-Soviet period. Results. The paper identifies the current situation at the level of public education in Georgia following the goals of modern-sustainable development since the 1990s, which is known as the most difficult period of Georgia's history; it highlights the existing legal framework in the school education system and the implementation of the set plans; it shows effective steps of the state to develop and implement education policy. Conclusion. By studying a number of materials, it is confirmed that the political course of Georgia for the promotion of school education in Georgian reality, despite the existing difficult political situation, was characterised by great support when all political teams were in power because the mentioned issue is a part of the domestic policy in the country, which is always important and relevant.
The paper addresses the problems of education, including environmental and cultural education, of children and young people offered by agritourism farms. The study also indicates the need for school education and extracurricular education of families involved in agritourism. Professional employees in agritourism represent precious human capital for rural areas and guarantee high quality of services, e.g. educational services for tourists, including children and young people. The particular focus was on education in the field of ecology and rural cultural heritage. Institutions in one way or another involved in education in agritourism were also discussed. The paper was written based on literature and results of empirical studies.
The article presents changes in perception of some aspects of psychosocial school environment of students in 1990–2010 and a comparison of some indicators for Polish students and average for 34–41 countries from HBSC network (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A WHO Collaborative Cross-national Study). Data from the international HBSC surveys on health behaviour of school children, carried out every 4 years were analysed. The HBSC standard questionnaire was used. Representative samples consist of students aged 11, 13, 15 years. About 60% of students liked school; 14% didn’t like it at all; 37–63% felt pressured by schoolwork; 50% agreed that their classmates were kind and helpful. Analysed indicators were less positive in Poland than the average for countries in HBSC network and different trends of some indicators were found. Between 2002–2010 (after a structural reform of the education system) disadvantageous changes were evident. Students’ perception concerning different aspects of school functioning and its environment should be taken into consideration in planning educational policy.
The article presents changes in perception of some aspects of psychosocial school environment of students in 1990–2010 and a comparison of some indicators for Polish students and average for 34–41 countries from HBSC network (Health Behaviour in School-aged Children. A WHO Collaborative Cross-national Study). Data from the international HBSC surveys on health behaviour of school children, carried out every 4 years were analysed. The HBSC standard questionnaire was used. Representative samples consist of students aged 11, 13, 15 years. About 60% of students liked school; 14% didn’t like it at all; 37–63% felt pressured by schoolwork; 50% agreed that their classmates were kind and helpful. Analysed indicators were less positive in Poland than the average for countries in HBSC network and different trends of some indicators were found. Between 2002–2010 (after a structural reform of the education system) disadvantageous changes were evident. Students’ perception concerning different aspects of school functioning and its environment should be taken into consideration in planning educational policy.
Aim. The paper attempts to explore the impact ofrivate tutoring in light of the equity-related concerns especially in the context of the Indian society. Private tutoring is a phenomenon that has been an intrinsic part of the Indian education system since the 1980s. Methods. The paper is an outcome of the Masters of Philosophy dissertation work of the scholar submitted to National University of Education Planning and Administration, Delhi, India. Results. The structure of private tutoring is such that it mimics the regular school curriculum and modifies itself to match the needs of the school and the children. Any changes in the regular school curriculum bring a change in its supplement as well. It thus behaves like a shadow of the regular schools. Though private tutoring was believed to enhance learning opportunities of weak students, it has now become a 'parity of prestige' issue. Conclusion. The expansion of tutoring has begun to deepen the inequalities already prevalent in the stratified schooling system and society at large.
The aim of the article is to examine the philosophical value of the famous and widespread American educational project of the “Philosophy in the Classroom”. To fulfil this task, the author analyses the key concepts and the basic premises of the project in terms of their consistency and philosophical background. The critique is embedded in the conceptual framework of Hannah Arendt’s political philosophy as well as of Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophical hermeneutics.
W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań dotyczące porównania wyników w nauce osiąganych w szkole przez uczniów, którzy mają zaburzenia mowy oraz wyników dzieci, które takich zaburzeń nie mają. Badania zostały przeprowadzone na podstawie „Logopedycznego Testu Przesiewowego Dla Dzieci w Wieku Szkolnym” (Grabias, Kurkowski i Woźniak 2007). Wyniki badań porównano z ocenami końcoworocznymi oraz wynikami ankiet, w których nauczyciele ocenili osiągnięcia szkolne dzieci. Podjęty problem badawczy jest istotny nie tylko dla logopedów, ale również dla pedagogów i pracowników oświaty.
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The article presents the results of study concerning the comparison between the academic results obtained at school by students suffering from speech disorders and those achieved by children without such impairments. The study was conducted based on “The Logopedic Screening Test for School-Age Children” ([Logopedyczny Test Przesiewowy dla dzieci w wieku szkolnym], Grabias, Kurkowski and Woźniak, 2007). The results of the testing were compared with the end-of-year grades as well as with the results of the questionnaire in which the teachers assessed the children’s academic performance. The question explored in the study is crucial not only for logopedists but also for teachers and education workers.
The paper presents the importance of discursive argumentation in school education. Based on theoretical assumptions and previous extensive empirical studies the authors propose the case of a joint class of mathematics and the mother tongue, and discuss the results of a workshop with a group of 10–14 y-o students. The findings show that: 1) it is possible to develop young students’ autonomous argumentation and at the same time follow a formal school programme; 2) this requires students’ engagement in intensive class discussions in pairs, in small groups, and in the class as a whole; 3) discursive rather than formal argumentation allows children to develop mathematical reasoning, as well as broadening their understanding and interpretation of a poem. A key factor in students’ engagement is the teachers’ subtle support of the students’ independent discussion. We call this the student-teacher micro-relation to distinguish it from a broader classical term of relations.
The purpose of this article is to present the multidimensional understanding of the concept of discipline and its consequences for contemporary educational practice. In the article, the understanding of the discipline was divided into two basic types. On the one hand discipline is understood negatively as an external compulsion; on the other hand positively as a socially desirable trait connected with internal organisation and self-discipline. However, it seems that those two understandings do not stand in conflict with each other and no matter how discipline is understood, it is useful in child education, depending on their age, personality traits and situation.
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Celem artykułu jest ukazanie wielowymiarowości rozumienia pojęcia dyscypliny oraz konsekwencji wieloznaczności tego pojęcia dla współczesnej praktyki edukacyjnej. Na podstawie analizy literatury dotyczącej historii wychowania i edukacji oraz wybranych koncepcji wychowania wyróżniono dwa najważniejsze rozumienia dyscypliny. Dyscyplina jest z jednej strony postrzegana negatywnie, jako przymus zewnętrzny, a z drugiej pozytywnie − jako pożądana społecznie wewnętrzna cecha organizacji i porządku zwana samodyscypliną. Wydaje się jednak, że te dwa rozumienia nie stoją ze sobą w sprzeczności i niezależnie, jak rozumie się zjawisko dyscyplinowania, jest ono użyteczne w zależności od wieku, cech osobowości i sytuacji wychowanka.
Rozpoczynanie nauki w szkole jest ważnym momentem nie tylko dla dziecka, lecz także dla jego rodziców. Muszą mieć oni pewność, że w miejscu, do którego trafi ich dziecko, zostaną zaspokajane jego podstawowe potrzeby, a wszystkie realizowane działania będą na miarę jego możliwości. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań, których celem było poznanie obaw towarzyszących rodzicom dzieci sześcio-i siedmioletnich rozpoczynających edukację szkolną oraz określenie zależności między występowaniem tych obaw a akceptacją bądź odrzuceniem przez rodziców założeń reformy obniżającej wiek realizacji obowiązku szkolnego (wyrażonymi decyzją o posłaniu dziecka do szkoły w wieku sześciu lub siedmiu lat). Doświadczenia rodzimego systemu oświaty i reform wprowadzanych w jego zakresie pokazały, że jeżeli rodzice nie akceptują zmian i nie widzą w nich pozytywnych efektów dla swoich dzieci, są w stanie je skutecznie zablokować.
EN
School start is an important moment not only for the child, but also for their parents. They need to make sure that their child’s basic needs are met in the institution where they would be placed and that all activities would be carried out in consideration of the child’s abilities. The article presents the results of research which aimed to identify the concerns of parents of six and seven-year-old children starting school and to determine the relationship between the occurrence of these concerns and parents’ acceptance or rejection of the assumptions of the reform lowering the compulsory school age (expressed by their decision to send a child to school at the age of six or seven). The experience of the Polish educational system and the reforms it has introduced has shown that if parents do not accept the changes and see them as positive for their children, they are able to block them effectively.
Aktywność rodziców jako czynnik wpływający na osiągnięcia szkolne uczniów jest rozpatrywana w dwóch aspektach: jako zaangażowanie w proces uczenia się dziecka oraz jako kontakt ze szkołą. Niniejsze opracowanie ma na celu zasygnalizowanie wybranych kwestii związanych z badaniami tej problematyki. Opiera się ono na pracach anglosaskich, głównie amerykańskich, w których te kwestie są szeroko i wnikliwie analizowane. Artykuł składa się z dwóch części; w pierwszej zaprezentowano kwestie związane z definiowaniem i określaniem komponentów zaangażowania, w drugiej omówiono badania dotyczące związków zaangażowania rodziców z osiągnięciami uczniów.
EN
Activity of parents as a determinant of educational achievement of students is considered in two ways: as an engagement in the learning process of the child and as a contact with the school. This paper is intended to signal the selected issues related to re-search of this problems. It is based mainly on American works in which these issues are widely and thoroughly analyzed. Article consists of two parts; the first shows the issues related to defining and identifying the components of engagement, the second discusses research on the relationships between parents involvement and pupils’ achievements.
W artykule podejmowane są kwestie międzypokoleniowego przekazu dziedzictwa kulturowego. Autor zastanawia się, jaką rolę w tym procesie odgrywa szkoła. Analizując podstawę programową, stara się zrekonstruować ramy, jakie tym działaniom wyznacza polityka oświatowa. Wskazuje, że oficjalne zalecenia stanowią tylko jeden z elementów szeroko rozumianego dyskursu kształtującego tożsamość indywidualną, społeczną i kulturową nastolatka. Dlatego też próbuje określić miejsce oficjalnego dyskursu w obrębie innych wypowiedzi docierających do ucznia gimnazjum i ocenić atrakcyjność przekazu szkolnego w kontekście innych narracji objaśniających świat. Autor odwołuje się do edukacyjnych doświadczeń wprowadzania w tradycję kulturową na przestrzeni czterdziestu ostatnich lat, wskazując te rozwiązania, które uwzględniają rolę ucznia jako podmiotu kształtującego swoją tożsamość. Podkreślana jest rola, jaką w procesie edukacyjnym mogą odegrać narracyjne koncepcje objaśniania świata.
EN
In the text, the question of inter-generational transmission of cultural heritage is addressed, with the focus on the role played by the school in that process. Through an analysis of the national educational programme, an attempt is made to reconstruct the role of national education policy in the framework. It is pointed out that official recommendations constitute only one element of the broadly defined discourse that shapes the individual, social and cultural identity of an adolescent. There-fore, an attempt is made to determine the position of the official discourse among other messages reaching the student and to assess the appeal of the concept as presented by schools in context of other narrations. Educational experiences relevant to the introduction of cultural tradition over the last forty years are referred to throughout the text and approaches accepting the role of a student as a subject creating their own identity are highlighted. Given all those observations, emphasis is placed on the role played in the education process by narrative concepts that help to explain the world.
The aim of the article is the analysis of the main notions of the English teacher training problem in Belgium. While investigating we used the method of scientific research, studied and systematized the printed sources of the given problem. The higher teacher training education in Ukraine is to promote the Ukrainian participation in the educational sphere of Western Europe. The action requires the training of the qualified specialists who learns English. It determines the topicality of the research. Today the native teacher training process is directing the integration to the European educational sphere. Thus, the studying of the modern content and the main terms of the pedagogical education in Europe and in Belgium has a particular meaning. In the research we have discovered the following notions of the English teacher training in Belgium: administrative and territorial organization of the country, the system of education, the establishments of the higher education, the normative legal instruments and the content of the English teacher training. In the country there are two different systems of education: the system of education of the French community and of the Flemish community that pay the author’s attention to the peculiar structures of secondary and higher secondary education. It has been investigated that the teacher training in Belgium is being realized according to the qualifications: the teacher in the kindergarten, primary, secondary and higher secondary school, specializing in English. The author describes the differences in understanding and interpretation of the notion «the content of education». We discovered that the European Qualification Framework and the National Qualification Framework as the main legal documents of both Belgium and Ukraine have slight difference. While describing the notion of «educational program» it has been found that the term has completely different meaning in European system of education. They usually use «curriculum» instead. It has been noted the essential groups of courses for obtaining the qualification of the English teacher in Belgium: curriculum of psychological, pedagogical, educational, methodological and linguistic directions, the courses on choice and practice in school. The article confirms that one can’t fully understand the teacher training in Western Europe without studying them. The problem isn’t completely researched in Ukraine that shows the perspective of its further investigation.
Modern ideas in education, including for instance educational constructivism, creativity or activity, collide with daily practice which is still dominated by the objectification of students and expository teaching methods. Most teachers are reluctant to abandon those routine, structured and predictable activities. Meanwhile, the activating and creative didactic process carries a high risk of occurring some unpredictable events, disturbances, or even a large dose of chaos in a classroom. However, the lack of order should not be regarded as an unwelcome phenomenon but rather as a necessary condition of the effective didactic process where students are treated subjectively. The main reason of the fear against disturbances, characterized for many teachers, lies in the lack of their sense of subjectivity.
PL
Nowoczesne idee w oświacie, w tym m.in. edukacyjny konstruktywizm, kreatywność, aktywność, zderzają się z codzienną praktyką, w której wciąż dominuje uprzedmiotowienie uczniów i nauczanie podające. Większość nauczycieli wzbrania się przed odejściem od działań rutynowych, uporządkowanych i przewidywalnych. Tymczasem aktywizujący, kreatywny proces dydaktyczny niesie duże ryzyko wystąpienia zdarzeń nieprzewidywalnych, zakłócenia porządku, czy wręcz wkradania się na lekcje sporej dawki chaosu. Jednakże brak ładu nie powinien być traktowany jako zjawisko niepożądane, lecz jako warunek niezbędny skutecznego procesu dydaktycznego, traktującego uczniów podmiotowo. Główna przyczyna lęku wielu nauczycieli przed chaosem tkwi w powszechnym braku ich poczucia podmiotowości.
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