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PL
Artykuł pokazuje, iż autorzy fantastyki naukowej nierzadko przywołują mit postępu, sprawiając, że ich twórczość bywa postrzegana jako zbeletryzowana forma refleksji nad możliwymi kierunkami rozwoju cywilizacji. Najczęściej jednak pisarze zwykli ograniczać swe wizje do ambiwalentnych aksjologicznie obrazów przyszłości poddanej dyktatowi wszechobecnej techniki. Niekiedy zresztą – o czym przekonuje lektura dzieł należących do nurtu dark future – sama technika staje się przyczyną upadku ludzkich społeczności. W opowieściach zaliczanych do tego nurtu wątek zagłady jest wartością samoistną, ich autorzy sięgają po motywy zagrożenia ze strony techniki jedynie dla rozrywki. Toteż utwory owe odgrywają przede wszystkim rolę źródła eskapistycznej zabawy, dzięki której aktualizowane (ale również degradowane) są społeczne i cywilizacyjne obawy ludzkości.
EN
The article shows that science-fiction writers oftentimes resort to the myth of progress due to which their creativity tends to be seen as a fictionalised form of reflection over the possible forms of civilisation development. Most often the writers for the most part limit their visions to axiologically ambivalent images of future subjected to the dictate of omnipresent technology. At times, of which dark future pieces of literature is the evidence, the technology itself becomes the cause of fall of human societies. In the stories included into the trend, the motif of extermination is a self-contained value, the novelists often reach for the motifs of threat rooted in technology only for enjoyment. As a result, the pieces are first and foremost a source of escapist play due to which social and civilisational fears of humanity are made real and degraded.
EN
The paper attempts to analyse the neologisms in the literary genre of science fiction by comparing and evaluating the possibilities of their translation into other languages based on the example of the English novel Revenge of the Sith by Matthew Stover and its German and Polish translations. The study has shown that the neologism translatability rates in both translations are very high (about and over 80% for the German and Polish texts respectively). Owing to a considerable amount of occasional neologisms in the English original and language system similarities the most frequently applied translation methods included transplantation and imitation.
EN
Alternate history, the type of fiction which describes worlds in which history developed differently than in reality, is often depreciated as a subgenre of science–fiction. Yet Polish alternate history novels are in reality an interesting commentary on polish culture, history and memory. In this paper I present the subject–matter of Polish alternate history novels, their functions and their relevance to Polish culture. In the first part I describe the history of counterfactual thinking and historians’ attitude towards it. In the second part, I emphasize that there are two types of alternate history. I name them “non-fiction” and “fiction”. Next, I provide the definition of alternate history. In the third part of the article I describe functions of alternate history novels. These functions show clearly that they are not created for entertainment only. On the contrary, they comment on important features of Polish culture.
EN
The article uses and revises to some extent Vivian Sobchack’s categorization of (basically) American science-fiction output as “optimistic big-budget,” “wondrous middle-ground” and “pessimistic low-budget” seen as such in relation to what Sobchack calls the “double view” of alien beings in filmic diegesis (Screening Space, 2001). The argument is advanced that based on how diegetic encounters are constructed between “genetically classical” human agents and beings only partially “genetically classical” and/or human (due to genetic diseases, mutations, splicing, and cloning), we may differentiate between various methods of visualization (nicknamed “the museum,” “the lookalike,” and “incest”) that are correlated to Sobchack’s mentioned categories, while also displaying changes in tone. Possibilities of revision appear thanks to the later timeframe (the late 1990s/2000s) and the different national-canonical belongings (American, Icelandic-German- Danish, Hungarian-German, Canadian-French-American, and Australian) that characterize filmic and artistic examples chosen for analysis as compared to Sobchack’s work in Screening Space.1
EN
Science-fiction is a literary genre which should be fairly easy to translate. The process gets more difficult when one needs to translate elements of folklore and culture. In my essay I demonstrate how the perception of the world changes with the use of certain elements of folklore. The selected examples of Russian science-fiction literature and their translations into Polish reflect the modified worldview. The essay is based on the Strugatsky brothers’ novel Monday begins on Saturday and two translations into Polish by Ewa Skorska and Irena Piotrowska. Two translation strategies – domestication and foreignization – are discussed and I consider which one the translator should use.
PL
One of the issues that emerges with regard to radical human enhancement is the destruction of the intergenerational connections. It is variously envisioned in science fiction, and we can speak of many possible plateaus on which the human continuity, which entails solidarity, can be contested. Contemporary young adult dystopias, such as Shusterman’s Unwind Dystology (2007-15) and The Arc of a Scythe (2016-) cycles, Beckett’s Genesis (2010), Patterson’s Maximum Ride (2005-15) or Wells’s Partials (2009-14), very often conjoin the intergenerational issues typical of juvenile fiction with bioethical concerns in the posthuman and transhuman world. I look at the speculative futures of intergenerational solidarity from the point of view of the biological continuity, the subjective continuity and postgenerationality in an immortal society. In the majority of cases it may be observed how the child-adultdichotomy, with the superimposed adult normativity prejudice, threatens the coexistence of trans- and posthumans with their “parents,” leading to the redefinition of altruism in the wake of the homicidal ALife apocalypse. The relatively broad spectrum of the cases and perspectives I have selected yields a fairly comprehensive picture of contemporary projections of intergenerational solidarity “after the genome” (Herrick 2013).
Porównania
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2012
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vol. 10
173-188
EN
The paper is focused to comparative analysis of the novels Muza dalekich podróży by Teodor Parnicki (“A Muse of Distant Journeys”) and Lód (“The Ice”) by Jacek Dukaj. The author compares the artistic techniques as well as the historiosophical consciousness and the awareness of the historical process in the aforementioned novels. The two writers belong to different cultural and literary generations and employed different poetics, still, it is possible to compare the historiosophical and methodological aspects of their works and their ways of thinking about Polishness and cultural myths. The two novels may be treated as realizations of the alternate history genre. Muza dalekich podróży called by the author himself a “historical-fantastical novel”, includes a part entitled “It could have been like that” („Mogło być właśnie tak”) describing the rebirth of Poland after a successful November Uprising. In Jacek Dukaj’s science-fiction novel history “froze” in 1908. Poland still remains divided in the years 1924–1930, never freed after the Partitions. For both Parnicki and Dukaj, creating alternative versions of Polish history was the way to criticizing the model of writing “to uplift hearts” introduced by Henryk Sienkiewicz. Their attitude towards the methodology of history is worth deeper analysis. Parnicki, who lost his enthusiasm towards the 19th century type of history á la Ranke, rejected the idea of historical truth preserved in historical sources. Dukaj, on the contrary, created a postmodernist methodology of history out of the paradigms of the 19th century historiosophy, thus undermining the status of the historical knowledge as “science”. 
PL
Artykuł ma na celu analizę porównawczą powieści Teodora Parnickiego Muza dalekich podróży i Lodu Jacka Dukaja, w zakresie technik artystycznych oraz świadomości filozofii i przebiegu procesu historycznego. Mimo iż pisarze ci przynależą do zupełnie innych formacji kulturowych, pokoleniowych i literackich i dzieli ich warsztat pisarski, to obie powieści łączy zainteresowanie historiozofią i metodologią historii oraz literacki namysł nad polskością i jej mitami. Powieści te zaliczyć można do gatunku historii alternatywnych. Powieść Parnickiego zwana przez niego samego powieścią „historyczno-fantastyczną”, zawiera cześć pt. Mogło być właśnie tak, w której to autor testuje możliwość odrodzenia się Polski po zwycięskim powstaniu listopadowym. Jacek Dukaj, pisarz science-fiction, tworzy zaś świat, w którym historia uległa zamrożeniu w postaci z roku 1908. Powieść rozgrywa się w latach 1924–1930, a Polska wciąż jeszcze znajduje się pod zaborami i nie odzyskała niepodległości. Obaj twórcy piszą swe historie alternatywne w trybieveta wobec sienkiewiczowskiej idei „pokrzepienia serc”. Szczególnie interesujący jest stosunek obu twórców wobec metodologii historii. Parnicki zniechęcony do historii w pozytywistycznym sensie (á la Ranke), odrzuca możliwość dotarcia do zdeponowanej w źródłach prawdy historycznej. Dukaj zaś, sięgając właśnie po paradygmaty XIX-wiecznej metodologii historii nicuje je tak, by uzyskać z ich materii postmodernistyczną filozofię historii, podważającą status naukowy historii i jej możliwość wnioskowania o historii.
EN
The present article is an attempt to examine the meaning of time and history in Polish steampunk and science fiction, where time-related concepts constitute the foundations of the genres. As it locates steampunk in a precise period of the 19th century, history determines its definition, regardless of the nationality of the author. What differs in the Polish variation of steampunk is the spatial, not temporal, frame, a modification clearly visible in Krzysztof Piskorski’s Czterdzieści i cztery (2016), where the Polish fight for independence is presented through the prism of the protagonist’s journey across European countries. In science fiction, the determinant factor is time in time travel, as well as the historical perspective of the idea of progress. The presentation of Andrzej Pilipiuk’s Operacja Dzień Wskrzeszenia (2006) proves the importance of time in science fiction and points to the paradoxes which SF authors have to face. All in all, the examination of both novels shows the difference in the approach adopted by two 21st century Polish writers towards different, yet similar, concepts.
EN
The aim of this paper is to compare two English language film adaptations (by Steven Soderbergh and Ari Folman) with each other and with the books they are based on. Stanisław Lem’s novels - The Futurological Congress and Solaris - were translated into English and the directors of the films mentioned above were able to work with them. However, while one translation was appreciated by many, including the author of the original, the other one did not get much credit and features many inaccuracies, which will be presented below. The question of how much the quality of translation influences the intersemiotic translation, which adaptation is believed to be, will be examined in the paper. As, according to translation scholars, preliminary interpretation is vital for any translations, it seems justified to state that without being able to refer to the author’s original thoughts the film-makers cannot produce a good adaptation. This will be revised on the basis of comparing examples from the books and films. The analysis will be drawn on an account of translation and film adaptation theories together with the outlining of cultural background for each work.
EN
I would like to point out an interesting technique in picturing the aliens in SF books and TV series. In order to differentiate the humans and the extraterrestrials, writers give the latter animal traits: they “talk animalish,” borrowing from the animal world elements that would serve as a way of describing what is not human. The first part of the below text presents some of the most popular animal aliens in the recent SF history. The second is concentrated on writings of China Miéville and Stanisław Lem. Miéville’s world, Bas-Lag, abounds in curious animal sentient races. The writer has defined in detail one more race, Ariekei, for the needs of his latest book. Lem, on the other hand, is a great and humorous theoretician of how they aliens would look like and what the ways we think about them are.
EN
The cinema is a medium with the largest number of tools needed for complete ideology picturing, including totalitarian ideology. The purpose of this article is to show the process of the formation, stabilization and decay of a totalitarian system. The author attempts to do this by analysis of the SF genre films. Examples are backed by a theory containing the most important intellectual study of totalitarianism, including fascism, Nazism and communism. The various stages, through which the totalitarianism comes, can be compared to the development of the organism. Any political or social system needs favorable conditions for existence. The most outstanding SF films contain often a profound reflection on the condition of societies shown, which enables to understand the structure and character of these most susceptible to yield to totalitarian ideologies. The author uses for its analysis movies from various historical periods of the genre, from strongly differing film cultures.These are examples of french new wave (la Nouvelle Vague), like Fahrenheit 451 (directed by Francois Truffaut), as well as movies form 1990s, like Matrix (directed by L. and A. Wachowsky). This article is a tribute to unappreciated science-fiction cinema.
EN
The aim of this essay is to compare how Darwinian references are used in the writings of two late 20th century American authors, Annie Dillard and Kurt Vonnegut who both choose the Galapagos archipelago as the focal setting of their symbolical narratives, as we see in Vonnegut’s novel Gala´pagos and in Dillard’s essay ‘‘Life on the Rock: the Gala´pagos.” As far as Dillard’s prose is concerned, she also depicts the archipelago in other short narratives from Teaching a Stone to Talk and Pilgrim at Tinker Creek. Although neither Dillard nor Vonnegut have a conspicuously political agenda, they both consider the theory of evolution a heavily ideological subject and both apply the Darwinian paradigm to describe nature and the human race within nature.
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2020
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vol. 57
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issue 2
113-128
PL
Artykuł to próba analizy magii w utworach Andrzeja Sapkowskiego (cykl o Wiedźminie) i Jarosława Grzędowicza (Pan Lodowego Ogrodu) pod względem jej możliwości, ograniczeń i społecznych konsekwencji jej stosowania. Magia jest gatunkotwórczym elementem literatury fantasy, lecz z większości dzieł np. Władcy Pierścienia Tolkiena czy cyklu o Conanie Roberta E. Howarda czytelnik nie dowiaduje się o niej więcej niż z baśni. Dopiero w znacznie późniejszych utworach Sapkowskiego i Grzędowicza magia zostaje dokładniej opisana. U Sapkowskiego jest naturalną siłą przyrody, którą studiują i rozwijają członkowie akademii. U Grzędowicza to wysoko zaawansowana technologia, mylona z czarami przez pozostających na etapie niskiego rozwoju mieszkańców planety Midgaard. Magia to próba przekroczenia barier, narzuconych przez prawa przyrody, ale także barier społecznych. Niekontrolowany jej rozwój może prowadzić do samozagłady cywilizacji.
EN
The article analyses the theme of magic in the works of Andrzej Sapkowski (the Witcher series) and Jarosław Grzędowicz (Pan Lodowego Ogrodu) in terms of their potential, limitations, and the social consequences of using them. Magic is a genre-forming element of fantasy fiction, yet in most works – e.g. Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings or Robert E. Howard’s Conan series – readers do not learn about it more than they do from fairy tales. Magic is subject to extensive descriptions much later, i.e. in the works by Sapkowski and Grzędowicz. In Sapkowski’s texts, it is a natural force of nature, which is studied and developed by the members of an academy. In Grzędowicz’s novel, it is a highly advanced technology, often mistaken for spells by the fairly undeveloped inhabitants of the planet Midgard. Magic is an attempt at breaking through barriers enforced by the laws of nature as well as social barriers. An uncontrolled development may lead to the self-annihilation of an entire civilisation.
PL
Susan Sontag w swoich esejach z końca lat 70. I 80. ubiegłego wieku pisała m.in. O metaforycznych zna-czeniach, jakie przypisano chorobom, w tym AIDS, o ich wpływie na ludzką świadomość, o powszechnym utożsamianiu ich z karą i obcością. W roku 2000 Kylo-Patrick R. Hart zauważył, że w filmach fabularnych poruszających tematykę HIV/AIDS, wykorzystywane są konwencje z klasycznego kina hollywoodzkiego. Choć filmowcy amerykańscy sięgają po tę tematykę, to ukazują ją jako moment historyczny z dwóch ostatnich dekad XX wieku. Co więcej, trudno znaleźć aktualne ujęcia jakiejkolwiek z chorób zakaźnych poza takimi, które realnie nie istnieją. W tym artykule zestawiam i uzupełniam teorie Sontag i Harta, by wykazać że popularna figura zombie ukazana w World War Z (reż. Marc Forster, 2013) powiela negatywne stereotypy wobec niektórych grup społecznych, jakie im przypisano w związku z epidemią HIV/AIDS.
EN
In her 1970s and 1980s essays, Susan Sontag wrote about the metaphorical meanings associated with diseases, including AIDS, their influence on human consciousness, and the fact that they are commonly identified with punishment and otherness. Kylo Patrick R. Hart observed in 2000 that classic Hollywood conventions have been used in feature films dealing with HIV/AIDS. Although cinematographers exploit this theme, they present it as a historical moment associated with the last two decades of the 20th century. Furthermore, it is virtually impossible to find actual depictions of any infectious diseases apart from those which are not real. In this article, I am combining and complementing Sontag's and Hart's theories to show that the popular figure of zombie depicted in World War Z (dir. Marc Forster, 2013) copies negative stereotypes about certain communities associated to them in connection with the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
RU
Статься посвящена одному из самых популярных романов Аркадия и Бориса Стругацких, "Понедельник начинается в субботу" (1965 г.). В ней рассматривается контекст создания произведения и анализируются различия между двумя польскими переводами романа – 1970­1989 гг. (Ирэны Пиотровской) и 2009 г. (Эвы Скурской). Анализ ключевых замен и опущений позволяет утверждать, что в большинстве случаев они были вызваны цензурой, функционировавшей как в СССР, так и в ПНР (хотя и по­разному), а сравнение с текстом оригинала («каноническое» издание собрания сочинений 2000­2001 гг.) показывает, что польские переводчицы пользовались разными версиями оригинала.
EN
The article is dedicated to one of the most popular novels by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, "Monday Begins on Saturday" (1965). It discusses the circumstances of the novel’s origins, as well as portraying the differences between two Polish translations – one from 1970/1989 (Irena Piotrowska) and another from 2009 (Ewa Skórska). Analysing the most significant changes and omissions allows one to conclude that those were, by their nature, imposed by the censorship which was at work in the Soviet Union as well as in the People’s Republic of Poland (albeit on slightly different terms). A comparison with the Russian text (the ‘canonical’ edition from the collected works 2000-2001) illustrates that the Polish translators used different editions of the original.
EN
The 19th-century French press abounded in short stories of a utopian nature. On examination, these "short utopias", with authors often unknown or anonymous (at times due to famous journalists using pen names, turn out to be witnesses of the political thought of the moment: sometimes reflecting major utopian currents, sometimes extravagant, sometimes at odds with the political situation imposed by authoritarian regimes. Their diversity forces one to ask questions. Their frequent presence in popular almanacs, their publication in entertainment and satirical press (Le Charivari, Le journal amusant, and Le journal pour rire contain them in great numbers), their frequent juxtaposition to amusing illustrations without political aim, or on the contrary their presence even in the daily political press, legitimately make them enter what has been called "the civilization of the newspaper".
FR
Dans la presse française du XIXe siècle abondent les nouvelles de courte ampleur à caractère utopique. À l’examen, ces « courtes utopies » aux auteurs souvent méconnus ou demeurés anonymes (mais aussi parfois dues à des journalistes célèbres usant de pseudonymes), se révèlent des témoins de la pensée politique du moment : tantôt reflets de courants utopiques majeurs, tantôt extravagantes, parfois encore contre-pieds de la situation politique imposé par des régimes autoritaires, leur diversité doit interroger. Leur fréquente présence dans des almanachs populaires, leur parution dans la presse de pure distraction ou satirique (Le Charivari, Le journal amusant et Le journal pour rire en recèlent de riches gisements), leur juxtaposition fréquente à des illustrations amusantes sans visée politique, ou au contraire leur présence jusque dans la presse quotidienne politique les font légitimement entrer dans ce que l’on a appelé « la civilisation du journal ». 
PL
Zagłada ludzkości od zawsze była obecna w ludzkich refleksjach dotyczących losów świata i samego człowieczeństwa. W drugiej połowie XX wieku filmy o tematyce postapokaliptycznej stają się coraz popularniejsze. Wszelkie interpretacje porządku społecznego po globalnej katastrofie stają się od tego czasu nieodłącznym elementem kinematografii science-fiction. Wizje te są jednocześnie artystycznymi egzemplifikacjami postapokaliptycznej dystopii – czyli piekła, jakie człowiek sam sobie może zgotować w różnie rozumianej i ukazywanej przyszłości. Globalna pustynia staje się w nich największą obawą, egzystencjalnym lękiem, koszmarem rodzącym się w głowie człowieka, wyrastającym na bazie pesymizmu historiozoficznego. Na przełomie XX i XXI wieku człowiek jak nigdy dotąd posiadł narzędzia skłonne doprowadzić do globalnej zagłady. Dystopie postapokaliptyczne są także pewną interpretacją idei katastroficznej, doskonale znanej z historii filozofii i socjologii. Ze względu na sposób ukazania owego postapokaliptycznego świata, wizje te możemy podzielić na: technokratyczne, pandemiczne, anarchistyczne, postapokaliptyczne kino wędrówki, postapokaliptyczne kino azylu.
EN
The destruction of humanity has always been present in human reflections about the fate of the world and humanity itself. In the second half of the 20th century, post-apocalyptic films became more and more popular. All interpretations of the social order after the global disaster have since become an inseparable element of science-fiction cinematography. At the same time, these visions are artistic exemplifications of post-apocalyptic dystopia - that is, hell that man can prepare for himself in a differently understood and shown future. The global desert becomes the greatest fear in them, existential fear, a nightmare born in the head of man, arising on the basis of historiosophical pessimism. At the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, man has never before had tools that would lead to global destruction. Post-apocalyptic dystopias are also a certain interpretation of the catastrophic idea, well known in the history of philosophy and sociology. Because of the way this post-apocalyptic world is portrayed, these visions can be divided into: technocratic, pandemic, anarchist, post-apocalyptic wandering cinema, post-apocalyptic asylum cinema.
RU
Разрушение человечества всегда присутствовало в человеческих размышлениях о судьбе мира и самого человечества. Во второй половине 20-го века постапокалиптические фильмы становились все более и более популярными. Все интерпретации социального порядка после глобальной катастрофы с тех пор стали неотъемлемым элементом научно-фантастического кинематографа. В то же время, эти видения являются художественными примерами постапокалиптической дистопии - то есть ада, которое человек может подготовить себя в по разному понимаемом и указываемом в будущем. Глобальная пустыня является там величайшим страхом, экзистенциальным кошмаром, рожденным в голове человека, возникающим на основе историософского пессимизма. На рубеже 20 и 21 веков у человека как никогда прежде были орудия, которые могли бы привести к глобальному разрушению. Постапокалиптические дистопии также являются определенной интерпретацией катастрофической идеи, хорошо известной в истории философии и социологии. Из-за того, как этот постапокалиптический мир изображается, эти видения можно разделить на: технократическое, пандемическое, анархистское, постапокалиптическое блуждающее кино, постапокалиптическое кино убежища.
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