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1
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Koncepcja pomiaru konkurencyjności portów morskich

100%
Dąbrowski J.
Współczesna Gospodarka
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2010
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vol. 1
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issue 1
57-67
EN
Competitiveness research has become an important tool in the politics of the seaport authorities and specific port operators. Measuring the position and competing ability is important and the first step to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a seaport, as well as the opportunities and threats concerning its competitors. The aim of this article is to present the concept of seaport competitiveness measurement. Specificity of seaports competitiveness was discussed, the requirements of the method were formulated and then the method of measurement was described.
2
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The importance of grains transport in Poland

88%
Rokicki T., Perkowska A., Ziółkowska P.
Journal of Modern Science
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2020
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issue 2/45/2020
183-199
EN
Objectives: Grains transport is an activity that requires many procedures that affect the quality of the raw material being transported. Grains are transported by road, sea and rail. They are the subject of exchange on a local, national and international scale, being an important raw material for food processing. The main purpose of the study was to present the importance of grains transport in Poland in total transport. Material and methods: Pearson's linear correlation was used for the analysis. The following methods were used for the analysis and presentation of materials: descriptive, tabular, graphic, dynamics indicators with a fixed and variable basis, Pearson's linear correlation coefficient, coefficient of variation. Results: The largest volume of grains was transported by road, then by sea and rail. However, the most important in a given branch were grains in maritime transport (from 3 to 9% of total transport in this branch), then in road (1-2%) and rail. In the years 2007-2018, the volume of grain transported by road and rail increased the fastest, the level of transport by sea was maintained. Conclusions: The importance of ports in Gdynia and Świnoujście was systematically increasing, while the others were decreasing. There was a strong linear relationship between the volume of grain transported by road, rail and in total, and the economic situation in Poland.
3
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Żegluga promowa w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego w układzie północ - południe

88%
Czermański E.
Współczesna Gospodarka
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2010
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vol. 1
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issue 1
69-81
EN
All countries form the Baltic Sea Region are strongly economically connected with each other. International trade inbound the Region is usually realized by shipping lines, especially ro-ro and ferry lines. Ferry traffic on the BSR shows specific features, which draw distinctions between other regions. In this article was tried to analyzed quantity and directions of maritime traffic in the BSR in years 2006 – 2008. That period was excellent time for market growing for all owners. And more over – the analysis was made for main directions in the Baltic Sea Region – between Norway, Sweden and Finland – versus Polish and German Baltic sea ports.
4
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Forecasting the number of passengers serviced at the maritime ports in Bulgaria

63%
Mirchova S.
Organizacja i Zarządzanie : kwartalnik naukowy
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2018
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vol. nr 1
105--115
EN
The maritime transport in Bulgaria is controlled and coordinated by the Executive Agency "Maritime administration". This institutionis a legal entity on budget support to the Ministry of transport, information technology and communications, a second level user of budget credits, based in Sofia with regional offices in Bourgas, Varna, Lom and Rousse (where are the Bulgarian major ports). EAMA status is regulated by the Merchant Shipping Code – Art. 360, para. 1. The problem of forecasting in the new strategic documents is crucial to the formation of proper infrastructure policy which has to be innovative and for the future strategic development of the tourism in the country. This paper is aimed at presenting the lack of real forecasting in many of the strategic documents and projects adopted for the development of the maritime transport in Bulgaria (i.e. Directive2008/106/EC of European Parliament and Council on the minimum level of training of sea farers; Ordinance No. 9 of 2013 on the requirements for operational suitability of ports and specialised port facilities; Ordinance No. 10 of 2014 on the scope and content, preparation, approval and amendment of the general plans of the public transport ports). There are also many Mutual Agreements for Recognition of Seafarers" certificates. The paper provides a practical example for the use of the so called single or simple exponential smoothing without the presence of any seasonality and the lack of cyclicity on the number of passengersarrivals at the Bulgarian maritime ports.
5
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Ensuring Process Continuity of Multifaceted and Hybrid Supply Chains in Maritime Area

63%
Pleszko J.
Logistics and Transport
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2012
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vol. 14
45-52
EN
The supply chain formula based on strict close interdependence between all its elements causes the smallest disturbance in one of the links to menace the whole supply chain, which is why it is so important for the participants to identify the weakest links of the supply chain and indicating, through complex analysis, potential situations threatening the realization of the whole process; this is possible by respecting unified criteria of proceeding both on domestic and regional level, and on global scale. Safety management in the supply chain is a process aimed at determining areas menacing its proper functioning. An element of this process is undertaking suitable activities, using proper means to eliminate risk or minimise the consequences of its occurrence. Along with economic development increased risk can be observed, as well as qualitative changes in the character of appearing threats transposed from previous well recognizable, mainly fate kind of risks, to categories pertaining to the conditions of activities and process realization. What is important, in the case of hybrid supply network, the threat bound with conduct of activity exceeds the framework of a single enterprise. As a consequence, the appearance of risk in any link or stage of process realization significantly affects the whole supply chain. The article presents guidelines aimed at ensuring the continuity of the functioning of certain processes, the assumed level by providing the resources and commitment of top management, the critical parameters identified and proposed solutions dealing with crisis situation. It was noted that an appropriate response to this situation depends not only on the availability of information about the incident, but also awareness and competence of employees. Modern hybrid form characterized by high complexity of the organizational, structural and task require all participants in the supply chain of involvement in the process and creating a positive image. Effective management of multi-level logistic network can not be confined only to the traditional and well-knows methods but requires uncommon merger holistic solution.
6
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ENERGETYKA ODNAWIALNA I EFEKTYWNOŚĆ ENERGETYCZNA NA TERENACH PORTOWYCH – PRZEGLĄD STUDIÓW PRZYPADKU EUROPEJSKICH PORTÓW

63%
Włodarski M.
Przestrzeń, Ekonomia, Społeczeństwo
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2017
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issue 12/II
163-178
PL
Porty morskie stanowią istotną siłę napędową lokalnej gospodarki lecz są także źródłem emisji zanieczyszczeń gazowych i hałasu generowanego przez statki, pojazdy i urządzenia portowe. Jednocześnie posiadają potencjał dla działań związanych z redukcją emisji zanieczyszczeń oraz dzięki swojej lokalizacji oraz ekspozycji możliwość wykorzystania odnawialnych źródeł energii. Badania portów prowadzone przez European Sea Ports Organization, wskazują na rosnącą świadomość portów w obszarach związanych z zanieczyszczeniem powietrza, zużyciem energii oraz hałasem. Programując i wdrażając działania w zakresie energetyki zrównoważonej, porty wspierają macierzyste miasta w działaniach poprawiających jakość życia w mieście oraz działaniach realizowanych przez lokalne społeczności, mające na celu adaptację oraz przeciwdziałanie zmianom klimatu. Lokalne strategie i programy ochrony klimatu stanowią ramy dla inicjatyw dotyczących bezpośrednio aspektów energetycznych. Skuteczność przedsięwzięć realizowanych przez porty w wymienionym zakresie jest zależna od takich uwarunkowań jak struktura własności oraz model zarządzania portem, które to determinują możliwości zarządów portów, w obszarze inicjowania i realizacji przedsięwzięć z zakresu energetyki zrównoważonej. Artykuł analizuje przykłady trzech europejskich portów – Hamburga, Eemshaven i Genui oraz ocenia skuteczność działań realizowanych na ich obszarach przez pryzmat modeli zarządzania portem. Analiza efektywności działań realizowanych przez porty oraz miasta lub regiony, podkreśla konieczność szerokiej współpracy interesariuszy, którymi oprócz portów i lokalnych/regionalnych samorządów są instytucje państwowe oraz rządy centralne. Doświadczenia analizowanych portów wskazują na większą skuteczność działań podejmowanych przez porty, które stanowią własność samorządów realizujących lokalne strategie adaptacji i przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu oraz w warunkach szerokiej współpracy interesariuszy.
EN
Sea ports constitute a significant driving force for the economies of maritime cities, however they also significantly contribute to local emissions of greenhouse gases and noise generated by vessels, vehicles and devices operated in port services. Nevertheless, the ports are also characterized by significant potential for the actions aiming at emissions’ reduction as well as the capacity for renewable energy, thanks to their location and exposure. Research conducted by the European Sea Ports Organization indicate increasing awareness of the port authorities, regarding prevention of air pollution reducing energy demand and noise emissions. Recent years, local strategies for climate provide frameworks for development of activities addressing rational use energy, energy efficiency and renewable energy. Important factors determining efficiency of the projects and initiatives undertaken by ports, are constituted by ownership structure and port management model. The article reviews three case studies of European sea ports in Hamburg, Eemshave and Genoa, and evaluates the efficiency of the strategies and related activities in the light of the management models. Results of analysis reveal the importance of developing efficient stakeholders’ cooperation models, which also involve national institutions and central governments. Ownership structure dominated by municipalities or regional authorities constitutes factor influencing efficiency of the actions for climate and sustainable energy due to lesser political dependence and higher autonomy in implementing projects contributing directly to the improvement of life quality in the maritime cities.
7
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Pomoc czy nie pomoc? Dylematy prawne przy ocenie publicznego finansowania infrastruktury portów morskich, czyli z dala od bezpiecznej przystani

63%
Ciupak K.
internetowy Kwartalnik Antymonopolowy i Regulacyjny
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2012
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vol. 1
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issue 2
72-87
PL
Transport morski odgrywa bardzo istotną rolę w gospodarce Unii Europejskiej. Do najważniejszych obiektów infrastrukturalnych w sektorze transportu morskiego zaliczana jest szeroko rozumiana infrastruktura portowa. Finansowanie jej budowy i rozbudowy odbywa się bardzo często z wykorzystaniem środków publicznych, jako że należy to do podstawowych zadań państwa. Jednakże w praktyce granica pomiędzy sytuacjami, w których publiczne finansowanie infrastruktury portowej stanowi pomoc publiczną, a takimi, w których nie spełnia wszystkich przesłanek z art. 107 ust. 1 TFUE, stanowiąc przejaw realizacji zadań państwa poprzez – mówiąc w uproszczeniu – budowę ogólnodostępnej infrastruktury, jest „cienką czerwoną linią”. W prawie UE brak jest bowiem w chwili obecnej jakiegokolwiek dokumentu (czy to o charakterze wiążącym, czy niewiążącym), który wyznaczałby jasne i precyzyjne zasady i standardy oceny publicznego finansowania portów morskich w dwóch aspektach: 1) Kiedy finansowanie takie stanowi pomoc publiczną w rozumieniu art. 107 ust. 1 TFUE? 2) Po spełnieniu jakich przesłanek pomoc publiczna na budowę i rozbudowę infrastruktury portów morskich może zostać uznana za zgodną z rynkiem wewnętrznym UE? Artykuł koncentruje się na pierwszym z tych zagadnień. Zaprezentowane zostanie jednak ujęcie pod kątem rodzajów infrastruktury portowej, której finansowanie przez państwo może stanowić bądź nie pomoc publiczną, nie będą zaś przeanalizowane wszystkie przesłanki z art. 107 ust. 1 TFUE. W praktyce bowiem to właśnie na omawianym polu występują największe trudności.
EN
Transport by sea plays a vital role for the economy of the European Union. Among all the infrastructure elements necessary to conduct transport by sea, the port infrastructure (in the wide meaning of this term) is of the utmost importance. Its development is often financed form public resources, as it is one of the basic duties of a state. However, in practice a borderline between situations, when public financing of port infrastructure constitutes State Aid and those in which not all of the criteria laid down in Art. 107 (1) TFEU are met and thus such financing is a means of exercising public authority by constructing infrastructure open to all potential users, is a ”thin red line”. This is so because currently there is no act in the EU legal regime (either binding or non-binding) which lays down clear and precise rules and standards of assessment of public financing of port infrastructure in two aspects: 1) When does it constitute State Aid according to Art. 107 (1) TFEU? 2) What are the criteria of compatibility of State Aid aimed at the development of port infrastructure with the EU internal market? The present article focuses on the first of the abovementioned questions. However, the question will be analysed form the perspective of the kinds of port infrastructure, public financing of which may or may not constitute State Aid, and thus not all of the criteria stemming from Art. 107 (1) TFEU will be examined. This is so because in practice most difficulties arise in the said area.
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