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O roli ugruntowanych empirycznie metafor w naukowych programach badawczych

100%
Zeidler P.
Filozofia i nauka. Studia filozoficzne i interdyscyplinarne
|
2014
|
vol. 2
239-255
PL
Wraz ze sformułowaniem przez Maxa Blacka interakcyjnej koncepcji metafory zaczęto w filozofii nauki analizować rolę metafor w poznaniu naukowym. Wykazano, że metafory mogą pełnić różne funkcje we wszystkich stadiach tworzenia wiedzy naukowej. W artykule koncentruję się na analizie roli metafor w ujmowaniu danych empirycznych i ich wpływie na konstytuowanie się naukowych programów badawczych. Przedstawiam poglądy na tę kwestię sformułowane przez Maxa Blacka, Mary Hesse, Richarda Boyda, Thomasa Kuhna, Danielę Bailer-Jones, a zwłaszcza przez Johna Stylesa, który szczegółowo analizował rolę, jaką w nauce odgrywają empirycznie ugruntowane metafory. Na zakończenie rozważam wpływ metafor na konstytuowanie się programu badawczego budowy atomu Bohra w kontekście metodologii naukowych programów badawczych Imre Lakatosa.
EN
Along with the formulation by Max Black the interactive theory of metaphor, the philosophers of science began to analyze the role of metaphors in scientific cognition. It has been shown that metaphors can play different functions in all stages of the creation of scientific knowledge. In this paper I focus on the analysis of the role of metaphors in the account of empirical data and their impact on the constitution of scientific research programmes. I present views on this issue formulated by Max Black, Mary Hesse, Richard Boyd, Thomas Kuhn, Daniela Bailer- Jones, and especially by John Styles, who analyzed in detail the role that empirically-grounded metaphors play in science. In the last paragraph of the paper, I consider the impact of metaphors on the constitution of the research programme of Bohr's atomic structure in the context of the Imre Lakatos’s methodology of scientific research programmes.
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Droga ekonomii wolnej od wartościowania do epistemologicznej pychy. Użycie i nadużycie matematyki przez ekonomistów

84%
Ostapiuk A.
Zagadnienia Filozoficzne w Nauce
|
2019
|
issue 67
153-202
PL
The goal of the article is to substantiate that despite the criticism the paradigm in economics will not change because of the axiomatic assumptions of value-free economics. How these assumptions work is demonstrated on the example of Gary Becker’s economic approach which is analyzed from the perspective of scientific research programme (Lakatos). The author indicates hard core of economic approach (maximization of utility, instrumental rationality) and the protective belt which makes hard core immune from any criticism. This immunity leads economists to believe that they are objective scientists and, consequently, it results in epistemological hubris. Due to its tautological nature (and other problems), economic approach is considered to be a degenerative programme. This conclusion is extended on value-free economics. In spite of these problems, many economists still believe in positive economics and they dismiss normative approaches. It has a negative influence on people (well-being, choices over time). The conclusion of the article is that thanks to axiomatic assumptions economists do not have objective and ironclad methodology and they should accept normative values in their research.
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